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һѼǲԸ˯˶ãʮ꣬ҲпǶʮꡣ
еˮԽ٣ĸйҲԽ͸ĳǵ䣬֫ٺ
ǻеսأʱһ㱣Υ
еһʱ룬ΪζɽʧܺδɢǱһ˿л꣬ϹŴĺｫţ
ȥҲǸһ͸ģһǸûõչƷ
ֻܿźˮոһյʲϢ
֪ĵʮأһյ˼ǺӺȻ
ʱһ۽ǵƳǧ׺ϵĽе£Ȥÿտһ۽ڣȻ˸ϰߡȻյĽƺƽࡣ
һ΢΢ƤӣδüϸߺĽ⾡תһͼڣ۶ĿĹ⾹͸˼Ǻӵֱֱ䵽ײ㡣֪޳εС㾫Ž۽͵˶쿴˼ǺҪըˣҲò뿪Ѱ·ȥԵٻᡣˣһǮʹʹ
ƽһֻ۰ͰͿС㾫ͼȡ壬ȻϴĽ絯ɳȥԶȴЩѰ
˶֡ţȻˡ˶šţȻҲˡֽŲõĴӹײƵһסţЩˤһӡ
̫ò壬¾ֲֽҲǽţȫ¶İϢ뿪ˮ󣬺ӵļˮһŹ⡣
С㾫źթʬˣһɤӱСѰҶصĵض
һɿ֣һ޾г֪ٳߵίغڷҡҡληסıأС㾫ľ˸ĳ˼С
ôڣô
½̽ؿڵʹԼǵãѪӿʱĳҲǵãǻɢ³ĵ¸ˣ
һ֪ԸݣǸ̥ʹڳ꣬޳壬󲻹ǸĩȵɣʧܺǶȻҪҷģһĿܡ
ʵʵڵվĺˮʵʵڵĴӽȻǸʵʵڵĻ˲ܸܵĴ
ߵĽʢңС㾫Ŷӵ׵ʯУͷҲ¶
ˮʪϽܵĽ³һݣһһŽţҵļһֱֱˮ渡ȥĺˮίصĺڷҡһƥɫᡣ
˲˼Ǻˮһڰת˸Ȧէͷ˿ſ˫һűĿ³
ż棬Щնûʵ˫ſ˲䣬Լʲôصž˳ƴ
֮ĺɽΥůƸ·ۻĺҲֻǷ·
һ۾ʧĶ°Բʲô
ĿƬе˺ѹѹһƬڣڵɼЩǸĴһ˿վ˺ɫ޽ĸ̨֮ϣûɽҰһ̨б۾ű߿Ȼһ̨տĵյ˿ķѵɫЬԣ⿴Ƭɫ֪ǼϹʥ
òĴת˶ɾһȻڿʲɽʢᣬʱɴǼϹŷϵĳҪֵǮĶϵŵ壬֪ⲻ
δȵٶ֣ɾһʣηҵ۾ͽ£
һһ£֪λ۾ͽ䣬Ҳµģ󲻹˸˭֪ôˮԡ
Ƕ겻˵һ죬ɤȴֻģڣס͵δ¡
ŷɾüѱ˱Ǵ˼ƣɲңֻһֵҴȥ۾˵ͽ֮ʡ
׵ǣޱĳ̳λɼҲ˽Ȼηʲôˣ۵΢С
ۼװɭϵ̤̳һؿ֣ת˼°ͣɳƵɤӼһһٵ⻹˵ְأҼǵǰıһ컭ꪣĻ˰Ѳݲ棿
߸ߵڶһеɾüͷ˫һɨӣ˼̽ɻ
̳µղסƣģиɫ۵ŮһָŸ߸ߵļָ̳ȥβסľңǣһһһһ
ԭͱȳ˴ĸԲƫ׵ĴᶯૣҡеȻ׹أݵĵҳһӡ
ˮϮһ㣬һȺпٵĴɻ־ֵ̳һƽŮɡ
һż̳վıֱһͷίغڷڷҡ·صǰǸʱҲֱվڳļ̳ϣ绪ʳȵĵ۾ǣС֣߹ƵĳȣͷҲתĶߵʲô߱ǣ춼ҵģû˸㡣
仰סˣԾĸ߰ͷ­óһλĸ߰Ӳǳ¼̳
һֱ߳ΪɵСɲ߻׺ӵɾϾһʲôˣֶסˣŵ۾Ϻħء
׺ӵɾĳһۣ߽ת󣬲Ծѹյɽǲ֪һǺˣǰһɴɽôһƽ٣΢۾ĴͽЩֵ£治֪һĩôھ˰Ѻӣں֪͸ģδȥʧܱĻɢʬûʣ£Դ˱ʧ硣ʱɽһǱǱ۾ĴͽɱģҲ֪Ǽ١
СӣϾ˵ԽͿˣ۾һԴȱΪ´ħҲһĸһһ´˺֣οС̵ЦЦһޣԷûÿŮҪɶ֣
ۺӵֶһ٣ϾŤͷһЦСɣŭ̾һڳŤͷӼ̳ϰ·Ӱһͣδ˵ɻɢ֮ģ˷֪Ǹǻ
ԵǸǻǻ㲻ɽ磬ҪһȷѪˡ                        
лҪ˵һٵĵڶҲҪˣרǱ֮ѩҥⱾֻۣҪһɿɰˡڶħŮѩ̵İһû⿪Ҳѩҥ⿪ƩСѵʵ~
Ųȥɣղʲôģлл~
Ҷһʲô뷨д۰ɣ߾ظա


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չƣһ߯ȻλɾĶԻɫģδţ˳㲻źۼĽһ
ɽɹĿ̫󣬰Եӻʹǰһ޶˼ǺӵױߣΪԸֻ˯˶̶̵һҹ
ɤӣһһͷ״ѹĶڷЦΪòطʱǳжģģǲ»ȻǸ˶Ҳó㡣
һɣɽֻͬ˵¼ٽصꪣתһȦպã򴽣˼ô˼Ǻģǵ۾ͽ䣬㡭
һٵգգۣæĻ⡣ֹ˵ȥ
⡣ͬʱһĻһǰһɴ࣬Įģƽģģһı
һ͵תȥ
ˮһֱڼ̳վţδˡͷѾɣǰ鷢סһߣ۾͸ǵ鷢ڵӣһĬҧס´
ӿĳӿǵصģ·̨µλɼҶĳƧĽ䣬ؼֻīꡣ
ϤĺܣĻ˵ĻҲ˵صȫ˵աȻӸֶƽīɫķһֱֱ̺űߣĺɫڿ̻üһؽɫͼƷŹâѻĽëӴɰ׵ͶƬӰ
ݣһûϡ
ӿ𷴸˳һһһǧٿ׵һġ
˼Ǻӵ׳˯Щ꣬ԭΪԼѾˣٴμ۾ʱһƽȥȻͬ۾棬֪ôˣôƽģֻ黰ںġ
ִɱΪԹ
ӷɲǣһǰһµһԶЦݣϣλҺһʱ벻𡣡ת⣬αЦ⣬ϵ
Щ죬һ㾹ǵó΢۾ˣʦ𡭡
һԭɫĵ۾ŲŲӣĳż̳ȥƼȻ𻵣ǽձ㵽˰գձƣͽ֮񡣡˶٣ż̳µɵλɢȥգһɽҪһأ⣬ø⡣
뻮һǣüһƬ֮⹰֣˵ͷ
ЩŮɲȥ۽͵͵ƳüĿ续ĵ۾̺ƿɬҧһҧ촽
΢һ񻰣Ȼ񻰣ȻҪгΪ񻰵ʱΪ֮ףڰ֮ʢеɽ磬Ψһһŵĵ۾ɶ۴ͳһʶնǹг΢ڵĵض㲻аʹ
ڷӵĵ۾ǳ΢
һɫˣźۼ䣬΢Զϼ˵Ŀĩȵô
һԴĻֳŰ˸һ̣ɿȻɫһһתƮ
ôڵ˼ǣһɽߵһ
һЩЦһһһԾΪ񣬲٣ƿ˵ĶͣδҲֱ̫ˣֲ 
ǣô磬ôۡ
ʶɣֵȻҪֲһǶһһϵνһʱɢȥ
ִɢתƮһһݳڵ۾ǳǳһЦλǿĺܡֻһһ͵ӣҾһǻؼɨȽİģϾôãй˺һҡ
ͷֱֱڼ̳µϣȻ죬һȵ̧ͷδµ̵һ̾³һȺѪƵġƺܲס۾
һۡǰǰǻ΢ʦģʦͷζûĴǰĽʹǳ΢͸ġ
΢ͷҲص¼̳ίصĺڷ߶ҰڶڵĹһۣתЦ
ӴԺٲԳ΢ˡǵʦͽϵԵһһһǸ¶֪ССӡ
ٲ밮κˡ
գɽãһ˸硣
ΪһթʬɣĿνܺá
˵һܲһӣϹ֮ϣ֮أܲӣһ롣΢һõˣʱ¹磬δȵһɹһںҵлҷ
һԴŲδɢܸóƬˡ
һԭԤţȥ˼ǺӰС㾫ٴһܲһ룬ߣһߣ˯Щɽ緢¶˳㿴յĳҹĿɺãû⡣
ⲻˣӲĽ֪ʲôطĹطԻ顣
һ㲻𣬷ʲô£ûס˵һĵĻȥЩ꣬ɽ緢˷츲صı仯ǰЩɽĸɾܳɷ磬۾ΪηٸǷٺ»ɾճʹõǮԸ㻹ʱûʲôƲ³Ժغѡ
ʱһŸͳţԤ˼ǺУС㾫ŵĻһϽתתӣһ˼⣬ı⣬Ƕסա
˭ҪҪ˭ɽĲүǮĻꡣ
һͱͱ͵ĩˣ̧Ŀ⣬Ͽҵ˵˯꣬㻹ʹǰһһأϵãҪ磬ùϵ費ýǮ
ɸֵס档
չǳůģȡϵıѾ飬ˮȥЩ鱻չյĻ˼֡Ѱ˸ݵصĵضһͳɫ͡
ںӵʱܾñܺһҲ㲻ϺһֻСɵı顣
һʱ²͸С㾫ϲʲôס֪λɾģҲҲһץץͷӻͳһף㹳ϣźȥá
ȴС㾫ϹʱһӲһۼ̫ҪɽˣһһŻףһ㶼ûͣ˸ĹǷ
С㾫βʳС㾫Իס
һǷ꣬һ˶ɬӣƫƫͷ뿪ȻƼ۾ԱߵԱߵԱߵǿ¡һɫĶͷĺڷһŨ̺ܵѹ£չҫתһ飬̬꣬续еˡ
۾ôûĳһ򴽣͵ʶ
ȥкһֱ뿪һĶԹһʵԸ⿿Ƭ̡£ݵһʧȥˣǵó΢۾˭Ȼǵãٶزηηŵģ¶ݡ
Ͼ΢ǵ۾ɽƷߵɣһΪ񣬼˵۾Ҫõġ΢֣ᷢʧ䡣
һĥ˺һĩ۾ò۾áòһԸе١
·Ԥϵ΢ֵ̧̧ۣµ鷭һҳӦš
һЩΣȻ־ֻ˵һ仰ﲻ̹Ŀģּһ䣺յ۾Ҳ͸ءɷһֱڵ㣬ߣ۾˶ã
΢ǵͷÿı⻬յ
һͷӵ۾գиˡδȵ΢ٳһҴҵ˼Ǻϣֱһ·СţֱصٸĹ
Сͣ˫޹ǵ֣޵һ㡣
һߺ󣬳΢˳·߽ǣ׵ݱѹ̫ãһʱ˲˻̶˹ǡ
飬õء                        
лҪ˵ʦͽ  ղҪ


׳ʿħͷ

صʱһղסӴҲЩ΢졣ͲǸݼɣĺѼ΢ɹΪƭԼƭˣⲻֻ֪ƭԼ
仰һһֱǵЦģϾǾ޵ĻһдбĻЦſڴ˻ýıֻǿȦɵģûһ۾ܡ
¶ʱ֣һȥһȦץ˸С磬̽׳ʿ˵ؿǳ죿
ұһץ׳ʿһƺܲסƺ˻һ﻽׳ʿЩʣԿǻ¹ӡ˵ΪػɾԶ黨ɾҪȥҪһ·̡
һüͷҲأ˵˵ǳ죬뻷ͬĳͬ˵˵زǳ죬۾ȴסڴ˵ء
µСӦӶ˰գǳ΢۾ģػɾһֱĵģ΢۾ǼҵĽ˼Ǻͽܵļ̳
һü˼ǺΪأԭ֪˯ıӽô֡ѵʱС㾫һֱ߶˼ǺƶȤûڶС㾫Ҳˣ֪ıӱ˼Ǻӡ
ǰʦڳʱͬ΢һػɾùʱ˼ǺӲǽء
·Ƭ̣±⴫ģǵ۾ʹŮҲǾ㣬Ҫ˼Ǻӡǰ˼Ǻ󣬸̽Ϲŵ֪Ϊ֮ףû˲ڡ
һĬĬӣתͥԺеһ૵ҲȥˣǴġ
С쳤ӳ˵ʲô
һÿԼѹûϹԼǵ۾ʹŮСÿһˣϾҲǸÿ͵Ůɡ
֪Ķ֪λؼˣһмĶСлл׳ʿ֪ʵԽҹùãȻҲԣϾҳüꡣ
ɫ˲佩ӲԼƼ۵ɫһѺõЦЦĻطЪϢ
ǰ˺йϵЩһһһС磬־̫鷳ϾһѾһεˣЩд
Ѱһա
ڶһŲ˼Ǻӱߣ㹳ϵĻȻ廨⡣
ĶԻѱ׵Դͷ
һһС㾫ȱԵģƯûһ¡͵ʱһ㹳ϵ廨̾˳һҡ㹳һ˼ǺӴʳɲã˼Ǻӵˮֻǣڵ´꣬㱼˶ʮһ㣬㾹ơǸϽϹһһȥա
ƽĺ沨˶һƲƲ죬Ž㹳źáǵС㾫꣬һƲԸһȥˡ
𴹵۾ߵ鷢ߵԷſƫͷɵδʱһһЩһͷԽ˼Ǻ
Աһ飬ڲݵϣŮӻҪ̬˳Եӣǳ΢۾˭
һɫȡ㹳ϵ廨⣬ɫĽ廨ⶪ˼ǺС
ûС㾫õ廨⣬۾ûãǿˣкĲˡ
·۾ʱһнĹи񣬲ȵ۾Ťͷߡ
һϱⱲ첻µز£ֻһ΢۾
ÿȥŵ۾һЩ⡣ҹʮãȵ۾ӻҪãһյ񻨵ĵ񴩹Ӱ䣬סĹſѰ˸طš
˵ŵ۾ɺϣɺδ̫Ρգƫƫն˳΢۾
һãҪôǵ۾ϲ˼ǺϣҪô̽Ƿʧȥ˹ǲּ䡣
ϾǲŮħͷһһԾ񣬲֪жɰҹ˯յĥ۾˳ҲĥһˣصޣٸɽһѪȷ硣
⿪ŵʱһǸ˶ҪһϾϵ˯ޣȻŰĶڽűߣ಻õĶιȥ
ÿɵӶĵСɽǳġ
һûһֻʸ⣬׶ûֱӳ۾Ϊÿն˼Ǻӱ߿飿ôʳڣһ֮ǰ˺ö飬ܵ˵ǵ۾ߵˣװϵõ۾ʲ¸˿ǵõ۾¶ͻᱻ֪ƭȥ
˼ȥûлֱ˵ȽϺã˲Ե̹̹顣
ɫɷ׵˳ؿڵ߳ŭһλĳëҸһ˰³ػɾĵض˼Ǻϣ۾һ򰮾ֲǲ֪ػɾñ˼Ǻ˶ãͼľǸ徻䡣ˣ˼Ǻ
һְŪ׹ӣԹƵı֪۾һ򰮾󲻹档ͷͷյ˵ģҲ˼ǺԼΪλ֪ɽɹ٣ҵֻлɢһ³ƫƫһңһϳ
ⶶ˶ӣﲻסƵĿô࣬һ࣬һһΪ񣬷˸۸㡣һڿ԰ĺˡ
ƮƬƣס췱ǣ˿̷ãűյĺͮͮһƬ
һӶֻצӣĸãƽҲʲô㲻һֳϥվһ֣ȥգһط˯ȥŽҪϨĵҡҡλεĴŹǷط
£òԸŮˣ
һ̲סתЦĶüС𣿡
⣺
ƮԱߵƺɢȥһЦȥǺ޵ĵضߡ
Ӱ´£硣ȵ⾲ǻߵ۾ڶ˶ӣʮֵòɫ¿СɫãɱͲ˯ߣڴƬ̣շתߣ
۹Щʱջس¶յԺУ㿴űߵһӰ
ССģģ񵱳ڷѰʱĹݵƤͷ
Ӱ꣬һղǹ
֪ΪΣ΢˼ƬƣסõӣŻ˺ʹǻ󣬲δ¶档ΪһĶĲУһȥһӣǸ۾ŮҲûĴڡ
΢Ծ˴ǣֱһɫһþò̴ɢ


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գһ˼ǺӱߵʱߵĶֱϼ죬ӱߵҰ£۾Ҳû֡
һûɵһջ㹳ȡ½յݵǴѸɣС޵
¼΢۶¡ֲòС㾫ߡ
и˵ññ꣬˵ɽҲáգգػɾڿʼꡣ
һʤ죬˳Ϊ۾գš
ĥŵ۾ܲð굽˼Ǻӱұ٣֮⼸նûŵ۾˸ĵط 
Ͼ۾ڣ϶Ҳ쿴 
һ˼ˮίصĳּվȥС㾫
ͥиɨʹŮһеͿ˼ۣЦͷ꣬ȥ㣿
һͣ½ŲͷֻôһȤãһˣȥ˼Ǻӣ𣿡
ʹŮæĵͷͷķջȥҲܳһӡ
һĸһ˳㵽԰еĳһ˶ĺҶɡʹŮȵǿǧıҶ΢۾Ƭأ
һָڴһ㣬ʮ꣬ǵСܡ
ʹŮûٵͷ
һ춼ͬһط¹һ룬ûС㾫˵⣺һǵطԣԡ
ڵߵӱߣһͳ㹳ľźҶСɡӶ
Ĵæû׼ںӱƬ̣һͷƳ塣
ʱС㾫Ҫ廻Ǯʹ֪ܲܽ
뵽˱Ҫȥһԥӣĩ˻ȥ壬ʵʵ㹳ϣֳ˳ȷȥһɴ䣬ϵ㹳׹ĺˮС
ƫͷ˿Ӷ԰һŸ͵۾ĬĬءε̾˿
û۾첻Ҳ˯ͬһĳɵˡ
ë̺һںŨܵͷɢɢţһɫסβˣ紵ٴҲƮ۾ϵ绻˵ˮ£´һ̵·Ҳ˳ڼ֡
ԵĲ˵΢ǡһ⡣
ϸ绨Ʈ£紵ЩбеǴһứ졣
һʱ۽ȥ΢СġأӶ԰һֱһԵĵ۾ȻͣͷȻһֻԲֺС㡣
һСʳĿɣһ۱㿴㹳ϹŵСһ
Сֻаƴ󣬳ȴʮϲȫֻһƬƬӵ°׻ģƫڣΨǽɫġ
һԲС㾫ԭҲ
۾ȻҲƷֵ㣬ջߺСζĿ˻Ƭ̺󣬿Ƶģһ˦֣С㶪һԵ¨С
һ·С㾫
ۿŵ۾ɾϵˮ飬¨ߣһɿһֱŵͣᴥˮ棬˲βϽˮУգ۵Ĺ̤˺Ӷ۾ǰ۾
΢΢ӣźۼĿۺӶһµͣת˲ƿߣĿͨ£
һصĴ۾ʹǰһһһǵģ˵ģ鵭ģϵҲǵġԭֻϡŵش·𽫵۾ϵȫ˹֫ٺ֮ȥ
һűɫҶæͷ½ĺỨƣ̧һ֮룬۾Ӧʣ߸ʽһ㣬˵Ҳȳ΢ӦʣֱװС㾫¨űˮʪݵһŵ۾βС㾫ɵһλʽ۾Źϡ˵ʮҡ
΢˶Ȼ˵֣ĿȥڵһʮȦŢС㡣
ݡһƹԲС㾫˸ԲСͯӡ
΢ñµ۾΢¡ԭһôãľôСһΪΪǸ˵ĶӳǸòɫɣûϵЩǸӵģ
ˣûʲôˡ
εС㾫һƨڲݵϣֻƵ˸롣Ҳճ΢ĵһչĹĵܲ˶޳ɵҳ򾰡򾣡Ѹɻ㣬ĸƷֵЩģ
һֻצӽС㾫һͷɫҷ庢ƵడŲҪ򾡣
۾ڴˣһȻ˵Եûʶ䲻۾кιϸ𣬵ӣһҪġּһ䣬ҾǸصС㾫Եʳ϶С㾫ͬ˵ĺܶ԰ա
΢̧̧ƤӣĿźӶ԰һҹҡҹƮҡҷԼ˺
Ͼڱӱߣ˺塣µԽĴ󣬳΢һߵ¨̧ߡ
С㾫˾Ƶ۾˭
߷绪뿪һûɵһԼҲûĻҷŸȡ֣Ҳúܺա
С㾫ڵĳ΢Ųڳ΢ߵҲڵģĶ̸첲Ȳ׷ϡ׷ɫȻ۾С㾫ϽצӵŽΰס¨ſǻһǸλÿĸ߰ա
΢ǰߵĲͣһͣϵˮ鲻¹䣬ıҶϵˮ飬͸Բ
ΪһգϾС㾫꣬ϰ㵱˵һһӣȻҪ졣ûϵãһµŮɺľЦˣǰ󲻴κ̵棬ЦģվԶĵطС㾫ֻ֣Ҵȥϴ裬ڰϿɲڱУٺʹǰһģҿҪġ
΢ƫƫͷŮ˯أδŵĺۼʻĨɰͨѪΨͷڷǳֱθݣһܴƵġ
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ǰ⵽ȵǰһʣйһ¡
ɽͨռɣڵһһ
΢ȵʱҹʱ̵֣ѻ˺ѩŰɫѩĩۿҾñյĲţſһ⣺ȻһɣǷᶪʧֵļ䣿
ռľͷӦøո˯ѣ۾һȦǺģЩĲɵǿ˵׼ɽ磬һûλһλġ˸ĹǷֲ淢¶пܻᶪʧֵļ䣬ϾһΣ˵ڣ϶ҲܻЩ֢֮ġ
΢˼Ƭ̣ϸϸһ˼˻ſڵʲôˣ
ڵһֻͷѧԵͬ͵ʵͷ˲룬ֻЩееġһǵĿ϶ˣȻ޷ѣɴǺˡ
ɴǺˡ΢գգۣ侫Ƶëϵѩ૵˵𡣡
ͷ˿Ǳѩɽȣ˵۾㼸ṳ̂ҵȣĽˣʵҲһһ֡뵽ʲôƵԲ۾һ룬˵Ⱳ˹ʲôˡգԣ˴ΪһҲֵıˣôֻһŮˡȫޣֽһѩƵ˵һԸǵ𣿡
ϵüϵ磬һɵĽᣬ΢ɢĵȷѩСı˷纮Ҹ÷˵ؽһѩΣ˵պǳϿҵĽš
߲Цһ˹ҵϣˡյ԰׵ӣ飬ҹԸƢԽϴǰྶͥȷ˵ӻǻŮӻɸֵĺӣЩпܣǼСթʬˣ΢Ҫи׼ǡ
΢˺صĲţŲ԰׵


ҹѰ

˵һȴǰ಻ͬǰһĶ˵ϲŭ޳ȷ黹졪ɽһͳһۡҲֻǰʱһŻһʱ֣ЦʱЦ
ڣԴİˣԶףԼ
ŰµŮǣŸСССнԶľãĵ˵ӣӡ
ֽ½ţȵѪİɫϣѩʢĺ÷
Ķԣֻ黨ɾĳ΢۾Ǹĺõ۾ⲻ֪õ۾ĺǿ
һС㾫סĹʱ𹬵ɨʹŮű߲ǰϳŻǿֵ˿˸ˮСޣһʱܲˡ
С㾫ŤӴһֵѣõŹǰתȦһ׷ŤͷԸʹŮɷһˮǼҪϴ衣
ʹŮһǼ裿簮ĳƺòǷǡѲɽѪȷһи˽ӣ
˲ãˣһĴܣ
ϸΧС˶ԽԽò졣⺢ӳһȷмƣ۾Բ͸Źӻ龢ҿǶ֮Ļȵͬĸӣָ鲻һһĳġԽԽľߣ۾վһԲΪػɾĴͲ㽫Եľ䴫˳ȥȻٴһѾ¶ˡ
С㾫ܵˣǿһ̫ѿת˼Ȧӳһ˶ÿˮǴ㽫һֱӳԵ𣿣
ʹŮŤŤüëϣĸӼĹϵȻǼõģϵνҲҪһһҲͬһŲ
и˽ӵһŵС㾫ĻüͷС㾫޳ɵϴˮ΢һ̳ˡĬĬС㾫üͷĸǸô죬ӣȻܲϴġ
ʹŮʹĿųĩˣ̲סū澾ãϴһˮ衭 
һ仰˵ĶһһֻĬˡ
Ĭǽػɾ
һӲĿ˵ĻԱĻʹŮ˵һͨҾͷʮӲ߲ȳƣָ޼Ҳͦƽô㰮Թ𻨸⣿
ʹŮ뿪ʱϵ̵̬ģһʹŮԵʣοֶݡ
ⲻ֪ʹŮΪ֪һ׮š
С㾫˯¹ʱ޳ɵС㾫ûжζй޵㡣һĽͷС˶ᣬʶ䡣
⼸һϰߣÿۻ鲻ʱҪһ塣˻δҵ壬ѳȹϵ˿һţ廹ϵ˼Ǻӱߵ㹳ء
Ҳû룬һһԵļ磬յҴ˼Ǻߡ
ҹػɾȰﻹҪƽ̹С࿪˵ɫҹ㣬ڱϢ䡣һǵôǰػɾż·һΣҹɾҲֵĺܡǳ΢ڴˣػɾеŵ۾Ծࡣ
Ž빬ǰΪһֱһû쵽ԼڷҲ迪ںʶԸȻڷ
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һ¹ǰĿӡɫȹ£һª˰̡
·ֻصգĵ۾ִ½һַֻס˵òӣɫƽ㷽ţҪģôҲ֮ʹա
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ҴҵĲӽһյǰ˰̡ô뵽Щ£һεһ΢ûһϵǰ¶ʵڲӦȥ롣
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ҹ˼ǺոûȣûٿĽһЩ˶ܶסƵġ
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ȻҲҪûñصĶҧض˶ţ˼Ǻӱ߿˿
ͿʼɢŰ
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Ѱ͵ĹУһ˦Լһӣ㲻ԣԴ󣬻ôϵĹһ⡣Ľʵֶ̧ˣһĹ״Ȼ·͡
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˿½䣬ָⴥĺˮʱܿȥץƯں͡
ͷϵŵʱһĸԼһӡ
һ˦Ľʵʵģֱӽŵĵ˦˺ӨɫɲǼϨβө档
ͷǿյġҲ˵壬׹˺С


ͬ־

һƮˮһߵĵط
ֻе˼Ǻӵһˡ㣬ûסˣ弫пܾƬˮ򸽽ڱˮˣ֮ˮƵ˵ģҪҵýػɾˡڲڣҪһһ߱ıƴ
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ͷһƥϺõ˿ӦˮºһˮѰ塣
һǻӾģȻҲóóȻˮԸʡ˼Ǻ꣬һʲô˶û˯˯ƿ˼ǺղǵԳԹӶܴĻûһ
ֱӵûӾľ˶Ӳˣʮа˾ŻʱԱҲʹһɲɵӦʮа˾š
ȶʹĳˮ³ʱһࡣƩȡ壬һҲǼõģƩ֪нգ㲻ŽС㾫ϰˣС㾫˼ǺУˮи˴ȣƩ磬ףԶŻƶİ׺Ķʲô
ôһ˲һĺֵС㾫ˡЩЩȸԾʹĵ˵ȣһҲ˽
ǳûˣֻܹ˹˵ĳźӵ׳ˮҲӲãĺˮ˳ӿֱֱʪ˸ɸɾ
ɫӰڳԿ˵ݿĲУڴԴˮ밵֮翵ĺˮл£ΨжһĨɫͼǵĹ⡣
һԸںδͼڣ˼ڱˮһЩҲֻôһɲǣһɲлȻˣż³
ǳ΢ͼڰ
һǣ˳ֻǸþڱ֮Уûʲôĳ΢۾һжûġýеͼ˵Լ𿿽꣬룬ǴġѪ
ԸûϢ˼ǺСò׸һĴ֮ûյ޵ϳ˺ģûĿһֿڴ˵ء
ҪҲصһ
ʮֵľм³ǻþеС㾫⣬ͻȸԾֿ˻ԥ˳ˮƮȥǳ΢ֻǸþһҲҿ
ʧȥ֪ǰһ˲һ˫ֽԼ˹ȥˮϵľļأ̹ǵĺ·ȥ֡
һԼǵһ䣺һһ𣿡
Ĵɫӣ꣬΢΢ſϵɫɿУΨǹһĪĹ⣺ˣԶ䡣
ĵıۣǰû
ӵٵĳˮȽ˼Ǻӣһٶһֱֱ
˵촽ȻϣϢ΢ĺʱͣڻ޻һƮƮĲء
ҹЩԣһһ󰵵ģ΢ȥǰһǺԭ򣬸ճţһյҴҴǰ߹һҹڱס˺üգֻǰȥ⣬֪ôҪȥ΢û룬ȥѰԭɫҴҵŮȴͣ˽Ų˼ƵԭأֻϵĵϷȼյžžžЩ֡¹µŮɬɣӣҰĴ΢΢䣬üͷĿȴ޶İӣȻ졣
˻ؿڣüͷĸ΢Ҳؿһʹе̺۰գ´̵˿ڣҩȬҲ°̺ۡ
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һٴ̧ʱ΢Ҳû͸ȥȻ֪һҪʲô
𽥳˼Ǻӵķգɫ΢ļö㣬˳ҹһˣΪѰö塣
ץȻ˵ͣ΢ȷѰöġģˮС
һԼʱ΢Ц˵ģϾܼģǰڳ죬´˹صĽӣһҲֻǼʵװϷġǳЦһһˮҲһٸžЩԣü˼Ǻӣˮ
һߺˮһ³ŮɣʼԸ˹Ȼһⳡ컯ǰ׸ˣΪһӾˮһɽʷᡣ
һ·׷£ϵˮ鲻֪˶ٵΡ΢ƿĴ˲ЩļײǽڵĶ쳹˯ŵʹŮŵ
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ϵ·Ĵӣ˳ЩҵͷȻȥһš
۾ѽʪյĶһԵϣǰ˸񣬵˾䣬ɰݹ۾۾ȴƳʪյһšʪյһųǸǸò۱ǱӵģΪ˯ڷеһ𡭡
΢ÿһǰ鷢ɰ¶ڷĹ£ĽʹŮȡЩˮһЩ̫䣬Ҫˮůһů̺ҲһĶͷֵĶȥҲ˵һҪ
ʹŮæĵͷĸʱȻҪԱչˣֻǲ⣬˯ڷеһһˮı΢۾΢۾֪¶ͬ־
Щǲʳ΢ģֽȥȡˮ̺ӣִҴææȥͬ־
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ʹŮʱ⣬ʱ׷±˯һ丸˲⡣ŵĿָףѿھ΢۾㸸
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ҲֲҪˡ
պ󣬾ݸɨʹŮ˵ƽһμ黨ɾĳ΢۾ȴõ۾봫˵ЩͬػɾԴ۾ǸЦӣһģ·ֻһ顣ĵ۾ȣ̬ж޹أĵ۾ÿŮΪ֮ĶӴ԰Ρ
ȻȻһǰԽһš


չ

Ȼţǲһ͸¶˰Եػɾһ͵ŮɣʹŮɳϴ;ϾЩʣѰȪˮˮ˳һ˵ǳ΢۾¶˵ǳ΢۾ͽֹܲһǰ۾չһ˵ӣǸӷ˹ʦš
µǸŮɵòǵòˣǼǵһ̺ۣԼŵڳ쵱ʹĹһǶġ۾һܺãҲܺãӲɫֻǸյķˣ˵Ƿĳ߰ĺܣӲ˵Ϊݵĳ΢۾йأּȥǵ۾Ҳʹһܣǵ۾ҪռĴ֪ĳǿŲģԺһ겻õĲٹһЩӣ۾˳졣ʹŮﲻüͷŮɵĻʧƫģһôƢԣбָ߰ӣɶģµ۾յǸͽǸʺҲҪɵҲû֨Ͼ£žˣαؼƽ١
µŮأ˭͵ƵС뿪󣬳ɶ˵˵۾۾ʦ˵ʦǸףԼĸף˴治ѹֵ۾Ҫȥ
ʱ֣˽ĳģ룬Ǹĳʮа˾һ
һ΢۾һʦͽԵôݣͱúܿˡ
辿ǲǵ۾һĺӣ޷ۣǸȥԼĺýһø˼̽ãǣ±ô˳ȥ
Ǳǽҹ¶ˡ
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賿ػɾȳ죬賿б֮ƮػɾɸɵģʪҹѾܣǳǳһ仨΢Ũܵҹ㣬սͣס˽Ų
벻ͨԼΪλԥĳ־һѵΪǳ΢ĵ۾΢űã紵ͷ׷ңֱǰյӣŲŲӡ
˳ɣΪͽܣʦţ֮ҲʦͽڡܿĵһΣ֮ա
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һѹʱ˶Ժģǰ˸˸ĶǵСǣƤص̧ѹ˯һޡͼ˰췭ȥ֧صԴһһſ˯㣬һĨɵۡ
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С㾫ڰ۾԰Ǹͷģı˶㻹Ҫÿĸ硣
һ΢΢ʲôҪÿС㾫ԭǸǡƱӵֶһ˱ӵԼ£Ѿһף촩ȥջ֣һȲҪҷʲôһ˾һ
ƲƲ죺̫࣬ϵʪ˸ɾεδˮǰλæģܴܲʪ·˯ա
һ˿ǳ΢ıУЩȻԺ󲻴΢ʲô֮仹ǱʲôױȽϺá
ֳ°ͣλ㻻·ʱƯҲڷУûгȥ
ˡһһȴӴˤ£ŲŴء
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һС㾫ڱرɹƤ˼Ǻеĺ壬ֻ̫һžԼǻŵġνҪ˯ԱˮеѣʵˣĻطɹƤ
֮ǰȥѰԤڵ˫Ŀǿҵչ⡣䵹ģҲѰһպסĲӡһԷ˷ԭǱس΢۾µĹ²ӣɨʹŮ͵͵Ľ΢۾Ѱô˽¿
ץŻɫƤ鷢˻ӴķԥǻһǾⱾȥأҪⱾΪ̫ѹ㿴ʲôݣ޹ؽҪԱŲӵĽǣɢɢѰɹ̫ĵض
ҹû˯ȣûһŲѣǱеһĨ̫²ȥˡһϸ˽ڹ˸ػɾ˿չŨĵضϷȥء
˹·ıŶϷɣŵĲӱ紵ĺ죬ҶĿҶ
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һĵͷչŨĵطֱܱȵϳĶ̻ͷɺã۾ϷġһƵŤΡ
һ˯˶ãһǵò϶˵ʱһʶĿ˿죬ͷֻűʱ΢΢ƫôһ㣬ȴ˯˺þһ㡣΢΢̧ͷ˳ŻټĿ϶⿴ԶĲݵϽа˱ͤͤд˿λɾǴﴫġ۾ϸϣ·ɾЩ죬Ӱͬ΢а˷·ǿŷڣ˳ػɾˡ
һĬڲݵϷ˸ϵĹ²ӣ׼˯ľ
ֻҪ˱㲻֪ٵŸˣ󲻹ɹ̫΢档
ʵ֤һµĹȻɫģȷػɾɣɹǡ
繲ɾһʮ΢黨ɾڵһλıǴɹǵػɾ
ɹۣͬȵһСûиĸߵһȫԼŬͬĹһˣɹǻһλãǿΣɽڶɵˣա
ɹǶó谮쳣Сʱйϵ͵˳ʦݵ綦ĵ۾΢ɾƣɱҪɹǵãɴ˿ɼжá                        
лҪ˵ԷҪԱ  ղظոպ




һ꣬ŽãɹǱѰ˸ͷ΢˴ͻƷǼ٣̽õ²档г˻һ轫ףҪ̽ĻûҵῪڡ
΢²ߣɹǹ˿ˮֽҪó˵ˣһΪɽ˵ǽԵ˵ƫƫõ˸̧̾˰뱭裬Ȼںҵػ˼ǺӣȻǸ컯ߣԲǽԵɽԲô졣㲻֪ػɾɼʲôˡǳǳһڲ裬Ѿǰɱ¾֮ҹ۲գһֵˣ˳ĶʧһЩ䡣ף֮ϲԿǷһһˡ
µĵ۾ĲɵţŮӻҪ˳ŲյӣһûһĽŲյеˮ
ʱƲ㲻ʵεʱ͸΢յǳǳһСڣȥƽûɱ¾֮ġ
ɹĲյЩȥɫʱϼ֣ȻЩ⣺ûɱ¾֮ģɻǵ統ҹ鹦˭ɻǵôյ˭ϣ׳նɱһտҪɽ֪һӵֻʣλҪȻҪۿۡ˴һתҲϼ֣յСɽӣŮеٮٮߣżĹʹ޳񣬶ػɾż̤ˣףֻһ㣬һۡϧĽյʣĲˮһյĳͽǿˡҵĶӶ̸ۼ޵ͣ΢ҲҪϽȢչš
ֻ·ɵĻ죬һëŹ⡣ɹǷ˵Ļ΢һûȥ·ɫܺͷŸµӣӵһ飬仨ϣһɫ̺ӡէһ˯ƵģϢƽȣһ˫ȴֵ΢΢
һڲ裬Ӧš
ϵĻһԸȥˡΪ·Ҳ΢˵ҪȢղȥ֪۾λòǴյĸȥ
˵һǿձžӵķľˣ˵һֻڵķ񣬴ձǽͷβӵС̷һϱʹһŮӡ
ñʹն˶ãº΢죬ﰵҲ˸üꡣʱһܶáòáݸʦҲɽ綦ĵ۾ĴգƴҲǸǣ޹һУﰵﲻ֪˴նٰӡ
Ը˯ȥͲһһˣһС㾫ֵܴͦվɾմȾ仨˸ΪǺͰЦƵĳŰ˱ͤȥ
һߵÿһƮƮģŵŲݶȲãߵ˱ͤʱͷŵĶ˲ŷ˿
΢ҲڵȡһյǴɹǣĲյһᣬ̷ȡ
ǵЦԽһʩʩȻӣȵڰ˱ͤ£ų΢˸ļ񣺡һݹ۾ȳ΢̬ȻվֱӣЦ벻˴ɣɳɹ̫Ҳż۾΢΢ԴۻָƽĴɹǣװɻӵλǣ
΢أŲˮаƵָͷӳ໨ɵĲյϣ
ɹǿ˿ԭʯķĬ˻ػɾɹǡ
һ˽һͷǰֻ֪ռҾų́Ӳ֪ĺ̨һӲĸػɾ˴ɹǣôػɾĵۼ˸߹ڣѹܳΪ΢ĳͽ
˾ŵĲӣһĶŴɹǵ˵ػɾøһ컯Ϊͬ˵˵Ҫʲô컯ΪĶѰϱҸ˵ס
Ҳ˵˵ˣԼǸŮӣĶΪĶҶ
ɹǰ˳Ҳֻ֪˵˵ԭŵĵֻۺ޶˶˶˹ѹȸУֻһͬһػɾҪ컯
һɹôһ죬һʱ벻ϱ֮żǸţǼɣ쿴Ŵɹǵĵֻ۾Ƥţɴ˿ɼ·ǸйɣҴйˣΪҲǸйءеĲӾһᴷżһЩģϽ˻ɢͬΪֶй񣬿Կǰݸ֮ģôãһΣ
ɹǵ³׺ˣŵĵĿϣŲյʮ΢ڴŲ÷˦˦ӣŤͷԳ΢ʱ¯һŵҩȡһûҩЧҵûȥһˣˡ
һƽĵ˵ͷ湻ûûεġ
ɹȥĲЩġ
ͷǨ㣬ѴЩߣػɾҹıȳҪһЩ΢ǳǳһˮԴɬĲˮӺȥͻĺ¹һһæۿϵɫݡ
ȻɹѾˣһҲ˿Ҫ˯ûˣһ΢û飬һ̤Žŵµ̲ݣ뻹ǻȥա
ǲԳ΢лģϾֶ㲻ûΪһָۡǼȻˣ˵ллܾǷ΢һֹסҪȥĲӣӦƵһնл۾ȣһһҲֻܶл۾֮պݶһȻỹϡԼ·պȻỹϣһҲԣݶԶҲûлϵһա
΢𴹵ӣ¶ذ׾󣬰뿪ЦƵĵǱա
һһ˲ףѽдģΪܶһ˵ҪĻΪʩһ΢Ӧðòã˿ˣ˲Ŷ̡
²͸ǵ۾̫ʵڻд̫١
Ҳû͸΢ȫͼ͸΢ĩ˴һҲûܳɹⱲô¶ˡ
˸ݱŤͷҪߣ΢ϲ֪ʱһöɵ壬˻Σ壬ģ
һһҲûȥοյİٺƲɫϵһȦ̳ɸ˫ᣬĳɫãȻǷƷڷ䵱˹ܻһǳأԲ˼Ǻӵöµ˼ǺѰһģûϵþڳ΢С
չµŮƽ˹ǰģƿ΢ֽݸһûŮзĹʣ͵ˮ»ʱܻ壬ű߿˵ı壬һ壬΢ԶһƬƣĵ˾䣺壬ǺġƵġ
ֲԾĶһ٣Ⱦָ͸Ų԰׵ɫҲɲǣһȵĴӳ΢ｫӹ·ûйͣ٣˭ģҼǵò˷飬ŲʲôҪ£Ϊѹż
΢̧תϵ໨յɫ
һĬĬĽϵ䣬һᣬŷĵһ·ȴС


շת

΢黹壬ʡһαⳡΪزʶİˣӦ˵Ϊй֮Եİˣʹȥûûĵı֣Ե飬ǿʲôڴ£˵仰ԺѡôҲ˵Щʲôǡ
һòѰ˸ͷ۾ҹĲϢȥ˼Ǻֻļһ䣺ֻһʣһʡ
΢˼Ŀһۣתյͣ˼Ӿ
һԭԤס۾ͷ΢仰£һͷ־ôָͷǷֿġΣųǣĸЦ۾¡ȴǸƤЦⲻЦ̬
΢óĽӲŮǵĻȳһ΢΢´ĽǶȡգѻƵĽëҵమðˡŲõ飬ķؿۣζʣŵģʲô飿
񿴵Լ֡
һ㼸̣ʶİڱ󣬶ԸȣһһæĴŹεűӣԴͻͻۡ
ʵ֤ҪⱨӦģ󲻹Ѱһ̫Ų˹һĿͳϣ֪۾᲻롣ԥһҲһĩˣͣº˵ĽŲˮһ˫Ľ΢ţգҲգϿҵ˵ǡƿ÷۾ɻţ
΢ζĳ°ͣԭʯһɫ紵Ļ졣˵ˣһԼӦǺˡŻ㿴顣΢̲ס˰ǣСʲô˼
ɫһ磬зоǵĻ꣬˰߳ĵ
Сҡ΢Ĵǽס°͵ʧë̺һںŨܵͷշתһƬ׷
һ˵ĽŶԭءСҡûƺˣţֹա죬ͽܣʱСƺҲһ˳죬˽й
Ҳһֱһֻг΢ỽСҡ
һһ˲Ļ㱣հ㣬˿̵洦ڳĶ̻У΢½żѧǷġҲֻһ˲䡣
һ֮ѵɽȫɫķӦ˼Դҵ뷨˦ȥԶ治ɫĲų΢ֱߵ໨յΪһееҾӦö࿴Щ飬żţҪʲôȡټ֮ʶ
΢ķӦȻһҪã°͵Ѿ֧̬ٶȻصϣ˳˼˿ȻҪȡټ֮ûõģһЩż㣬ٱɹ㿴һ𣿡
һ˸˻Ķֹһ£ʮ¶ˣһƽƴǵѾǷ˵۾һ֮Ƿ飬ǲͷһˣɵÿտɢ鵹Ҳˡ֮⣬˭̤鿴飬ٱҼҵĵؽѶ÷ŵ¡
΢ҲûǿֻǶĵ˵ͷһֱ֮ߣ뱨֮ƽվν˱ͤĶˣøˣ°ա
һ볶Ĳӡʱ뱨۾ľ֮ˣ۾㵱ƽźۼ˿ڿˮ
΢ʲô£Ա²Ϊεĸеɣϵɽ»𺣣Ǵȥĳոʲôò¡
еĵ۾ɨһһҲŽһת˼Ȧ󣬳΢ָָײߵĺʯҰײͻع˱㵱㱨˶
һб۽ϵ໨šȻô׵¶һȵľܻ˾Ķ飿³΢ڣ伸嵽ʯߣĲЩ£룬ַʯߣÿŵֻצӶУȻѾ˵˿ɲ˷ڣǷҲû׵׵ЬմأŰ˱ͤ˼뵽ʲôԴۻӺƵĵĹ
΢ƳϵĲӣϵȫˣŤͷͬţڡɫĳ綶ߡ
һŲĬ˻ӣ΢߳ȥʮϡһǰһŰɫ
һʵڳ΢ǰͷ㲻ʱʱѵıӰȻʵôһָĲ࣬һҲ΢Ĺ
λһյĹ򣬾δµֱ۽ʼᣬҪ˲סУһܳٱһͣ˲ӣ׼˳΢ķһЪһЪ׷ȥ
صһһ¾ٸһ˾ġҡͷԵᴷֱۣģȳٱĶȴ·һ֡
Ǵӳٺͷģһ˾ϵĲУ˳ſڳٱϣ˻µĶҲûӻס
ǽǵʱ򲻳Ե뻨ЩʲôƵģһʲôˣûҲˡ
˼ͦ˼¶һйأÿһ
Ƕɽãģഺĺܣ˿ڳٺĳˮͷ·ķ۵ɴƮڳУߵϼ
õŮɺһֱ۵ķɴӺ
һŵԵ˵΢۾һи˽ӣڱء
һûװӹȻҲҪ³ˣ³Ҳÿں
ɴֱֹϣСŮɻֵ̿ĶһصλúãǴͷ·ͷҲһȦû쳣е򴫲ã˵֤ݣ֤ݣȥˣϸԴ
ʹĵ侲࣬ɴϸϸ͵¶ֻǲ׽Ӱ˭Ҳû֤֤۾һһ˽飬գܿɺۼ˵۾һһ𡣵ʱһڵ۾Уǵ۾ͻرģϸˣǵ۾ͻرġǹϵã۾ΪҪô㣬ҡְյеɴ£ϲԾ¶ɸֵı飬˵۾ôģǼҵۼִֺÿǿ꣬жҲˣĻõŮɽһ𡣴ǼҵۼȥȻҪѹõġ 
һŶڳٺֹҵۼҪѹõģ·˶Ҫѹá
СŮɱŽԵԭģǱҲ²ĺãҲǽЩһľ£ǸŮħͷϲŭ޳Щȥһŭҿɱ㡣
һĬĬĴӹ˿СͭӭŹϸ˰ΡŮħͷһΪԼͦͰ׵ģŮħͷˣתĽǶٿһ飬꽻΢ſʵͭУƵķֲ屯ϲ졣
һЩŵĲˡŤԴţȻ΢֪ʱ˻˿վ°ͼԴ
֪ǷλӵĻ΢ɫԵΪƽ쵽һǰƮƮһյյžડһĲյָ⻬䣬ˤڵأƬĽ˰Զ
ٺλŮȻһɴҲˣؿڳһڵķλͬʲô
΢𳣴ٵɫ֦¶˰ӣ治ɫĲ̹ȻǸֻˣǼ˵
ˡ


޵д

һҪһЩʱգ΢˵ʱ治ɫĲ˵˻ѻôһ
յ͵΢סĹһ仰û˵Ҵҵܻ˱ɵ΢һôһι˵İԣǶѣΧȻҪƫ
һǰĹ΢κմȾ޷Ϊʵ
ƿ˲ѾɢԵʹŮ˳ӭһϵţһأ
ʹŮճͷļлū澷ŻСݵĳߣһԲͦǳȥѰˡ
һͷתƿϵţǸµҵóȥѰ
ʹŮ̲סӿ˿ۿĸ˰գֻôӣһ͵ĵĳȥѰͬ־ˡ
ŨЩ˼ȥĸĸ˫ף˵һǰһǸˣɵȷ˳֪ٱĸĸȻֻأ֪ҹ˾ʱǷҲ˼ĸĸ˫סǻİգĥбء
һʮֲС㾫һܣҪ֪С㾫Ϧദ֪꣬ͼּëػɾ˼ǺӣɣС㾫ػɾ֣˴㡣
һڹſ˼ôһָ䡣ػɾ˼ǺҪ࣬һĴ󣬻ָ׺ƵҪѰһС㾫ȻѡյĿ˿ͷСһ˻һߣٴ˻ڼû뿪
Ϊһͯ˼벻ܰС㾫ȥܳȥȥĵضʮСŮƵĵضһէѹ֪ػɾĿŮƣóóȻȥ˵׼߲
ǣһôԥָ׵Ŀ϶УͯһһĻˣԲһŵ˵͸ͿɫСϣСŤһŤƵġ
һûܺδȥˣС㾫ͦõĿ˿ڣ˶ȥˣű˺öŮɣûÿҾﲻζһߣȻƯ㡣̵һƬЦ
һֽǣ˳㿴еƯ㣬ȴǺÿĺܣ°ͼ͸ŹӸ߹Ƶķϱ˸ڣһջ۾ԾĽ䱸һҧҧݣкը
ԤϵҪͬռ棬ɽɲôοסڴռҵĵϣֻû뵽һô졣ټŴҪݺݰһЩǰŵ־ΪôһЩ벻öԷռؼĵһʺ΢һףѺõǺþòء
ձһ԰һЩҶվĵط߲Ҳûơʱⶼǵֽǰصһüɣһᡣޱߵ鷢ӦһԲĵʺ򣬴۽ǵ㲻ûġ
֮еķӦһû뵽һôֱӣǰĴս֮ǰҪ˵һͨϻġɴҲαĿȥάѺõ̬ȣԴ˵ϣôͲûأ
Ůɵ۽ǲβƣƽŮһ㣬ֻ̬ûŮµױһ˿°͵ʹһΪΣһһı䲻£ɽû֮أûˣܵסһ¶ƵһЦЦﶼ͸Ÿ߹ޡ
һԸ˿̵ĵȻƽС㾫ԲԲԴҲǴ˵Щ˼Ǻһ˲һѾһȦ
һж٣Լǲ
Ȳ˵ɽߵĳңħֻ޵Уħ磬ǵԼħӰĶ񣬱֪׷죬Ӵͷһֱ׷֮أŶȥ
Ļϣһǵ¶ſѰˡˣų±㱻ĸڲɽҰ޺飬Ǹ󼰵Ļ
ЩһͲӣ򶨵ΣǰһҲйˣҲɽ磬Ϊϡ񣿡пĳ̾һ޵Ĵһȵ˯꣬ұΪټʱ˺ӣû뵽㻹ȻһȻ뵽ʲôһӳϿҵĶŴɹǣɽһŮɻмûɻģ
ëһŮ˱ҪץʹյʹһŮˣɽĵŮˡϾֶѵ˳ɻ͡
ȻŮȻɫڵͬһ齴ΣǳɫϺõ֣ ޣܽػɾĿյضˣҾǶ䲻ҡ³ǳϵɫȥֳ˿ЦЩӣ۾Ҫҳˡһ˵ҵģػɾ֧ţ㣬Ǹӷµȷˣƾʲô֣ǰһܵøգִֻ̫ţɽһִţʵǳˡ


ë

һĬץ˰ίصĳЩɿݻЩֲ棬Щë껹ЩƣȻûԭɿ֣һ֣صĻա
һµŮԹŸ߹ЦƵǡ
һǣֹһ̶ĽǶȣһĨЦ䲻߹ޣȴǡôᣬҲµİաΪػɾڴһ΢и˽ӣ㲻סĹֹһԶµۼļһˣ뿴һǷǳ΢ĺӡ԰գ
ͷĽλζ죬϶м̧תϵӣĪ˵˵ˣһ껹¹ʲô˵۾иֺηҼ޸󣬻ὫӴسģǽ۾ĺӡ
Ŀ湻ġɢƵ̧һ̧ۣһĿŴһɫƽѾһػգ㻹ûõ۾𣿡Ķ˶٣һգ۾ףҶ˺ȥ졣ֻǣ΢氮𡣡ȻһЦģ޸֮ܿܿ㣬еһԱ
תӵ˿һʯϣ˵ĵԶԲۣȵû۾ˣ 
Ҳ²һǿαװ˳΢֪һһҹδۣۼŵڵյյ׽Ǹӷɽķ˸ˣңһ±Ҫ
ɹʲ۾ıӾҪ췽ϴһȥǰϢ
õĴʺί񣺡һػɾҺοҶݣûϵôټɼһǼԵġʱڳôõƢԿɻʹǰһ㣬߱ɱԣ
⵱ʱһ͸΢ģצӶĶֵߣͬյϢͦͨģһ磬һʱĹ򡣡 ³ϧҲǸӣѾ۾ˣ۾˵һһ
Ҵææȥ۾סĹͷڶֱȣ½շתƮɡŵһŷ£ץǰŷƮߣŨŨľϮԺ
һһһûһҲһֻһǰǰŵ۾ЩѾ˼ڵ۾ռһϯ֮أһĻع龡ȥ
²׼۾˼۾һ̬һģɣ˵۾ϲһɽһ·һؿڵһʵʵ˿֣˵۾ϲһһ󣬵۾ûЦʵꡣ
ӭճعʱ򣬴˿ңͬ˿⡣һ治ǵõ۾ˣѵк֢ģ
Ҳ͵͵ͼһ̽Уһû˲ٹ۾䵽գдԵ۾һи˽ӡȻǲŵģԽԽܣؿŻһ㣬һΪе۾ţŮҲӦŶԣҲû˱Ԥһе˽ӳʲôģ
˽ӿˣһҲˡ
һһ˲վһֱһû۾ˡȻһǷʵֱǵ˵۾˵ֻ
Щ꣬ͷһξ﷢š
һץС㾫ַǰšüһָ׷ȫͣڳ˯ŵʱجΣץ˳رڡֱһѶ˵ĵӣŵΪָ׷գԴյչͬ˵ЦأѾ˵۾ֻҪ㲻˵ұ㲻ǵá
ղŤüȻǵõ۾ΪλҪװǵá
ʮָͷа˸ͷգһͷ˺һͷŤŤȥʮָͷøɾ࣬һ̧ͷϴ˸ͱ˵֪ģҲϲ㣬Ҳң֮㳶ƽˡϱҾʹûʲôһֱҧҲţҪҶøˣ鼮ɵҩûϵô߲֪ɲ㡣ڳ΢ʱ᲻ãҲûá賯ĴŴߣίصĳǰƣڿԷ΢ģ춼ġֻ밲ȶɹµӣɽ¶ٲմȾ
ǰ뵱ɣýڲɽϵĸĸ󿴿һɷǡɺȴÿֶ١
ûпֵʱ
΢ĴһߣüõĻѸתѹΪ۾ĽǴġȴƫеһ
 գмһֱͬ˵ ŷεĶɰ׺һվǰʯŤͷʯµĴȻһЦ㣬ء
ϸָŵһָȾ͵ת˲ϣ罣Ŀ⡣뵽ܻ飬µױҲǲסŭݡ
һֱ̧ۣǻſֹס˲ӡ
С㾫ŷˮ۾һšڵ˶ƽǸ˶һô˵أڵ˶¶˹ĺܿ죬˲ð˳Χһת׼ȥɱŹ׼ԵԻ
ЩȻλ˶ĻûףģӦִһǰײġúһǡһ߿˿Բ°͵˶
һû֨
°ͣȷڽţǸŮû˶ÿ°̫ܴ㣬۾ȴ񣬻Ǽһÿ
ӵĻû޴ӿһ˻ϵ˲ȥֹһ㣬֣衣
С㾫Բۣ
һıʹࣺҵĽˡ
СģҪʣҪͻݣ
С㾫ӽȥһ˼һϢʱ䣬֣ص裬ǻؼҰա
ûһȥˡļҡʮƬ֣Լµˡ




ҹʰ׵۵룬˳Ҫήķˮҵĸɾ࣬ȼյĹƣޱߺڰ·ûס
һȫҵҲû˶Ŵ˼Ǻӳһס
Щ⣬һΪʲôǲڰ·Ҫ͵͵һҹ·أѾĿ߸ߵżűߵһţϸ·߿ĲУһ˶۾ʹײɽôãһˤġ
Ϻصľ飬ͭűײľ졣һַͣҡεűǣյˤҿ϶Ҳˤиһͦõģϴʱúܹ¶ҵʱѹĶˡƵһЦúҵ¶ȹߣټҪȻһᶪġ
ϲµĳطЩ΢ɬҲЩᣬ˶ĻƵںƵģȴӦúںǳǳں
һǣֳŹŵķߣСֲͶƬӰڵأ߲½һֵˮīһԲǶ˵һΣ˼ǺӶñ㿴˯˶ãû۾ô˶ǰһôģ
΢΢޵Щ͵ĹţӺøϣһһ£ƫͷͬɱȥˣɱˡ
ţٹһСű˱һ˱ֱһڵķλɣһ̶ͣ
¶ĵ˵ͷԭ˶ɱģôȥأÿĶ࣬û˼ɱա
յĻ˻ԴȣŮĺ룬ĥ
ҹɫ࣬¹ڱһرϣɻڳУͦáʱһͣ˸·ĽŲĿһڴźĿ³ 
ɫʵټοôһӣ֪ػɾģͦһ֦һȥƿҲһ¡
ڶδüĴһ֮ĴĺҶηֿһһͨķ
һĿתĿţЩɻѵͷкɻӣ
Ӱص߹࣬౥Ķ˸һؽɫͼڣصĺҶԳĵ׺ɻҲҪȻʧɫ𣺡ҹػɾǻɽӣɫҴҵģҪȥ
һǣŵý˷צ
㱼䣬ƻصǰһμաŹɫЬ˳Ⱦݿεɡ˲ɽĲһֱŲɣ֪ʱô
ʱĵװ˼⣬ڵӣֵȥΡҪ߲뿪ô뿪ġЦ
վֲʱţװ涼ֻԶԶ㿪
Լɨ˵ʹŮ˵΢۾ϲһرɫãӵ۾ġ
Լʧ״̬һŲæѰ˸ڣػɾаҹ㣬һҹʢʱƮɢʮҺϲҹԤǼȥһšɫǵС̽ʣϵģ۾ЪϢ
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ٳٵȲһֽӲӣ΢˼سԭ˽ⱾһЩʵԲؿЩӣͷдĽǻʵĶͨҲܴɸӢ
ǣּɿһѴӳ΢ץӣһʵ˵̫ģ۾ɻšæķϱһȣ㿴ðס̫ɹˡ
£ڹеָͷ˶΢ɫĿһɷнµĵһʯīĥ֭дֶƤкӴ˻ɫİߵ㣬ǵһķһУ˴̴̵ĽʯīֽϣҪСȥȡϵĲӣ΢˳ҪԴ׵ͬͷһܳ𡣡
˫ഥеͷܹһʱס
΢˲ӵڰնһ٣ЩɻЩȣ°΢壬һüң£󽩳ӡ
ֳ΢Ƴʲôһգգָۣ糣ĵĿָͷ۾ӢˬȴҲõ۾ΪɽƷζܳӣ徴޲Ϊ۾඼׳µ۾أƨĹǰڽһ
΢ķͷ㹻д۾ռǡһСžź˿ԣڳ΢ǰͬڷϻ
Ҳ΢Ųӣ׳൹ǲãҲħ壬ϲʳࡣȻ뵽ʲôƵһף˵ħҼˣħλħҴ̽Ϣ˵ϣͬһ棬Ҿ㷽϶ĺܣƴˣ㣬ʢǺӵ̽ʰһ䲻ɴ


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һͬħĽ鲻ʶħôȼλҪͬ˭ôһĽ飬Ҳֻб˺ıġĻǵ⵵£ûǹСġ
ʮֲ롣һһҡͷԴĲԸôһƨ۾ƽɣɺǶݣ´λħҵ۾̽ɵϢ۾ֻ˵֪ǡ
΢˽ĵһͷ㵱治Ը׿һʵ£ɨϡӣʱҹ㿪ãҲΪŨ㲻Ҫȥͻ𣬿Թȥˡ
һظ˿湦ʮ㣬˱㲻۾лˣʱͻȤһ롣ǣһֱ֨裬ɫǺãҹҲıƽΪ欣Ȳ뿴ء
΢ͷ˼ҲкЩʱղȥͻͦȥһԸһڵóƵı¹̧̧ǣ˵仰ˣҹ㻨̫ŨǺ嵭Щ
һٺЦůһһҡʧڱɫر߽ǴķݵΡ
߳׺ķʣ˶ǲҪؼΪҪƭƯ˵ȥͻ
һССͱ㶮òԹɫ֪ƭ΢ôԶʳڡ˻Ӽ渺ĶʵǷǮʵǻˣ֪һؼңԲƭ˵ȥͻšպͷԣȥǮ
߷ߵԭ˶ǸǷǮˣԺǲܽǮˡСȷʵǻϣֻܵպ˵ң̾һҲûǮ㡣
ϳɵ̾ϢһһƲʣԸվȥֻȥЦССĵĿɫµػɾˮ󵽹ӷҰӣȴһɽˮ
ķ羰黨ɾ졣֮ټľɫһʲôƵġ
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ػƬĺҶվȣЩԸˣѾ׷λɾУóóȻȡǲ˵οգȡҲˡ̽˸裬ѵ۾½ʱɼһΪһԲҪȡ䣿
дǰԲĲӣᰴͻͻ̫ͣѨ΢ڱ³ķһ°ͣȥſɻһӰӡƵЦЦǷҲֻܺŪŪԼ
ôһһ·ˣҲӲ·ӵ磬ֻΪε۾֪·Ժ黹ã
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촽ᶯ΢³ĸֶһʵҲܻ쳣˵׼ܰҳΪܳ
һᣬʾʮͬ
һʱԺģһһβ֪˶ٸһЦһޣͬ񾭲һ޶ξе۾ĳߣòƴҲгͣɴһƶϣΰ˳Ǵǰڳ¡ڻ˯ôüδֻңϷ˰ҹһƬεصֳУɫЩܽȥ
һʱ㳹ȲĻ裬ֶָ쿴Ǳǵļҡ
һ˫˯ۿɫм˼ǺУΧ峺ʵˮи˯һǴһ֣봫˵ɽλõ黨ɾҲ˰ա
ҡҡλεĲٿƷУϸܿ޼֦һС㾫ĿĵĴţѰǰסéݡǵʱߣͷɺüգܲӽϽǣʱֲܣڿлܿéݵĶéҶҲ¶
쵽Ͻʱת۾ɨڵصߣһŵɲסЩ˦ɳȥء
µɫήңü۽Լܱһ˿ϤдķʱӦҲǸ湫ӡɫͷӼһֱ仨ĵϣɫߣղϵϲˡ
һЩţͻͻҪǻԭأ׵ˣء
¶˰ɣǹɽҲ¹ڤ˹ڳʽ򡣼ڲɽʱյһֻ飬һ΢ʦʱҲһɽ磬ûһֱһʮ궼
΢һ֮ضеͬ˵֡
׷ԲԵ߳ŤͷһƱ鲼һϷֱ治ɺԵʧ˹ͷǳһ۾ȴűĵطһԼӡɫķҵŤͷλá
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һòᣬһųı֣ʱپɺһ㣬ٴĿʹǰҲ޲ᡣһǳ΢ȥ̧һ֦ڽ֦һľһסҪɱػɾ
½ǣһ磬ǰͲҵĻ׷һΧŵ۾תõĽʹܷ뿪
һһһ󷢻ţͬʱЩˣľ΢΢ѾɱңҵΪβŹ㣬ֻ磬ȴ˺£ΪλҪϾɱ
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һ׷£һ⧲꣬һͷסϳ޵ݡ
رϵҲûһȻߣʧĻһ㻽֣أأءһһ顣
һк˼ʦİ·߹µļԪݽȥֻ¶Ĺ
ʲôΪʲôͼ粻Ǻ˿۸ĪеɱﲻһɾȫĹУħ߼Ȧɽͽ
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һգһգɬ۾ŵȻˣһʱᶯˡסصĻǷӡУһҴǷ֮ˣ䲻ȴʤˣôҲϡ
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С㾫¶ĵͷŵ¶ˮ˳ָ쾡©仨ĵϡ
鱻гǺɢһۼżصΪ׵ǹʧһ֣įһԴҿһ룬ҳȥһˣ̱ϻܡ
ٱǰ˵˫˫Ը׳ȥģû˻ͳȥô仰һ˼ǣ˱׳˫˫֮ۡᵽ˵۾˭Ƽ׳˫˫۲ȥ²⡣
ʶĵͷ㿴żңҪЩһ˴µġ
һڽűߵľվķӦȫʧ̧ػɾķȥͷҳһơ
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һ·һ֪ҧ˶ٴðյ·ֻһ룬ػɾľٴγǰʱ˿ͬؾɾ΢
ŵɾЩȣֱ۾䣬˴治˵һû˵ȥסˡ֪ĶڵŮӣϴһػ˰˰Żûصɣ·ħħһ㡣۾˿Ӧ˼Ǻӱߵļ̳ϣǡ
仰ûü˵꣬ŰľŮֱԽػķ紵´ͷͣкûü³ĺ仰ʱ³۾ͽ䡭±ӰƮȻŮȻȥأŵɾʹűߣˣ˳Ҫ۹ˡ
һĺ΢˼ǺӱػɾĽأֻһڣ΢ŵľؿڣÿǸӣֱӸɴ˺ص¶·ѡҪô뷨üҪôһü
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Ӿŵ˼Ǻӵ·㳤һȴãػɾ˿ֵļȵĺܣʱдķҲûɢȣ̫鲻Բ
ѹֳ΢˼Ǻӱܣػɾȳģ˼ǺӣӱߵȻҪȱ𴦵һЩĵ׻Լ֣ÿһ䶼͸żҪΪָ˵
δ˼Ǻӣһ˲Ծ˼Ǻ˲ֹһˣ֪ӱֻҰݣȻյ˼ǺӱڣһƣȻƵڡһļ㻹ţȴ֡
ļ̳ٴγ֣һоգ˸ŶĿĹ⣬Ȼѹѹһڹ͵ɼңµĵ۾ڸ߸ߵļ̳ϣͷİɫӳθΪ
ľһһŲ̳ߣÿһڵشϡֵ̫ͻȻ˰գԭȻż̳ɽתĿϬ̽ʵ̵ĵ
һת뿪͵ǳ̽ߴˣѾˣľҲУǾȥûӡȻһѹ֪Ϊֻ˵ҪҪӣӦǸҪĶң˷ѰģΪ˶ӳѰǼ£̼ǱȻеıȻԣ˶ҲҪӲͷƤϡ
Ѿһ룬ֲֻܴͷͷ˺תԾϼ̳һȫšһŭ΢ص˫ۺ˫֣ڵģ򵥴ֱżɽ
ɫȲģīɫüһΣɰ׵Ը̹Ȼǡ
˸ɴһڷϣһһʱô˵ѵôˣǿɲɣϲû˸ݺݵ̬ʣΪϱӱΣûܣûκܶùͷµĹһҪеģȻееҪеձˣ˻Щۡ
΢ڱЩɶ˼Ƿ˵ģỻ顣һͷϵ˼



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һɵת濴ȥϤ˹˿Ц⣬üòһȷʵҪһ㡣
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治һʲôıģ㹻Ҳһˣֻе۾ܽһɸĵŮҲܲˣ붼ûҪƤ񡣰ˣ㶾һЩգô֤һǼðġ˵ԻһЩԲָһ˫ִڼĵյϣһߣɼƵһص˫˫ĿԸ׸Իġ
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ͷϡüëʤδշֳδ߯ˣе۾ڣһ˴ˡѺСļҵƴľǽƫ棬û׼ͼ˸©ҪľҪƴʱͺܾƴ
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סĳ嶯ԷʲôΪʦ÷ҪǼҵ۾һμûɹڶμҲûɹȥҪΪɽЦ
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һѹʱ־᲻ģԴƺ˺Ľֱۣѻ⴦ǰһ˽յĵڶʮ˸ü
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ˣһԼͬ껰ʮ룬һ˯åȻʩֱ˵һػϴ󷽵飬ٵԸ̫˯˰գ𡣡˶٣˾п޵ķϻǵ۾ɻİա
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һĬĬĽиһڻϣĬĬĳ꣬ĬĬһţֻ¶ͷ
ŵ۾⻰⡣
˴Ѱ۾ʵ򲻵ѣƲ͵۾ͬһĶϾɽһɣ֪ʱӦʱʧĵѣǰף˳ħͬ۾ҪһԴҴҸһͬ۾Բߡ
Ҫ˵ħģǸ֡ǰһаʦڳʱйһνʮǳڱ֣֮۾һ죬û˳΢ĵݵһħĽŶ˽˾֪ı׷ɱһǼ£˵Ϊһ硭Ȼⲻǵˣ֪Ϊһܽộһҵɢ֮Ϊĸøˣħ˼ͬҵ۾һĥһڶգħʮ򾫱Χ˳죬ŵΪһ
ʱͬһͬԭһֱĽһ
ⲻôˣʮ겻⣬ļȻһѹǸӣΪһŵʱ򲻼ã׷ɱءʶһħŮħŮӱɽŮŵĶ࣬ôһ˵ħŮ˻
Ҳʱ֪ԭһˣϲ۸ˣɲɣħľˡ̾Լǳª֪
һȥٵˣ˵ҲñĥĲ룬ħĵԻ·˲ͬһϢȥûգһػɾԤһΪĹһö۾ֵµɹ٣ȻҪһġ
ʱħŭɶݣɫħػɾԲ࣬һѾһΣǻҪһ𣬽³ػɾᣬҲҪһ΢ûá
ƱĵӶǺģܳ嶯˼Σ;еĵѣһĺܣػɾԱػɾܵõŲĵطǱ䵭Żصǰɢ³ĶϱķӣдȻҼҵ۾罫ͻһˡ
ŨصĺɫħķΧСϢ󣬱ĸˣβºߡ
ͷţºգʱҪ˸ա
ϸָ㣬Ǳ˵İºֵػɾȥˣ˿ǶȻģҲǶȻġ˳ͬ͸¶˵۾һ£߳ŭֱ졣
ڵ۾߶ֻ꣬ʹһ񣬵۾֪Ǻ¡
س·ϣ۾µͬС˲٣Ϊе˴Ҳ֪վеˡ
Ŀ۽񣬼ӿٶȣĬƬ̺ʳ΢۾һΪλ



ǹƥ

ϹԵľبɳòֱͦΡ΢ܹԵľŶĲɽǰһƲˣÿÿ˹ܱܹȥͱܹȥܲȥ뷨ҲҪȥмǵһƽպȲʱõĺ÷յΪ˲֪һȥѧ˸ԭȻʩֻаӣԭĲյûˡһ̹̹ϴԭֻһŲߣ΢ųڵķλ˸ţǵңֻҵİ˿ա
̧䵲ǰԤһڻƻǿҵաҵ۾ʵôʲô֪ǰһѾն˵۾һ֮Եֻ˵һԵ۾Ե֮һˮĺ
˵Ǻǻ
΢ȥʱһһͷķӱŴ齱ߵľӸƽҷ֧סίس費֪ܺδȥˣ½ϵʲôϡ棬һ
Ŷͥһһһ˻´˻ϢĲ룬Ĵһ־һ׷Χ˽硣
һ֮õĻǲøѽд´ࡣ񸴻磬иܲӻУܲҪз˽ԣƩֹ۾롣
ǰѣ˭һ̽ʮа˾ѰģԲõλѰá
һͷĺɫӰ涣ҶɫһɢƢķҷ΢ֱۣѰ˿֦ͷѲһȦǷӰӡ
С㾫֪ʱ˸պùɽȥĴӣӵϻһһУСƨɾȥ۵˵ġ
һ㵵ķȥ·βɨһ磬
ӵ˺һһ̧꣬ͷͬһͣ˶㲻Щ˺ܿϧ𣿡ռĶס͸ۣѾ˶ʮ˸Ŀˣǻкö໨ûȥ˶һǰգ
һŽڵ⳯˿üһһŤ˹յĴţһһ񱻵Ĺߵ˵ءסЩģһǰ˿ĭͬ˵һ࣬ÿն仨£ƾġŵһܻ꣬ϲһҲһΪˣ֦ͷʱԸͣǶֽ
㶴ϥϣ˵ˣֻڸӰһǲŻӣ뵽ʲôƵԲۣǴˣѵƭң
⻹ɣǱ軽۸ӵġ̫ʶļթһ˻ԴǼҵ˵ǼҲοƵһƵļ򣬡ȥϴ˯Ҫȥһˡ
ҪС׻صϣչĹĵĿֳȥְһڼ
ӳ֪ˡ
һţߥ޵ƭ֪ͯ벻뵽俴
֪ͯͷ룡Ȼ֪ʲôط˶ǸõطֻҪǺõطȥ
һصͷͶˣγȥأΪպ·̽̽·ҿżң˭ʽԲ֪ȥ˺δѯһ飬ף
ףǻİٱĵͷû취ǫ
һӡʮǳߺǳ֪ÿλÿλǾԼգȴ޷׼ȷЩգֻ֪ǾƩޱǾǾȻǷˣСĸ󶪵ɽʮʱ΢ϳ죬ڷֻôʱ
׺ɣ㹻䷭츲صı֪ڹǷй
һԲı磬ȹϰڣһЬʵʵ̤ڷϣһĿһͷŪӺͷ
ɽ繲һʮ˴õأԶ̣һǡһԱߡ
ϹϴжصϢһҹϢΪŨңϸѰңܷټ
һܺãŵûãᵽϹеϢһһĸŷ紵˳ŷУԶԶؼһɽɽϺͣľ֮Ұ˻
üͻͻͻͣһְһŻɽֿһͼȷ˻Ƿ⥡
۶ϵľᣬСѵžȼգҶʢʱڲľ㲻࣬ȻҪɽġһԼ̽˰Σд⥵˱ȽϣĩȷɽϵҰޱǵ۾Ҫշ⥡
һܽ
мֵı΢뻹а½֣ܵʱóȥһζԷҪŵðһܴǳֿȭӱȥһ˫צӳţһһĿָףֱɽϵ߷ɡ
һԸЩҪԭ⥳̫ªġɫһӲֻצӣɫѺõö˶˵Ĳں֮ɽܳҵĻʵʵͬһغ֮ɽʡһƤ֮ࡣһǸòɣ˻˷Ѫбɽ⥺֮ɽ
ЩһƬ̣Сҡʵ֤һɫѺõһ޵Ĵ˻ĺڶߣһһ˲ʧϣ˵Ʒֻɳ档
˹һ˲һЩջͬ˵ɴ˿ɼżٺˣձܿ޵ĵһһæӶ˫һţ˦ֶ޵ķȥ
ʹˣ⥱øӿ꣬۾Լʼ졣һյһüġôµģʹ϶ӱꡣ
һԭӦܴù⥣ôϡͷҲ쵱һ񣬰ȫˡýʱһ֮δȫںϣ趥Ǹɣ绹ûλɵǹƥշ޵ļ¼˵쳣ˡ
Ҫģһ˿꣬ǻõӣֻǵһŪţǵˮδһء£һûʹܷɣٶȲҲᱻס
һֻ˵ѾȻˡ⥱Ƶ־ЩǣҡĲ裬СһòҲãȻͨС㾫ЩȥǰһС㾫ýͻظĸߣ֮ڣͬǸ¶ˡĲ¼أ˫˫ۻܽظҲġ
ԼһЩԸϵ˺£һȥ롣



Ը

޼ΪܽɱƵĸоǻĳС˻һ˼ĵĸڣĶӡ
޿ʱһʶֱڵҪҲҪĺÿЩ⥡ֱϻѪ˲ӿҲ˲䣬һ޴ĺڶϣһԾĿ⥱һƷȥѹľڵء
ĳһգ۵ʱ䣬ȴ߹ǧݵӰڽë¡
µĵ۾ŷڶͷɫˮйδͷȻ续ɣ˳ĺڷίҡɫƽŭµķˣŭĺͷһͬ˵˲Ҫ𣡶𣡡
صڵϴϢصıϢһ̾۾֮⣬ֻһ˫΢š 
ڶμ۾ءͬģ˵ԵǹƥȥҰһ֦ɣˣҪһӡɣ೤±ϣΪĹЧЩɵ˵յɽңһͱϿ˷ɣӰӣҡ˳ժУûüϸۣͬɣһͬ׹£һʮüͷ
۾ˤǰһֵ̳ģڵܼī֭ôĶ侲Ȼȫһ·ɻɽͷһܿ۾ͷðһһƵС硣
ص󣬵۾ŸһµķɣÿӲϣԺɣ£ŵɣζޣһ¼һȦ
һҲеһѵֱνѪĽѵҲͬģ֮Ķע۾ô֪Ȼ˵¶õ۾ȥˣɼǸͲʵɣֵóһΪ̵ĽѵҲͬ˵ѵʧȥΪѵӦеĹһʮöǮʧġ
ǰЩѣ˼ҲĲһ˦˦ͷСֻҪޣұ㲻ǷôѣиΪǿңŵ鸡վȣָ󣬡ҲǷ㡣ʡ鷳֪Ҫ¶ˡʹѣ΢ĴʹʹԴһ˲ʶ˵ʲôСĿų΢ıæȵԭ֮һʵҪ۾ֵһЩգ۾ȻƣΪССһֻ񲻸ۣɵ裬Ӧշͷޡ
΢ŭϨ˼֣½ת󣬡ʱ򻹲ƨҪײĲŻᡣ
ײģһŤŤԴйײģ˼ҳһ࣬һֱԼʲôûԾȵʮѵ¡ǰ˸һһ˿ǣƣ£ֻǰǰģΪԸժɣ׹£ձ۾µ¾վɽϴŷ硣
ŵվסһӦǷ׹˾Ųĺ֢΢ܽʦͽƽ˵ʲôܵĶһңҡ̬嶼һ۾Ӧνա׳ŵڳ΢ԣ˸βͷպõֵ°ͣһŤŤӵҪɣҪööķɣ
ȻķһĴеģŮȦδ½ֱУ΢üͷҪɣʲô
һװģĳӣǶ˵ұ̵ѧᣬǶһԭ̤ƵĽƻһЦŵ۾ʵҲģ̵ȫᣬֻҼ飬ϲʱģ뵽дε飬һ̵ҧЦÿ
ӵԽЩһȷҪȳĵѧЩΪʵ⣬ʱ˽¸Сû뵽ġ뵽װóѺĵ⣬΢Դжÿ
һ˼һ˼ĽҪ˯ţ۾ǳЦʱҫ۵ǿǣ촺յһĺ̻ҳǸѩ죬һԵıҾߣһӡǳ
⥵Һ»õãһӣʮа˾ˡͳƿҩͿĨһֱϵ˿ڣ΢ЩЦûһˣ𡣡 
һҡͷ㱾Ͳ˰ҳɽʱҾ֪㲻ˣû˳ÿ۾ʢǺأֻд˵еɲܹĳࡣЩɬʼ磬˵Ҫһһ㣬Զſֵġ
ͿĨҩ΢٣΢˶һһµѱֻһһء
ҩˬĨֱϼ˼ֽƸУؿѾ̵ĵطȴȻʼʹǷž˶ʱˡһŵˣƵ΢ѣָؿ૵ۣʱۣʱҲۣƵһ׶Ĵ̹ǡ
˫еĺ˿Ҫ죬һǣ㳯ŵײȥ
һֱڶľŮƶΣӱĵض¹£ʱܵ¹תɤų΢۾һɿգðȥԸޡƷ֬ػɾĹմҲ
ʱպҲڳ죬һȥ¸֪۾һȥһ룬һĵ̣;ûڡ
ߺĥһһδǵ۾۾֪һװһ˶ľһٶԵ۾Ľ֮飬صǰĸޣǵòʧ
Ľ쳣۾Ĵĥ꣬ٸһʱҲƲ˼һΨʵ뿪ûҴҸŸһ롣ûһ룬ڰͷŵ۾Ϊûһең֮ȴ־ķꡣ
һ컯ķֵˣʹˣһ쵽ûʧġ
鵽˱Ҳˣ۾һس£˳ڳ޼գͬ飬ƫƫ۾һ룬ֻڰۻȥ
ٴιʱһض˼ؽ磬֮ڽϣƺһ׷䡣۾ǽһѺ֣δһĹ㽫һŽéķУһӰֻƨſڴϡС޶˯ֻ¶СԴڱͷ˯˿ĿİƯֻˣ˶ڼң·̽·ȥˣҪա˵۳˯ȥ
СӵĻûʲôԾĵطҪһڷɵ۾˺ȴȼò۾ǰңսԼŵĴͬüͷһ
۾ƿʱδ˼Ͻ׷˳ȥֱ۾ɫͻһйأֱõ۾һȥ
Ȼ½ɽصڣһ·٣ʵʵΪ˾һʱ粻ǡôһҪιޡ˽룬۾һãһٴʧˣӦһϵ۾ġ





紩ִҹҪһѪȦһֱͼؿڵʹܵԼĴڡԴĶͷѵˮ󻺻Ų΢һǳҡ
˼ૡ
һĶҪ͸ˣڴ״ֲ̬ʵξ侲ΪʲôҪ㣿
庢ƵͷӡһǣźһɿҾͲˡɳƵɤֱϲôҶҲ
ʧȥʲôƵģ˫ʸڴŵϣʮָ۲Ըɿ̰Ѱһĵطͷ˯ȥģһ֦Ҳ޷Ƿֿ΢𴽽ǣµֲٱ̹ǣżڿշ𣬲һβǡ
վĬվţ̬ã̾ľ񣬴а׵ָǶҲ֪ʹ
˵ɫãϺõ䣬ѵи飬ԺĵڲءþҪȥˣһˣܽ޷Ŵʳ𣬳ԵϹƷ֮ġȥʱ⻶ȸԾһ·СŸ裬ȥûñ¹֮һ겻նŵ۾Ļᣬ˭Ҳ˵Ҳ֪Ǽô
˺һû¹ӡ
һλصԼܲʱһȻֹˮɵıҲùϡ֪˭ڴ齱߷ңˮĿźܺóԣһצһ˫ĿתȦš
Դ۵ҪըװණƤԸֱϲ֪ˣѾ׵Ľ㣬Ƚʵ͸Ȼһм֮֡
ǵеû¸ȥһ˷䣬ǵȥշϹ⥵ģǵ㱻⥳ˣȻأȻǼ˵۾ڼŵ۾֮£ӵĶٶ٣һԴ˼Σû֮£ٴתȦС
Կ϶۾Ѳĸϵ
˾㰮׽ŪˣǰͲ۾Щʲôǣס֮ϵƫƫ˶˽еʦͽԵֳڵھӣ۾ԶһЩԶһЩ涼Ҫȴһٶıȡ
һЩ칬һˣ̵ͬɾ̸һ̸һǷ˺Ȼڵʲôƨ̣
˽һֻ񶼽ȫϵһĸߡһĿҺֻ˸ӿУһв
֮İ¹úǰʣͻȲСԴ˼ǺҰﶼϵˣ˵СӴͲϵв϶һҹqqô
ֱϵ˿ڽ°̺ۣ³۵ģһ΢΢ۣһһڣֱյĽڹɹñɫǸ׷Ůɣüǿž˵ɰѾˣªİ񲻸¡
¼һ¶׮׮̨˵ƩʮϺͬϲƣĳɶ̫µ¾ƣ̫Ͼٵپƣ̶Ҫһ롣
һǮһɾɼҲ죬һڲ趼ȹֻװڼңƴˡ
һĵڶ׮¶ͱȽˣԸѪЩ࣬ʱ͵ǰкɫİߵƮӦúһǳԵҩܾ˼ܣҵҩһֿɬʣգڽʾ֭һ̨̻ӡ
̨ӴõĵһգһæĽͶʹãЯϺѹһҰϣȲڻߣϵ꣬յúҪฯܱжฯܡ
費ԹԾʮϡ棬һ˳յ̼ϷʱһãණҪ̸衣
ȹɫ֭տһԶĵϺѹϣеζƮУһζ١һ̨ӵľٶ̫ˡ߰µ鷢һ̿ˮ׼ȷĽӲС
һ֣һĿӻû̧Ѿһ鶫죬રઽĿ֨죬˶ʲôõóԺóóԡ
һһ۰ǰİ㣬ӽ˿⣬߳߻˵ֵܡ
軶ľ׽ס˵ŤᣬһΪὫ³Сֿʼľ׽˵ֵܻͦóԵġ
һֱĴָĺӣײѧĳ׵ףһǰϣеóͶԵ
⣬һȥ׵ţ⣬׽Ŀն˶ôǳⰡǳⲻõģϵÿ죬ôˣҲӦóԵˡ
ڿӼţıͽУһઽţϸϸƷζţеζ˭ֲ̤ʲôˡŷȻ뷴һ仰ЩߣƳ־ͷһ·ƽ̬Ʈ߹ ȻˡһĬĬ¿ɤ۶Ƭݳۡ
ǳ΢ûûܽ´ָȻʣûһϴգ飬ɾ
ңԶľ벻ת˲㵽ˣɨһðĻµĵ۾üҽĲʱ򡣡ȴûҪȥ˼
һſӿһһ·̣۾òǺȻͬгģʲô¶׼۾ǰΪ£ҲԳ˸ÿ͵Ц׵ʱʱ򣬵۾ôʱɶܻӭ˳Ƶһó΢۾ҪԵ𡣡յĿһۺ޵ĻףüͷǡôҼǵ㲻ģŵЩأ˰˳ɻ𡣡
̨ӱԭһϣˮʱһһԶϵ˹¿һӳ΢Ų£ǳһЦȻ飬ƴǲʶȤһתֵ˵벻֪Ҳģ
һ￩һ졣۾£ֻг츺ʳʹŮ֪ͬĵһ꣬ΪĹɣһӼ͸۾Ȳ˵һĳΣӼͳȥıͻ۾ͬ˵ʮ꣬δԹѳԵļġſڲԾû뵽һ㣬Щ¶δǵ۾ʵԱ򶨵Ǹǰʱػɾǿ˱Ĳôдġ
΢ֵ㲻˵ǱֻΪ̫δϸϸ𣿡
˵һмű⣬ȷʵδϸϸֻǴԷ˷۾ܳĻڵһҳһܿˡ̸ּ⣬̬Ȼ⣬۾ţԵƬ̣ȥΪȡһ˵մҴҳéߣҲȳ΢ͷŲ׷һֻɵ



ĸ

һòп΢ױͷһ仰ҲѰ˿ѹֵ۾λõҲ˸Ӽᶨպͬ΢ľģ׼һС˵¶죬⳶Ѿ͹ˣԶЩ鷳;Զա
ȡٻǰ󣬲һһĵǰУǳġһµ̨Զ·ɣݿĲĸȻγɣڷڡһǳ΢ɹ٣֪Σϸ̨ʱֿۡ
һ΢̧ȥ꣬ս˱һӣԹøôҲҪôá
ϰֿòֻʶùϵޱ޼ܽ۾һֱģңԶľ룬죬ЩһǸƽϵˣݹȥϣ͵˺þûϴϴġʪδˮͱַϵĿӣ죬Сͬ΢λ»ɹ٣Ȼȥ˫ӣһ԰ա
΢˦ɿϲˮ飬ʶƵģƫͷһС磬ĵҵɹֻһǴĶðҲ֪Լʡ
һĿСԼģ۾ŴµĶˣôƾðӦһôҲñֵþһЩ˵ˣһĵ̣΢ûϵҲ֮С
̾һϸϸ˴µ꣬Щ죬Դʹľˣһʱ벻һ±ŪףôģǰһⲼ˽磬˵۾˻пԭ¹ûסĽ磬ǰ·С粻ǸɣûõĽ硣
µ̧ͷ޺òԽһ죬ʵһȦֿűߵĽһ϶Ǵӷ϶ġСĵһһۣ˫ֳ½ֽͷȥֻ¶һذĲӳ
һףŤͷһ˫۽۾ţƬƬӣ֡ĵļ˿鶹ͬʱܰһٳԣ졣޾繡
һȻ֪ȶ죬֪ȶ죬֪ʮа˾ŸжѲ˸ϵ֪֮Ľ߷ߵĽˣͬС¶û¶תȦ뷨ӽ
ӽСҵٴ̧ͷ϶Ĩɵķɺ죬ƵֽġҼʦɽĸٵʦһϲȥΪʦһʡ˫ͳǶŽ˿֪ѾӦ꣬ϣһˣʦٵ֪ٹѵ˼ǰȥӵʵʧ
һȻԭǸģ⼸յĵʮˣ˿ǶΪߣʮͦʽ
зǰǸɣɽ׵΢˭磬һһһųһͣһ˿صݣһˡ
󲻹ʽˣȥ˸㲻÷˳Ӷܻࡣ
໨СЩ࣬ɴཫӵһͷҧסһȥСֻûȥ۾ɰ׵ָͷһߣȵĽŵĿȡ£º͵̶𣬡ԷҲûΣ͹۵ġ
㵵̧ͷ۾ٿ۾һϵĿӣʶʮָͷȫųһȭͷ࣬ǻþŵĻǴӵ۾˵ǰʪյĿʵʵȷȷʵʵڵ۾ǰĿˮ֤Ԥ־ôСǰ
ûؿ̺˳ɾĺͿˣǰ۾ǲʦͽʶ̽ʼؿڵʹϼһɬЦ٣ʲôأһðֵĻˣ˼һҲûǸûмӵŮɣּѸԸͬл۾˵ǳԻԵĸˣһʱ˼⣬о仰ô˵ţྫĽݡ
סƱ㶯ȡûƵķ
ͬ־ɫȡµϵĿӣóų΢ȵǾǣ˵ˣƯ
΢ΪȻһ໪裬һĨˮշȻϢ
һתƳһ裬ƳۣΪĹΪܡɨǧƪһɵľһ˼ɽĸɺŵϤĺܣӦ򿪺ŵֿһ˼ʦһֻա
СЩԺ˵ûҼʦػֺĵһֻ飬ԳΪ֮ĸ
һϸϸͬʦЩ飬ҡźۼĿһ۳΢˺仰ֵ֮ĸɲЩѰɣǼҼùĸ컯زˣôұȥһ˰աµĹ䣬Žż⹻΢ǰĿӣһһ⣬Ҫ³Եô
СεĿһԻǴҪģؼͬ۾һͬһӣôպԼǰ̸ʡǰȥ۵۾ۣưͷʮѮѩ˼ֹ˲ӳɵǡˣҪһһȥ·;ңԶǵ˲ͬʦ𽻴㲻߶ŵ۾ˡ
һһ֣ǧһЦκεĴ󽫷ȣ㲻߶ţһ󲻹˫ӰˣһĲͿӶ࣬۸ӾǡȻ뵽ʲôƵĽһϸһָͷȵף㣿ѹһС졣
Сʮּ԰ס£ϲüҵ񻹼ǵɣ
һָͷȷϵػɾˡǻԸ޵ĵضǺδ֪ҹĳȥй䣬ץס·׳ǰλС硣
СɬĵͷŽż⣬ɲ֪ݣػɾɲ֪ʵʱ֣һʹŮ˳ڵò޴һͷΪὫˣûϵȻǵá
ȻԵĶĳ̶Ȳһ֪ɴڡͷһᵽԵֵһЩݣ֪̾ʵѣ˵׼Ĳǵˡ 
һˮףٺȹĭҲõ΢һϣĬԹߣεԹߡϢ»ϵĴϷδꡣЩڣһʲô˵ʲôˣȻҲҪеһòյıߣඣˣ·С磺㲻ǻҪȥôȥ
С㶡ȵĺȻ˿̹ǵ⣬ֹסҪ۾ٲ߱ǲʶȤˡ˸۲۵񣬹ɸˡǰͬһȷϣӦɵĻҪտһҪɫд



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΢ϵĲյһڽĭҲˣɫȥȥ
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ε۾һ̬Ըʦٵɼʦڵ۾ҲһĵλҲýɷǵõ۾ӣݵʦ˲١
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ţ۾ɤڶߣС˵ĻȴмֵԷһζƫʳһͬԲźáһ˻
¶ĻһԴʶ΢˵ƫʳ˸װǻƵʵɺܰˣֺóӪôԶԲ͵ƵӦŽɽɣ˺ûЩ˳ԣǳԱˣʧ̾Ǳ´˳԰գϾ˷ʳ 
΢һ۹зŵƬǣ㹻˳ԵǻͼˡҶ׼ֱƳһõˣĵĺͰõȳ꣬㷽ͬǹ˵ʱѾˣȻ㰮ԣЩЩࡣ
СɽƵ˶͵͸µϢ˾Ľ߲ˡһᣬЩ࣬ǽ˵˶¹ˡɽǰһͼķͬͬ־֪˵ĺôҲǺܰ˵.ŲһŲӣɽһЦҲһЩգشأǳӵʱӪϵá
һῴ΢޶ԣ״ɲԹһˮӹԲ˸ӳװҲ͵ˣεͬһƯҲһ裬˶Ҫǲҿһ㡣
һķɪɪ
΢еĿһ۷׷µɫһܵһڴĲˮյСǡô죬ʺͻȲ裬һЩˡ
˶һȻԲֲ꣬ӵģһܳһˡСɽһЩһӲһ죬˸罫鳯ķ泶ͼó΢˵¶۾һˣǲ飬Ⲽ˽磬óóȻǲá
ǳǳһڲˮ΢ɫҲǴġ
һɻŤü˼ǡ
ֽյʯ̨ϣ΢ϥϵĹ䣬ʵһϽиü֪աһͷţջһûñ㿴ˣôһüѴϽߵǿϣԶԶƸԲķӣһкθϵֻܲüİա
΢ֻü֤ǹ߽ģõĽ̫ˣôԽңתĴָϵһöǽ䣬ýҵؿڣҲ޿нȳ֮֮飬һȻ˵ûн飿۾һţޱ䣬һý仰нˣ㣬Ľνǳ
һԸûȡյˮҪȻ˵۾⻰Ҳȫʲô߼ǵ治ͬ΢ʲӽ鲻ģ׸õ˴˵ʱŻó˵һ˵òʱ˦δ֪ԸʵʵҲԸͬ΢һǰĽ顣۾ûԵһ룬һԥԥ˸裬˳㽫ѹȥô۾ŵ˻ζŽģĻֱ㵽û˵۾䲻ʳ˼̻𣬵ĶҲûֿ
ë̺һںŨܵķ紵ƣͷĵڳ΢İɫǼ䣬紩Ƶ¡΢ӣұٹˣʳζС˼ôһ˲ֺ˼Ƕһǰԭ򣬡յͽ߶ˣɾ˵Ƽһɣұ
һʱλһΰʦĿ˶һֽεڷڣһеһ䲻ΣյĵطҲеģƩ߽ǵӣͷһͷ˯ԣͷԳԹ˵ġ˵űе۾һͬҰգĪ²źá
۾ƽȣӵȶһ£ƽˣտˣ۾һ˫Ŀ΢Զѳһɽˣºȴ;ܾһ˳ˡ
һһ仰вԱУ֪Ϻϲʣǲһ仰ãţյ
жôʳ
һ˳꣬һֻʣ°۾ǻɵġ˵ʱ־͵۾ͽܵͬһ£еһޣԼ¾Ʋֻֻ֣֣һֻԷһֻ˯ʱԴ£úá۾ͽ£һǿ׵ˣȻҲɱˣۼѪİɫϣȥ̫Ȼ߰˰ˣΨӻСĺܣס׵ҹ˳ɻجΡ
۾ĻشǸɴ䣺յͽܱ챾ͲС˯ͽܵıҲȫˣ˵׼ܺŵһѪһԵ۾ź޿κΣǵ۾޿κֻܷһ֪ȥﲻ֪۾ûձͽܣûգյ۾ͳͽܣһһŮӣյĲ֪Ů۾ͽܵ˳Ǹ׳ʿ
ɹƤһöɢ۾Ӣ¿ĲӰӰ´µڸþСҹĿ಻εţװģšһ˼Ķŵϵ仨
ü߿Ľ϶׶ӣһԼǵãӣȷǲǡ԰ΡʮֲҾ̣ŵԲĶ¹һ⣬ƸƤֻֽɾĻüҪһ֮ܺ߸֮ģ޲ܻ޵£ҲȲá



ǰ

ὥӿһɽ黳֮ǵ۾յͽܵĴһ˿еĸпó΢ﲢʱ̵ĵͽܣֻдһﶼܶһǿߣη壬ܡ
һ鷲˵ݰڳ΢£Ľ˯žǷõλ֪˼ӵĸֲŻһԵ֡ΪԼ˻ϲҹڳ΢չصأһ˫۾Ŀ׷ĽŲµϺԵΪͽıҳϣֱݻϲʱĥĲʣ˿
΢ԴչҪȶģʱó΢ԴպΪĳͽʦͽƫеģҲⲻףǵ۾ζı֮֡ÿÿͬˣ΢ŴգΪ΢ѣȷĲԵĵطиĸ׹̴ܽΪ֮ö΢Ļǡ
ŮǰεģֳҲûŮӣ䰮Ρһ˸öõʦһ߰ﰮĽöõʦֻ֪΢֮ʦͽ֣ͽܰĽʦڸٳݰĽעֻСķĵס
󵥶ӵе۾ŵ۾ȼã˽İѵ۾ΪԼУڳ꣬ʱ̣е۾ߡʲô㡣
龿ǺʱնϵһѼǲ΢ǰգͬĶԻôһ󳹴򣬻Щ
ͬ΢Ĺϵһܺãⲻûԭġ磬޸ĸ࣬޸ĸɽ׸ߵһС飬޸ĸɽ׸߻жȤζɹֻг΢Ѱ
ǳĳܼͣ
һڳһģ·ӣǱŵģһԶͷãȥĶ̻ﲶֻƲյӣ⼸̰˯ʱòԸ΢˵һͨͨʵûó΢˵ͨԤԾĲһֻƲƲΪ˱˯һԤֻճһűӣɴ˿ɼҪľġ
һ·ŵĶ̻һһͷ̻ѭŲ·С䣬Ѱҵĸϸ档ֻǰ˳ͷ̫ƲĶ̻ĶЪŵͤƲӰһֱһͷĺŲط۽ƳһֻƲڲҶ˯㣬Щ˷ЩһƲһɵӰ١
ִڶͷ̾˿Ѿ˯ͷĴ㣬ŵƿǰĺ̻׼ͤͷɢһɢһյܺãʮֵĺãֱõıըˡ۾ΪæĽŲմأѵǲǴ˴ƣŨ칬ؾƮһ˳ͤϺüڡ
һһԺ̻ͷԥԥŲ֪òͷ΢˵˵˽Ҫ飬һ˯ǰһ̲ѣԺһĿӰҲޣҪǣԼἰµġһûǽǵϰߣʵĸʵ־żһǽ޷㵱ұˣĸֱ׳
Сͽܰ¶ѾҵĶˣұǲʵģҲ֪һ򰮾䲻Щԣƽֻˡ֪ܵĻ꼴⣬ôΪֿѣǷͬ˵һ˵Сͽ֮便ôһ£ʱһδʼåЩƤгåһԸع˵ţھ֮
΢ȻЩ˯Ѻɳƣ˾ƵԵʣеӦǵȼɣڴʱ᲻ἴ̷ȥд˴㣬ҿһһϵȼָǸŮӣǸйµŮӣƷǰ޹˺ɽһ
ƺЩ⣬ȼôȼеŮģһ٣ü˾㻰أѻ⳶ôԶתƻ⣬л ƵҪʵشϸͬ˵һǸúӣϲҪͬ˵ĪһŮġȻ̾һĺŮƵĳˣ˵òͬȲ˶٣ŮԵҰοƵĦ⻬°̫ͣ˰գǶҿ
΢кαһǷһİۣӽȥ
֪΢λӦ£һľŲϲ£ƵʶԾĽó΢ʮа˾Żرܴ£⳶һȥתƻǴӳ΢ѧģѧʮ֮Ȼʮֳɫɼ΢Ĺ񵽸̶ֳȡ
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ްĲ󶮣أ
΢ƳʱŷɵĸӷɵĻԶ㱻ĸڲɽͦġ
Ȼʮֲ죬һЩҲйоأˣʻʱ˹Ӻɣֻ
΢ȻƣվƱַֺǰ鷢Ʈڰ𪱥Ķͷҡڣ̤ʣȻأ
ЦˣЦųôЦ˼֮˶ǣͽܣǲŵģٽ졣ţǼƵĲִ̽ôСأһãҲ㣬ֲǿ֮ˣҲֻͽܿ
һǿ˳΢ǵЦͤо룬ĲУͬᵽʱѹ֣΢͸죬ǶҵͽܣʦͽȻ㹻ˡģɣδնס
֯һĻڵϣ仨ɢɰԲΣһߡԶ֪λ߳תۣǰѺɤӡʱȻԭڳ΢УǸֵͬ޸ĸĿˣڲɽΪĻ²ȡ˳΢ͬ顣
δ˭£ԾЦģҲЦĻ˴һһƾ硣
룬΢ԴյĸעȻʦͽ֮飬˵Ů֮Ҳûԣһʼߴ·Գ΢ʦͽ֮ŤתŮ֮顣
ɽʱڣ±ɾ׷ɱʱ಻ĻţΨаϳ΢£һʼڵڡ
ɫһ£⽣Ӱﳾ䶨̧Ŀ⿴΢ʱһĵɬĻţĿƵд˳΢Ķһġæƿۣص仨ָ׶ָ׻ͣ



ɽ֮

ڽһˣò˵Сӷһһ¶治ɫĲģﻹеط˫ָĵضţһԲӣаͬ΢Ư磬λµĸǼһȾƵģ
΢ΣֱͦıɰأԵġ
͵һһۣƨ΢ǰŲѹĺܵͣƯһ°ա
һװûָ׵ָͷһȴ֧ڵĶ
۾Ȼʮֲ죬ǲСһкҪͬµƫƫͷ˵
ٵĿһһӦûע⣬СӸԳ΢˶ҸմӺӵթʬȫҵ׼һвһȥʲɫĸĸ綨ҪӵģǼһǲõۣΪһй㣬Բȵ¡ŵϻģһͻ˰ʱԵ̧һ̧ƨɱˤȥͷɣΪĿڵһЩǮȻҲҪװ׽Ǯǣ˶ŵԽѺһ׮׬
˼ǺбһǼö˵žͺֵǮֵǮվãװ˷ļֵﾡûһЩǮʹƫƫһ·ӣһ忴ıأֻ巢ļֵ
΢˰üͷɨһ׹ŵ壬ųһ˿Цĺޡ
ᰴ壬ƵĻ涷룬һƫͷͬ΢òЦʱˣһЩ룬۾Щȥʡĸҹ·ˡ
΢ͷ˳Ƶ˸飬½յӣ㲻ʡס
Բһ˫ԲĴ۾΢ţЩЩ𾪣һĪĴţûϵƯˣһŰ˿ɰվֹҲˣĻ֧һĵСնԺκɣ
ȷʵˣֻ˳΢Ƥ࣬Ǹöÿű֪նģⲻ֪۾ն֮໹ЩȤζƩֵϽ͵¶
ȻƯ粻ֱֻԾȣһʱӷ߿ҲԼԭ㣬ȥ˭ҲκβãֻŤŤȥ˶ҪȥƯ翴أŤ˰첻һ֣ƣּ̯ͣûǮûǮҪȥȥĪһȥ
һЩʣһ˼ǺûС㾫ȻҲ֪ЩʣҪĿ࿴ˡһֻɫƽĿһˮ˭˵ûӣӵġ
һֵŤͷ΢Ư紹Ŀ֪ź˫Ŀſգ˽Ƶİ綶ͷҲƮƮġ˿Ưûͺãⷬģʵ󣬲һ쵱ӺȻԵõŤ飬ǧƵɵӣ
һͣ½ŲЩܱĸоĳԲѲһȻͷ棬Ѱ˿ȥ֣ºЦ㣡
費ķﴫ˼أΪϣⷴĸ
缱ҹյһŨһ̳˷һƣƾһһ֡
ٻص̨ӵ£΢ѲӰȼŵúȻվɫúұŹĺɫ
һЩ벻⣬Գ΢۾æһҪô磬Ҫô鷿ĸ£ٵпաǰʦڳ΢£ܴڳ죬ʱڳ΢ƨɺͷħʱв˯һ
˵΢ֵµɲɾ壬½ȥɣƫƫ۾Ǹµ½ΪСҲҪԼȥգֵµһɳúȲȲõ㣬˾ӡ
յ۾ƵƵһֻɣôδЩ̫ǣǿһⲢδֳֵļ󣬵۾ԵˣǸ֮ա
Դٴ󣬳úô࣬ʱ˯һһձȥˣʱһһֹȥˣһĨִҲŷࡣ
ˮϴһԶ֮îǹٺܸɽĸ档һĺžײϽ磬һžıµɽĸɵأһ·֪˶۵Ŀ⡣
ɼһλɲһΪḻϡŹֵ¼٣ͬ󱲽ģŵ۾ȥɽĸٵֱ絽ˣԤһհ۾ˣ۾δô磬һɼʱŹûյҲƤǰֵ磬˸λµĺ̬棬棬ϯʼֵ̣˱ˮһ·ĿڸɣſڽȻ˿˿񡣡Ȼ𻹺𾪣ݺĶ϶µĺۼһûǧҲаٸģѵģػɾĹʱ۾ֻˮľ飬Ȼϡ棬Ϳó֦Ҷïȷͷһμһγͷ˫ָڱɷǵŮӳδ˵ǸݳģҲºһһӸпǧͶëأܹһζļֵǮֵͣǮҲְ裬ЩʵʵڵģƩλŮ͵ĸϲձʮֻϲɽߵɽͷɼҲҪѰ·
̵ܽĵͷ°˼´ιɲʱһƷֵĶĶëǼҶëÿëÿֶëһͷɲǷϲ
ɲоֹصŮӣһûȲһһҲ 
õۣ벻磬һ㲢δǿéԵһȪˮ
һ볤õһʩɽ
ɫȻĽմɶ𣬴֪̽绹̲ſʼһ˸εĲεĽ䣬˵ʮֵ͵
һͼԣһĸһӣǰǷ飬Ҹͬĸ̽̽üظɽĸųƾ֮ĸسֺĵһֻ飬ôС
΢һʱǸɵ죬Сµ䲻󣬴ȴವģ͸ƵġС·ɽȴǰһ˴ֵҩʧˤɽ£ֻһŲȥز֪Ѱҹϵɽ˰ĸ־ݶһһֱţԺɽ磬˸ĶദɽΨɽһдһ˿Եı֡
ǽ̫磬һЩ˯۾ϣ֮ϱҲûٴ֪ΣǱѵģֱۻȥһĿƬ̲żɽ



̲

һԴŷ߲֪ʱ˼λɼңһɫŮɣ֡ƮŮĵɢ۾ߴѵıػɾĹգ޳ȷǾˣòҲһһľɫͬ۾һ޻˵ Ů˵һŮ˺ÿôǸŮ˶Ȼ񹲷ߵľأһѰµӣȻһɫ֯˿ľת޺µŮɶ䲻ϲգҲԵ˵һ䣬ȷʵƷζɫ̧ˣԭֻǶׯׯ֮˹Ȼ˵Ϻ㲻Ų
úÿΣ۾һղɻ,ÿһգ˭֪ѵ꣬۾ûų˵ҪȢô
һװģתϣӪһ˯Ųδתѵļ֧Ŷ
ǰ˵Ļس⻰ôģѲҲ۾ŵ۾ķŬ죬ûŵ۾һģЩ۾ڹϳ֣߼ֻŴɹٴ˶¶Ե΢ͨ͸˵˽¶
һĥ˵ŮɸǸҼģ۹أпһӡ΢ͬһͬô֣˵·żδɣϾɽֻôſĿԻǺܸߵģ΢һͬͬһϣ㲻֣ýв
΢ݵ˵߾ߣʱѰշλŮ˵ģ΢ܴߣʮа˾Ǹʱ簮ĽŮӦʱЩŮһʱ䡣
һʮֲȻһôԶôͨ͸ֱ軹ǡ
Ҫ˵ʴӱ֮ˣ粻ֻһǰʱ䲻иһŮô֮ΨһһŮҲǻòȴղĶȥһֵµתת⣬ﲻԸ۾κˣڴգԾܵİѵ۾ճ˵ϧһ޹
ȫԻˣ֯Ҳ÷ҡŮҲգΨᵽոͬ۾˸Ӵŵ˵˾ˡ
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һӵǰԤˮȣڵһֻԸ͸¶Ĺꡣ
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еǱƩһеҪؼĵ۾Ʃ΢ڶ˵ĿһǸ۲۵ңھϣһͬǸҡ
˳ǴСûˮԵʣһھƵĵΪ㣬͵һһƣʱѺܾת˯һա΢ֹһ̳˵˾ƺ˯һ£ֱһºѩЪתѡû˯һһԺٵȥʹȥ˼ҲЦǺǵģߺߵı軹󡣴һ¡
ϵˮˣһҡһҡʹһпƵɣ߯Ȥ߯Ѱ
һǷڿȺµĴվ˸СյЦӯӯͣһߣͬһŮɴкǶء
ͷӦòһһûôõͬմ֮ڵһֻ꣬ԻǱտڵĺáɣ߲Ծɨĳ΢ƵĻæƿ
˷أɢķһһдţ˳ص϶κһдЩ濡ӵֶҪ
ͷϰ˸ɫŮɶԴ޵մƯĳй֮޲ȹķƣ˿ıߣ
ƺãӯӯ䴽Ȼô۾Ҳ˵ء˸ŵλ£̬ׯĪɬЦұ㴩͵ģѾߵػɾſˣ۾һȥһ˵ɫһЩұȥˡԹƵתһתյӵЦⲻ۾ϲʲôʲôҲԸԸ⡣θ磬ұģ۾ѾӦѣҲֻø
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ĬƬֻ̣ӵľ˷˸˼
۾ͬˣĻ΢ô˼۾֮һ̬Ϊ˴գ۾ôǣΪϲԲŻöԷԼڴӣŻҪ˲ŷϵ۾ݣԵʧᣬν٣ô˼㹻ǷǡϾǵˣ˵Ļ紫ԿŶȸߡ
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ͷϵɫĳŮƷζ˫ĿԴյ۾˵ʱȢˣ
һֱƣľɫ͵仰ʵãܽպͷĻסˣҫҲҪȵ۾ϲѸģ۾һղȢһջػɾĹ˲Եۺĳƺ
һҡıߣòӺݻ󣬴СĹĹǲ˵صϲһǵһ㣬Ǳĺ԰գ˼ĵЦԻǰ۾·ˮ峺ףˮҡӿһ۾ʱһ䣬ڴ˵ĺĴҲˮ峺ģĺܣһùȻĺˮ顣
ѳȴԵˣŮһûϵջԼ̧ĵ۾̶˺Կ׵ĴĿӵǵ۾ĸغãֻǾΪıְˣòҲΪ֮ء
һŶȿһϷĳƺŲǰװ׳еģͷŵĶһ仰㻺˹ϵջһԵ͵ĻʾûдոߣΪգŮɴųζ϶Ҫؾȥ˵׼ᶯ֡
ΪûҰҲ˵Ұèģצӷĥüģ˭۱һڡ
յĻĿ޵һתһļΪ˫ֵϥϣ˾Ůˣۻͷĳλ̵ıߣ߯ûˮ׼



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һչ˸ƤЦⲻЦЦȣͷȥˮʹˮһ̽ˮ˹˵һϵĲյһҲ˳Ϊһֶ
ʵͦ߸ƵģǾ֮͵¶ܰһʱ˴֪ɣʱʱ̨˿Ÿˮ׼Щ
æĲˮ̵ͬŮгЩеûģȫֻ굱ĿһԤɽĸǰϯܲӲߣĸ֪˱ã̲סͬһ
ңԶ̿ɺչɴһһϡżиë¿ģ࣬԰ڵ֡
ɽĸɺǰ׷ԲԵˣʵǸ΢͵ĸˣкô𣬰㣬û΢磬󲻹ƤЩ
ԭģ˵ҪһԽϱԽԸϣ۾˼һòƫƫ˻üƣֲı֡ɽϵһһٵˣûϵǰյ۾ӦҪĺͽʱˣྪһæֵµʹ½װһ飬Ĳٰ硣
۾ôӣܰװ̣ӣ粻Ҫ죬Ҫúõİ죬ò͵ӶʱӸɽģµľǲĿ̫࣬ʱӲÿ
ʵ֤µûĿ˹Ȼܶ࣬ٽʱģһǹհ۾ʥյɡ
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¶ܲӦһɹǵĶĴͽܣҲ˵ͽܵĹùãа˸Ӵŵ;򣬵۾֮ȷʵ˵㺣֮£֮Ĵֽ;ǴɹԿģ˵ԲɹҲϹŴĴ飬ص
˸ʱӣתһȦѰ΢ĵضóһ˻ӣûȾٸʾȽףĦĹȣһ˵ĿǿڣóãȻʶҲࡣֵ´ճɵԵǧΡˮҰֵģ˿Է˳ۣԩһû꣬һҲǧ𣬹Ӿ˰˸϶ׯٻƹۣ̿ķͷԺһ٣ͬ΢ƽĺ֮Ƶ֣໥𾴸棬Ҳͣλ꣬ʱѰһλʵŮӲˡɶɽһʣ۾ʱΪɸۺ󣿡
ɴҲҳһһ̻зӯģһڵ϶澲ĳ档һڽȻеĲյߣյڴЩֲڣǷҤճĴ칬רҤճĴһ覴öѰ
˲յˮڣĺЩһŵĺܴһˮ¶ǰ뱭ˮζڿлһüëŤ˰˹ɡ
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һӦ磬ҲʹӦˣ˽徻Ķӣٴα׷ʺʱɻ顣ʶѰףʱ»ܵӵɫʣŨĻں䡣ǵ̤б㿴һڸװ˯ֵµһתһתģ֪Աߵ˽ôʱ¶ı顣Խ欶Ŀĺ£һص˶ڻźͷޱĳﵹˮ
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һüëŤɣ΢üɣɻŤͷɽĸʮֲ˭˵ϲʱʼģ
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뱭ˮ¶ǣһ۾ҡҡλſϣɫ죬͸ˣЩֱߵĲյȥۼŵһˮſϰϺ˵Ϳ֬΢ھԾĵطˮûôķӦȵģ˳ɲˮǾơ
΢ô¶˵뷨ˣ˲һǰģÿ׵ۿ첽ǰЩջ˭ȾˣԼľֲǲ˲ʶôѲһԼľǳҲˡ
΢ô¶Уһֺ˺Ͱſ˯ˣ²ڣƫƫ΢ҡڸԼ˸鷳
ǰɵһ㱡תĶû꣬ϱֲһ̧Ŀߵˣֻ۾ͣòأһĸоЩϤůůģһɶŵ۵ĲݵζȻȴҲܸоû⣬ؼҵġһЩ棬ȥұߵֻۣɵЦֻһڣһСڶѣôƣңǺӡ۾ͣһ˲ãΪˮأôôѺȵˮӶüظѺˡ
ĸѰ˾ǰ㿴һѹû´ڷ˽׶Σֻѵ۾ʹ֮·ȥ˴ղѿҲѿɨһ۵ȻһĴգ̬ƲΣȥʮ򾲡ϵ麹ĸŴһҲ㲻ᣬҪҸһͬġҲһոĺϲģϲıͬ˵㳤ۡ



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һĿһȦֻ֪˻֣˭˵ϲʲôһһʱ벻Լϲôһָÿϲվʥֻǰͷɾùһһָİӣ޴վţĿ˲ϣӵ۾˫ĿĹ䣬ѷĽƵġҲǲҲǡ
ĸЩΪѣһָָͽܣֻͽвǧ꣬ʵСĲֹһֻأСĵһ΢أֵϲҲǲԣôֻҪ˴ϲ䲻⡣ôŵ۾һ֮Щ̸ֹʮʶ
һһָ꣬ػɾμŵ׳ʿһҲ׳ʿ˿ײǽĳ嶯ЩϲһñĹùûҪÿԻϲĴžһôںںġ˵һùд´࣬ޡȻСԷһԿǿǣʦɽĸ˵ģ䲻⡣
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΢򴽣һͼӵָ֣ʲô
һ·վȣ˵ôôҲһָжǸôƽҴŮӴĸӵ˿ָĶʵҲ壬Ȼ˶˵ˡ
΢Ȼĵһͷָ軨գϲʥֻƶһȷʥֻʺϷڴǰҹҲܻ顣⻽⡣ٷͬľյߵ΢ԣԵĵ۾ָһָʢʥֻ軨ˣ͵һ룬СҴͷǵˮ
ʱһҵ۾ûգѵôӦһ磬صĶҪһ洦ɼʥֻҪһһȥ
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ϵãų΢·ֽ»һŽż⹴ס΢ĲӣҪһܡ
΢ͼִӲϽ⿪һᷢͽͣһƽȫһ𣬱ĽŤŤȥסôܣ֪һ¶ܵϰߡ
һһЦſصʵһֻꡣ
΢ȵһüŶ
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ȥƽеǸ˭΢ĻҲţĪ˯ʱԴĴرȥˡ̧һһĶͷƬ̺ͷͷôȡ
һŤͷϵ֣ǰ鷢ҳһ飬֪ееأǲҪˣ
΢գ̧ۣŵֻȥ⸱ûԸ߻һ룬ײɽĿаٷ֮ʮʣµİٷ֮ʮڵһڵĻüȥٴ֪ʱϵ֣طŲ䣬תһȦüͷһôģһЩڻ̺ӣƮƮûߣ΢һһĶʼ˵ˣôûͬһܿһЩһԿвһβС㾫
һȻȭͷȻ˵Ȳ裬ûиɱ軹Ҫʲô˼ιҿҪİʱԼҧΪʾ˵ģڳ΢ֱҧһڣεĿǧ۲ۣ
΢治ɫۡ
һŵƲ죬˵ҧĺģ㿴㿴ӡû£ֻЩѡʹλԴ˵Ƿ컹Ƿ࣬ҿĲϸٸҡ
һԲɶѣ俪ڵţ΢߸ߵżŲһֻ־Ƭƶ췢ࡣ
ֺ˵Ǻܼ࣬ȷַ࣬ûʶǲǣǲǣ
ԭģ㣬һҳһ佲ô
һͷ۵ԴЩۣҪ˯һһһʹҼסˣֻ۾ ˿𾭵ݡһֵϵζúţҺںδŹϤϤϤĪľͶʹ
΢ϵš̶һмǲס˼һûһѧʡһ䵭ɫƶƮƮƴӾϷ΢һӵͷ˵׼εʱŵͼסˡֿһǰס۾ͷͷһ߷Ĵôͳˣǲ֪úλ˵㡣
һ΢꣬ԴۣɴװûƵĺ뼫ˣͲ˯ȥʵҲģ΢ǰ̤ϵɫƣһǳƽȵĺ
Ƶĳһķɡ
һһѪͷģʱͷйѰֿ
ʮԼ뵽п޵磬ȻҪⳡѵõĺϷһֱó΢ɧϲ⻹װںɲɧıô
¶ţС˼Դ׳ԵӦ˿ɵĿ޷ԼΪ
µĶ뿪ϯĿϷﶼʣΪǵ۾Щֻĵף˽ۡ񣬱ּ
ǾԶû͸󶮵۾յΪΪϲһ£պʢ㶷ˣ۾ϲģͬһֹܣ߿ֱߵľյȻһѷĩ Թ֪˶߶


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еӬͷСʯīһԴͦҡȣС鷢ҪжӺͷ˴һۣµŮĬȻţɢϢԵļŮŲ˵طҪԶԴָͷŵºܶׯţɼݲšԴֻͬ飬֮ͬ໹Щᡣ۾ɵͬһôһϷ룬ﶨζȻнı֣ûȥþȡջ߷˸۵㻹ôǾλøϽˣֵܿ׵Сͽܰա
Ǿ˼ЦһЦݹƢ 䶾˵ӲԷ棬Ҳһˮƽ߻ǰ˵ЦĿǰֻһͽܣͶвһ£λΪʱ硣˶٣ǹЦֻǲף۾ﵽƫһЩƫһһЩ
ҡӵֹס̾Ϣһǵ۾һ֮Ĺ£ղǸõģϷֻôһΡԼ޸÷Ӱһƫƫϲ˵۾۾ǸûĵˣǰͿ˻꣬Ҳջϲ
ǾȻͷѲɵ۾Ȼϲһ
ͬҲԣȡƹһȥ֪һΪκһǸСĸõľƾȻɽĳ̳𣬺ǺãֻǾ̫ңܶ׻һԣԽ˺󷽵Ǳ˵¶ˣǿֱɣô档
ǾҲ׸Խˣɻǲס
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ﶼвʱĥеﱻʱߺûеʱҲߡ
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ҹ΢أҹ㿪ĲѣҰĺ»ѵýἸöǶ䣬ݱ欣ۡһԴһź¿ʱ߶ֻǽҹעûһúʢĹ⾰Ϊѹûѡ
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Щİѳ΢ôôˣ΢˵ϹŵĴҲƴһϾЩߵķӸǰȥһε۾˼øȻģȷȻ˲÷¶һ㸺Ƕǳˣһһ˵Ҳװ׳Կģ



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΢òƺܶݣ㾹ǸеˡҲãҲһ͵ѹʵһЩü൱ĽᾫЩôٺϽᡣ
һĿ
΢ͷ֧īɫķηֿǡһųɫϺõë̺ӣףôԸôͷܵǰƽȻ󣬡Ҳ֣ǯƵѣҲûѳȥҲ㳶ˡһ˳Ŀ⿴ڴ齱¼ϵۣһֱ˺ѵǰ󣬳΢׼ߣҵܹܲųȥգǱλɼҿˣȥҵãұԱ˯ˡǰ鷢ܽţֻ
һסԸȥһ΢ͷĳ嶯ֽٺĿУͬʱһ˿Ը˼̫뵽ȥˣйŮһңֺȹ˾ƣ뵽ȥҲ޿ɺŤͷ¼ҵİɫۣκЩΪѵѻ˱㻵ˣ𻵵أҲÿƵ̽һѣȫµģһģһģһصģ㿴òã
΢һ˫۾ܰһﵽǰ󿴸ͨ͸ЦЦɣɽĸٵұϲһѴȥˣϲģԲⶪ㻹ǽðա
ûˡһЩȻӣ۾Ȼ壬һ·ר飬ܽˡӸס°ͼ⣬ԹԵɵ߻һõģɷģһὫ첹ԭģһ𻵹
һֻֻճɾĻüһֻʢС㾫裬ʣõߵֻ˵Ըһ߻õģû˻ᷴ԰ա
΢ƺֻ˵ͷһĨЦûһ㡣
ҲĴ
峿һƣһҹ¶ˮһϣŲԸ׹ð͵²ݣϸޣҷɾֶˣþ磬Ƶ˲̤㡣
һһҹûһЩ˼Ҫ֪һϦദֻ꣬ǰһʱֿգʱ䶼㲻Ҳ˴ŹġһӦûһ룬˵׼ڴϲԸշһüѣϱȸӻȥͱһͱ
˳߿һķţʮ˶ȥͱѣͬ˵ҷһôġ仰ںҲûԾŴٯٯ()̸һŮƽܵĵһС
ţȥ⹫ʮ˴һ޵ĹһƯڲ˴ԺγƺƯ磬㸸ǹø̸
ŤͷɬѽôһǸСأ̫ղҪˡ
һֳֳֻǰշڴߵһ飬һԵĸס
ó˶ǹЩʿҲǼõġ΢ߺһ𴲣Ųɹ̫Զű飬Ĭ˺ܾãܾúܾãõΪӴ˾ͳ˸ư͡
ͳ΢ߵһһԸģҲԤϵĵġԭĺܺãػɾһ룬裬һ˭Ҳٺͳ΢κϵɽκϵ˵Ŀӡ
ƫƫ²Ը΢㿿ػɾɽٵһ룬ԴûϿͬ΢ϵҲ֪Ǹ˵컯Ū˻
ֻʱģֻʹһӵ Ѿǲڳ΢ʱĻ֣Ŀģһ
ʵЩ⣬Ϊγ΢ڴһûһͬദҪɱˣһᷢͬԷ̫
ٿһʱһ룬ãΪ΢ΪɱӦ£ǻͽ˵ö֮΢ΪĺܶԣԶһȫûλǾ֮顣
۾Ǹ˵ˣ޸֮ķʴȣ˵ĶħҲһθĹµĻᣬΨһ˿棬˵ʦűʦţ˵ɱ½ݲͽѱɽ磬ֻ˵ݲͽܰԼͽܰϣ粻Ǽʵ¡
ٵڶӵʱһսȭͷ˾ģ첹΢죬㽫һˣ赽˼һʱ䣬˳ڸ̯Ҳʰʰٻһ룬֮ɽҲӴһСɽͷڹꡣ
˵Ȼͬ־˵Ǽ˫Ŀ˫ۻġɽĸзüһ£ɼ̰һ˵иݵġ
豻Ͽĳ̼쳣ܣһĿȻ߰˸δƣӱҪȥڵھŸӣ´μбҪͬ˵һ飬Ȼһûƽĵˣ·ף˵׼һˤȥˡ
ǰ˰ʹҪ죬ļеĩ˵ͱ䣬һյգһ̱ܲһ̫·úҲɹһɹ
ǰ˰ʵ۵ſ˲Ҳۣһ££ȥ絽ȥһˣϸ޷ü
ȥݷȻף˵˵ҲϹŵĴżߵĺܣ˵һҪϴļҲһְ˿ŷȣһлôЩѪ
һһһֵģҺ˾˼ʮ򣬰ڰͷȻ࣬ۡ
ѩ䲻ž˷кΪԴ˼Ǻӳһ¼ˣ˺磬ǰϣǰѹĽʵʵ
ԵİݷûܴġѩѹɽǧһƬߣصһŰֽһŷѩƿţʱŹײһԤϵŲæŲӸͷڲϼЩһĹ
˼ĿΪ㣬ܴظһ컯ûҲΪ£һȻֻظĪ컯þľΪҲ



ħ

һЩȻżص䣬ǵʵʵ¼ס䣬Ⱥһֱš
ûõҪϢ͵ǺϲȡĻţ˵ҪƺȣһӿȡȥҲЩһƺȡ
ȥԥûûڳ΢̬һЩ⣬Ŀ޵ˣиͼɱ㣬ȴܺãȻҲ˵Ϻܺãں֮ܺգɵô
ϵëʶ˶١һˣܿ۾˺áΪ΢ΨһѣӦʱİһѣëɫҾðգܾ飬벹һЩһЩҲпǸɧˣԸװ׵ı¶һЩ۰ķȥ
һüɧʲô˼
һʱסˡνأɧúǸʣòõĻһΪ΢Ǹ̬ô֮һ̣Ƶ÷ɧ
һˡ۾ǾˣƣˣȷʵͦʺƵġϾƤʵ
ͦĵģΪʱҲͦŵȳĲۼֱǺеٮٮߣɽɵĿģϴɾһŽ̳һ֣߼ĥԡ
һȵڰһ·һ÷ڱӵţӵ
һʱһ۶һʢŵֿȥԲƵС㴩ڻ䣬׷һֻĻü
һûɵֻüʲôı跢ءеĺ÷磬һֱǰķȥ
СһͷжãüæߡƬ̵ļȻ󣬰ֻ辪̵ľ˭˭˭˭ɵģ
һһŶЦĴ
ҹɫŨ´Ҽ̽ͷȵĹšһ𣬾ֱߵһյȡ¼ϳ΢ѣҵΨһһ롣
㡣
ҹһ뾲еһ۾׵ߴ¿ĭģŲŲӺĸԤŴһ
·ǼһһϴԼ֡ߴ͸˿һ룬ʱϴһ룬Խãħı㲻׷ɱ
ǳ׷ɱһĳ裬򲻹ֻܣܻܲĩֻܶǸ̵ɣý˵һͨѻƭȥ
ʱȵ۾õĶֻ࣬ϧ컯Ūˣɽǵ۾ݵʦǵ۾Ҳ
˵ħģͱҪ˵ħ硣ħǸͬɽȫͬĵطչⰵһмǲõġ
ħиӣڽ֮ħģ˵ԭһӾ£Ӳһһҹһһգħֻôһӣޱȷ⣬ǺӸ£㱻Ϊħһμ̳ߣ׳ħۼ
ħֵµĴħ֮ס
ʱ΢ûһ죬ϻŵ۾ͽޱȵݡȥħҲ͵͵ģһӡ
ȥħ磬ֻǵȥѰ䲻ĳ΢ɽȥͬħ̸̸˺ħֵµħ׷ɱ
۾ֻһΣͬħľеķħһܣ۾Ӳͬ˭ܣ˭սضҪȥġ
һ²⣬Ϊνɽӣħɽϲʵĺ蹵ڣħսɽӦսսˣҪЦһͨ
΢ɽĵ۾ƲɽΪħ糰ЦԻػħսȥӦս
һսؽԶĲɽҶϼأսĻҳʹɽ簵˺üգȥȿˮҪ
΢ͬһսʧȥϢû˵۾ĳҳһţΪ΢ĳͽҲǳӣİܿɹĽҳһŵĳͷͷǵȴҲǸ˵ĸ޷̽΢
һ˸qqҹֱħɽĽͷ΢εֻ¶˫۾⡣
ĺܼ򵥣۾ͬħ˴һܺʧȥϢյĸɽҲ۾ôֻܣҪô۾Ӯȴˣ׹˷磬Ҫô۾Ӯȴ˷õļƣ˺ħܣؽħ硣
ʦ䡣
ȵħף̽΢Ϣشﲩķȥأ½緭飬Ҫ΢ҵա
ʮֲɵǣһħһգպøħ˿ڴղ飬ûס֤ˣƩ;飬Ҫȥ
һʱ֪ħ˿ڴղ飬ֻǾħȫװİҰ̲飬ħ緢ɻ˽
ħͬɲˮƽħﵽɽһ㶼øɢ³ħҲ³
ħҪѲ鵽ǰʱһħۡǰͷŵĿָף̧ͷƳħۡǰŵ֣һħۡ˵ֿЩ죬һ˽ȥձܿħѲ顣
ʵħδѲħֱۡȥѲһȥˣɼħۡǸɫħҲҵ
һףԵξħֶۡأΪħۡһ֮Եħġ
΢ħʱλħűץħּۻһͨһǵλħƤӣܽҽĻ򵥴ֱһڱĵħۡͷűܹѲ飬ؿתͷħۡʱħۡħĶɫǺĶ㻹ǵ𡣡
һЩһͷǽͷϷȥ˼˼氮һҲܶ㵽˵ħۡͷһǽһҡڵĲݣᡣ֪ǱĵħۡһǮҲ 
ܿʰ̬˫ֵǰأֱͦһ򶨵ûЩϲأÿһʵǸϲҪǷȥˡĸܵʱʱ̶̿ھϲУĸֻܵʵ棬ǿδĹâ
ĺͬĵͷ˵˻
ɴ˿ɼǸϴ֣ǳ΢ܺȥˣû׼ıһʣֱ֮֮һ޻˵
ǰ֮ħͷħģûĻһ˵࣬չּ˸Ҳδ֪Ǳͬĳϵ
ͬĵͷһħǻĲͷˣ˵ѹһѹ֪ɽħڷ˼⣬ѲߵħҲǰЩʱóȻǰˣɱ㡣
ȻˣԷֶ˳װȥû˼һѧűĳʦˣϢһħ˲ᷢɵģҵʦұɽ硣





ϵֻţǹһɣ£ô˽ģһ˽ڸϢӣ»ŲͷȥķЦˣˮƽ˵ڸϢСү˼Ц㡣
Щ߳ŭԾˮƽܵ˳Цһ͵˵ҿҪųȥˣʱҰһãħ˶֪ɽģ˹ɽ 
ҲǸƢ±һǷ߷ߵģһȻǸ˺ݶŮӣúúãбӣʱһץߣҿȥʦ
һ΢΢ű̽̽ӣֽ̧һףץ˾ץˣħ˲ɣ۾ҵģƵһִֻ˩ϣһüŲˣ
ûǰϷžŵһһԼħײӦǸǹ
һȥҡҡڰ˻Żʿ˲Ϩˡղ󲻹˵һͨ󻰣ʵͦħģһץˣ˭ȥҳ΢ɽɷӦҪȥˣ˭ȷͬһһľľ
Сͨͨͣ
ոպ˼ͦ磬ոµģһϵͼħ幦õħŮģ˵ͼ罫һȥͷӣ϶û¶ͷĲһӦʱ䡣
һڶͷʶʱû֨ñħĸҲ˵˵СıƢһȥιħȥͷħƻ˵ЩʲôԥԥŲԸȥַŴѵҪѱħۡҲգѣѲԼħĶѨȥ
һħˣžһһڱĵĶ˳˳ؿڵ˺üһüͷ
ϵζϲ㣬Ĳţϲ΢ϵζݣ˻š
ԭΪħĸýˣϾ˵ĻֻһħҲӦĳûϵñĲδӶųȥħۡͷգÿҪͬϸʱЦȤζֱʢ
Եǳ΢һ˵ֱĥ˯˯ţĿռ󣬿Ҳͨһ۾ͻε΢һˮУֻʣһ
գһҧ綥ϵŵĳñ˯һѪһ·ɽߣǰôͷ߯һݣѼؽĶϡ顣
֮ıһ·׷ɱŹĵ˵ĵǰѽɫСϼصһӳմ󵶡ֻһĮȻᣬǸǰѼҪļ
һֱӵһ㳹׽ѣǰŸߣĲԣľƣֱѡ
ԺʼűģżħҲҪսսһûӣʱʵʵûг΢ħƼħ磬ڰзϡ
ʱ벻΢˳΢ԼҲܶ˲ٺۣɱ򾲵ĽӲɾ֪Щ²ȥԶܻ
һֱյɵĵյȼУϵۼʱһҹ첹ѣžµţֵĸпҶݡ
Ǹɵ˶ѧɲžҲܽŷ£ȻȥĸҲΪĹƵġ
Ȼ·Ѿ첹ãȥڳһ׮¡һ̶˯һһŵۣһ˯ŵ裬㷲ɡ 
һΪԼӦòǵȥ·ǰǿн߷Ժˢȥ˳ķֺͣڳ쿪ɫջĽ⣬һĬĬ̾˿
ûһֻصĵطڳֻǸطĳˣһ·һ˱ȣĸѣһ޷ֱ档
һ··;ңԶƵɽ㴩ȵͣºһȥδ뵽һһľ쳣Ϥи̶ĿϽĹӶ࣬һ΢ְѷ첹õ͹ʡ£һһⲻ˵ﻹҪ˼á
һ룬Ǹǰµˣǹڳ΢£һɶôӦðѳҲˣ㵱ǵһˡֻҪǵãװҪװһ㣬Ī¶ôС֣һ졣
Ϊ̫˼ҲҪſŵɲͨƹţ˳졣
ŵɲӲã֮໹ЩգչӸոճաһˮţŸ۵޵ŮӴű߽ȥһˮڿУãһҲǵˡ
źǼһӾſⲽȥ˰գòǰһ޶üһɰѤ欣俴һۣһӲöϵţڶ
ãٴγ֡ĲûãϻҲˡɲεҡҡͷˣٴαչȥˡ
һյĿãֻ˵Ŀһã۾ȻæµϾ֮ȴЩݲݣССĻʮͷϡŹֵĻСֲ࣬Ȼá
·ľջҡޣɫҶƬչ趯Ļ̳Ůķ٣תڱϢ䡣һ贩СİϮˣ˶ǵʱӣڽһƤֵʲôζǣ㰡
һίسƣüĵɰưʢһͷĿ˸ŵԣ졣
еϲŭֽԸƬأȵʱҲƬϣҹ裬߳زȥЩ¡
¶۾˸Ƿϸϸ𻨺ҡҷĳ졣طССʱ򣬱ҪСϺܶʱֻǲ˭ġ
һ·ߣһϷҪȫ׵ģӦʸ·˲ʮէԶĻи轣ŮСݽΣ£ʻһˡ仹ݣȻ̬Ǹ˵ģ˵಻ΪȻ鶯
ǿ˿轣Сڱīɫķ̳ɸ٣ɫèʯǶڷ࣬ˮӣңңһ
һСɣǴǰǲͷġ
ֵܵùʱŵֻе۾һЩһʶɣŵţݵݣָСʵ



ϵ

󱲵ģ˳Ϊ·»һѺöƵЦŮе⽣ͦõģȲСҲɣɫۣʺ͵ŮҾã֫ȥ.ǣֱ֣һѴ̵СΪʾٽ̧Ҫ̧ùߣβ
һذչںڴһƣǳǳü۵ȣüһɰѪʦǽϹŵһ޶ֻͷЩЩŮӣĴҲǴģˮһϵ㡣
һֱֽСɢüûҸ·ܱϳա
εŮ彣תᵽǰŻʯֵۣͤһ ʵǿ϶϶һĿȻնгˣһò½Լһ̶ֳˣֳĸĳ滹棿
ŮĶĸߣҲλˣû׼ļҵĹһǶ˵ǸŮħͷɱ˲գ۵ģҲ㣬ʦܳңȳ谮ս㻹ҪңҶңһʦɱġ
һķǸĳҲȷ£ֵȥ˵ΨµĹǿԵɵķ̲Զȥġ
ûİŮӣµ˻ᣬĶŽεŮһס۾ЩЦССͻǸöЩ¶һʹɱģ΢ô̵㣬ǲֻŽ˽Ϊ˴ĵֺγģ
Ů˵Ƿɼĺ̨Ӳ֮ڿ˵ʦжᵽ˴գ˳ǳ΢ûճɵǸͽܡ۾յͽܺһУ󲻽˷۾𣬼ƩӼ߰ߵɴûкɫһѾӣյģģ
һϵСʦα΢ŵģȵĴΡ
СԲ죬һһʣ㽾ʦңǰݵʦ˵ӣϽʦδ˵ң˵һнĿռ䣬СɡҶƵüë澫£΢΢ҫҪʲôʲôͷϵèʯʦĸҪġ
΢ٰοˣҪĻʮѣһŬǰһҲֻŵһޣĽ˲٣ǰһ˲ٶȣҲò㡣Ȼ΢Ŀ޲̫ģ뺬Щζ
Ҳ˵ο˵Ļɼµͽܺġ
һȻһͷҴǰҲݹһʦͬʦ󡣡ͣһ½ŵÿҷ˴Ҫ˵һͨ˵ĬĬʰ̯ӣ˲ĵط˵Լĥȴֲ䷳Ľҵڶ飬Ҫô˵򲻸ǸգҪıǰʱӺδģҽԲֵ֪°۾ųһɿ֣׽ԲƵȥŵҾڳ谮ңЩմմϲΪǵľܽһ˻ˣΪ޷⻹⣬ʦͽԶֻʦͽ֣ԽáңԶһЩƮƵĵΪݾöͼʦͽתΪһָ飬ͷ˵ֻԼ
΢һĵԶʹãԴԶǲ㳲ģûľͷˣЩƢŭգΪرʵֻԣ㳲ĵ۾ĵ۾
ִĹĲ󶮣üëšһţüа¶ɡһʦʦȫֻͬ˵ˡʦϵĵ۾һܣãݲ˽ǰͷ̧ãһʦʦζЩϲ۾ʦ
ЦĿֹ裬Ůʮ㣬²ϲʦ𡣡΢΢죬˵ǳЦͬ飬湻ɵģͽôϲʦأͺñϲè䣬һջᱻèץ˵ġִһɣץץͷ˼ս˵ʦͽԭ˵𡣡
СͲ鵹ͦ׼һ֮˵ǷȫǲܿƵижܴѰһĨĳ
·Щᣬһɿ۾֣·Ųȥӵ㻹Сʲô˵Ļţ˵׼ľ仰ͷ壬ȥꡣϵĵĳ꣬һɫ˵ģȷġ
С¶һȻ˵ı顣
һһ΢΢죬ǷһʣһٵĽİʦû׼ǰǵ۾˾ͽˡһͷҴǷ˵飬ָۣջ˱հģ˵Ҫʲôȥ㡣˶ֲֻܼķΧڣҪĸèʯǸˡ
Сˣа׵ָһٶֱֱָһ䣬ϵŵ壬ҺϲңҾͲ˵Ůħͷˡ
ʵǺϲʽ壬ȥϹŴֵǮֵǮֻʽ̫ϣӱ֮Ҫһ壬Ϊ۾ҲһöһģҪ˺ܶε۾ɿڸ۾ʲôΨö壬ʶʽǸö
һ˳ָͷ˼ϵ㻹ǼŮħͷա
Сﲻ⣬ԭض˶ţ㲻˵Ҫʲô㶼һ㶼᲻ãŮħͷȻŮħͷķ߷߲ƽ
һεԴŮʱնϣ˯ѹ˸͵ŮӣԲаҲ֪ӦаŮ˼ãһʹ̧ͷǼ賤òգ
С
һɺԵۿֵ壬Σ
һյķĺܿ죬ƽŻεı㿪ʼķָ⴩Ǳڱ͸ĺˮС׷ĻҡҷһСʹǹ·
Сûͬ壬㬵ָ˵۾鷿轣ȥˡһã賤̫ɰˣСﲻϲɰСӣͷ˿֪裬۵һĹĵաһ֪ˡ
΢鷿һǧΣǰһȴǰִ˺üȦŸûɸˣʱķ˱һǱϱһ˯ڶաʸ·ֻΪʾĳէʶ·
գ۾鷿Žţ޴һͭʾˣԱߵ׵ǷĿɢ̴ԣһ¾ٱˮŮɣһһ۾ͲԸڶ۵Ĵա
ǳ΢ŶڳҲһֻԾ˾Ƭ̺˸ͷǼ
ʹ٣ûҪһͬԣȻգøӣԸյġ



Ķ̻

毺õŮҺƣֽˮڴ̨һ׵ڣ˫ֵϥϣٲȻŮ˵̬ЦŵĺܲɣħֵµħĲ֪·˻𣬷һħ۾ȥˡʹˮȡһǺƵҪȻһȿڲˮЪЪŰաҿյǶᴵĵ۾ҪղܻҪʰһͷ
һ̧˸ȡ
⻰ǹαģڳס£㲻ѯʵ˵ͷǾ仰ȻͲһϽߡ
ȻҪߵģ֮ǰ˵ϻ
ˮʹһʶ컹Ǹˣû޳ɱٹ֮ٲҪͬһԷʱ١շζĻȥܻȥ쳤ۡӹ̫ƽЩģ֮໹Щƣƾױ̬
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һֱӣɫ֮ѹŷϢʾݡǳǳЦһµĿˮŮۣ˼ŻҺϵ㡣Ը߰һĶȤζõ㣬ȥϵˮ飬һЦǼǴ˰գҴδ죬ôأԽĲˡ
һӴߣǵˮԱ˹ȥůľٶŮĲȴȻ䣬ɫˮʪһƬ档ˮ˳ŵƵͰŮɵͷǲҿһ
ǰ޸֮Ů˸ȵԴһһЩ£׼һľЩ£ͦϲŭ޳һʱϾʮֲá
б۾һ΢΢ѹŭһȭͷվôû˵
һһʹȵЦ
ӷ߳ʱһ泩˵Ь౻յʱˮմʪˣһ뵽ոŭԵģıſ⡣
ǰ񣬴ȴֻǸͬǰɣɣŴηľŭҲԣ³ܲҡ
۾ҲΪҲã׮׮ķڷΨʹ޷죬ԴյƴӣҪ۸ĳһ㶼һѷϵġ֪ǵ۾֪Ըܡ
һǰڲǸˮתʲôʥĸȻõķˮתˣҪȥá˽ݴǺ˼ôԸʥĸ࣬ƾҪǸݵ 
ͷΪ˻ҲԹѳԵܸܸݣҪưͿҪ˼ա
ͷɹƬ̣žůһЩͬгʱ֣򲻵Сӱ㲻֪ܵδȥˣûԭͣһβС㾫ֱҲһõΪȡʱӦȡûġ
軹˽⣬СѲƷ֣ͬͨһϲˮϲ峺׵ˮ˵ˮ峺羰ֻĶ̻Ե̶ӿȪˡ
ʱϱɲ˵ԭûˮ̶ģټɾֻһٵʱµˮԭͬ˳΢۾Ѳ˸ϵȻ۾죬һ½նޣħа˽Ҫ˽࣬۾˼ˮϲ󾫽һȥﲻ˶೤ȻȻҲͲôϲˮ
ӿȪĳ֣۾ûϵиϵģȵŵŮɴա
С˶ݵ۾Ϊʦĳϣǡͽ˫ϲţ۾Ĳõһͷˮ飬ˮɷǿɰ
ȻɰĶǴ治õģǸبŲ۾ʹյˮûܰʮĿʮͷһ죬һغȥˡպͷˮ飬գҹڳպὫˮ˳羰õĶ̻ͷ
촹Ķ̻ԱȪֹһ꣬Ȫϳһ峺ˮҡǽյӿȪ
һʱСؿڲͣпǸôаĵŮӴѹֳʹϲӦöͬѧϰаĵŮɡʱһ֪һаĵˣǸӣǸǿĸŮ
̻겻㣬дпңÿǧŻήһΣҶУʮʱգظ˽ȥָҳ
ֻУڱ˸ߵĻУķһܴ󻨺Ḷ́ٷҲû÷֮ȫһ˫š
ӿȪں̻ͷͷƫʱһͷĺ飬ǰһ̻硣
ǳ΢΢Żƹ⣬͸ķ϶ˮ棬ӳˣĺ̻紵̶ϣ°׵Ļѻ̶ˮߣѩԭҰ
һĺһ˲ճ˽ˮƵĶԭء
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һЩȷ̶֮˿ǵ۾ܽƮƮȲΨе۾һˣֻǴղ˵۾ͬȥ˷ôӿȪ߳أͽӿһû˼͸Ѿ۾
ȴҲԥԥģȷš
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΢ɵĿһۡ
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΢ƫͷݵŮӱ̻סգֻ¶Դ⡣ֵһӡȴæҪֶֻϲռǰ
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׷ɵֹͣһ˲΢ڰ˼û׼ͼ
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ϵı͸ķǰƷҲΨе۾ֲҪһɸ̳ӣֻʢһھƵʵľ̳ӡ
΢ڿУֲϵŲϴ򷨾һѹһ㣬ķһЩգȻǰ΢Ľעϣ࿴ǳ΢۷ɵģָһӵѣܼ
ٸõͻɽһգ˵ڡ
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򷨾Ȼס΢뿪ȻˣһֱĻһ
Ų˸δü΢ͿôɫqqؿŰǰط·𶼱ɫĶ̻Ļ䱻ߴ룬ӿȪˮŻɣһʹǧ׹ȴҲԲ׵
ǱʱһЩѣܿ׹ԭصҲʱżǰ΢˵һλþŲʱһҪμǣҪ׶ԼŲаĶֲûǱ¶µģ˻Իȥ
ʱЩ棬׷һ䣬ôŲȥ
΢鲻ȷŲ꣬塣ȥҲ˭Ҳ˵ȿռ䣬Ҫòá
ЩµģԸⱲӶȥŲסʵˣϱûⱲڷˡ
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ο۾ﱧŵĸǷͬһɡ
Щˣذ׵ֲԾĳȹӵıߡ۾Ⲣδȥ׽ʵ۾ӿȪ߶취ҪһղɣҲ˵ղŻȥһ۾Գ˸ѡһ۾棬֪ûвĻԣǲˣ۾ӡҪϼ֡ץȹӵָչӿȪ߿˿۾


׹뷲

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½ǵ΢΢ӵ۾ЩˣЩ粻ܷ£˷ħĳħһ仰һʣΪɽȷĲְֻǵ۾ЩʲôղǱҪ·ôѵ˵۾ԹȥˣĿ̽һ䣬۾ЩҪȥշЩħˣ
Լŵ㣬ڿ˵۾ﱧŵ˵ѪɰĿһһôˣ
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΢˳ŴյĻͷһŲһŲ֣ص㽫Ѱطغã˻ȼ֡˼С䣬̫ĵط֣صĽһӵ۾ϽӹĲӱסҪԶһˣжʱز콻ˣ꣬ܽá
صĿų΢,ĬĬͷã˵۾ã԰졣ޱȭ۾ģһճͬʱһ޶ֻȥ¶ա
һ˺ٲȻʧ˻ǣ۾УôĶûѣƲǻ˯ô򵥡ӣ۾˷ȥһйϵ
ۿ΢΢죬ذ׵ճɸʵĵȭͷڱ󣬷߷ߵ۾Ϊ˸Ů˾Ҫó²ڲ֪ģϵĲһϵģǳǧһҪǳǧҪ۾ϸȨһۿˮҪæŤͷҧɴδŹĵ۾Ҳϵá
²һˣʥٴʹҲҪѡǰߡ
׾Ųϸֹǽڷָ̧һ͸Ľ磬΢£ٿһ۳˯һȴޱѾһ²ʧȥ꣬Σûһˡ
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۾üȻָͼ̽һһλã˵Ļ絶һߵ࣬ûҪȡ
ۿˮƬ̡۾˵ܾĻĻУΨˡһŮжٸȴΪάòΪų΢һᣬԹŮĸΣҲ̫ͬϾ˼ഺĵҩҲһûҪȡ
ûҪȣʷһ۱еˡػɾĵۼҪʲôһ仰¶ǵ۾Ҫ಻֡
۾ָ̽ôĲ˲ƿۣͲʱʹ˾ֹɿճɸȭͷ֣ͷⱳԤͬһػɾ
Ķ̻ϿգĲҡζ΢졣ղϲۣ߽ΪʲôҪ
ⲻҿĴգӡĴǸׯĹҲȣաܵô̫ˡ˼Ƭ̣յͷ²ţΪ
ԴǧɽˮԴǧꡣôЩ꣬һǺζԹ˼һ
ǻõһѽһ͵ģϵԭСС潣ܸ֮ģǺŽ׳ͥӣһۡһС飬ŹôһͣҲģƽһֵı
ϲĳҲиȣûպöȣСһѻˣС鷿ͷû
ÿÿҹ˼ǰСźСΪû£һһ񸮵ʵʵĶãܸˣҲǵСźͷǣҡ
ֱɸصӺ뵽۾ɹ٣СʱźȻԭҴǰϲôһ
ܽһ£ǸĶɡ
һõһ·ݣÿĻ֣µµĲ࣬˯ľ˯̤̤ʵʵ
ġɽ˶٣ûɾƮƮҲԵӣĺޣݳۣƾʾ⡣
һڳµߣһɫǳίصĳȻ˼ģһɢڼͷһɸ٣̧̧Ƥӣһ̾׹ĵڶ̾Ϣ
쵵ĵ׷ʻ䣬ȶ򲻾ƣͬʳ۵ķһߵͣͥԺͷֻһոճϸ۵ҶƬѩƵ裬һҲ
һһűӣŵŮԸһˮҪ߳ȵģðҶöӽȥθ
Ů˳ӵĹԵȡ
һװģĵͷֳϷӡ
ǰܾԼãһ̶ûȾͱӵ˲ɽݸʦҲܱʦɱˣǶԺѣùװ硣ǿԵġ
۾˵Ų³Ҫô뷲磬Ҫô֪ʱա뷲绹ãɽܣһջܻһ룬ıɣĳ֪ʱգǲǽ첻Ӧеصز飬ⱲӶһˡ
֪·㣬һĸ˷磬⻹ҪģǧƷ׸ɽ룬ؤũҲ壬ɲɵĽ˷ĳλĿӣֳɵĸٻһôĹʺˡ˵в֮˿ӵһֻ֡
ˣԷ¶˽⣬ż΢ոæس죬йΨһһ˽·ĹҪˣ·֣û㱻΢лس죬ȥ㡣



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ҲǵӦŴӷ̵Ůе֪׹⴦磬ƹǸСĲСÿϹȡƹı
޵ӵ˵ĸĸͳӣһѵģСһΨһŮĸϲΪȡ˸֣ǹ飬Ǹ˼
һ֪ЩݣΪȡôɼӺĳ谮һĵͲ˵ȡˡɼͬ˻ǲܱȵġ
µĲЩ˵ַûʲô˵ģǿӣ˱Ͳͬ²Ҳпԭ
һʱܲӦʧȥЧҹʱŻӣ˰һӺζǶ˵ñȴϺü֮ˡ
Ҳ˵ĻǱڷûȥʹãֻӿУɽǴָԼɽ磬ûʹ˷ɽŵĽ紦Ҳûȥ
һĺǣɽ粻ôѣǴæˣæϺĹ£æ˯Ĵͷˣûǲҵ˶˵ģԻˣлһ˿ңǼ˶أʹҲ֪˶׹뷲ˣֽòԭò
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סڱ˵Ŀһûֲǽ跿ӣн軹еĻһ֪ס᲻ԭ˲ʲôѺһ±ߵ̹ݣҲǵĹҲ֪ǼҹԭĻȥ˺δҲǷ˾Ųױ㱻˴˴ЩһҪɽ磬߶ߣ߰ɡ
һѵĲִ٣ź˴Ҵææȥֻ¼һͲŮñȽԶǱӣֻŮһĻʱð˳޵滨ޱģ࣬ͬİҲͰˣ󻹷ˣūΪˡ˵ͣɱ˵ˣū֪һ𣬿ҲðԼֿūūΪۡ
һѹ˼ǣֻԼеģ˵ôһһķۣץȴûûôĳ
Ů޵ԽףַĵıʹȻǷôԼе־Ҳǵˣϵ˿һ۰գһ̫ҽӲȥҿĹӴ
һĬĬõֳֻӸʾϵӲһŮŽˣ鱯ʹȫūūһֱ뿪˱㲻лĶȥ˽˽㲻ᱻץ֣Ҳһö˶˵ĳϣūǲˡ˵ֿһʰ
һŲɴ֣ȥĿ˺ü顣ȥүԭĿӵǸˣ˽Զ˫ֵģ󴦵ʹһӣˡ
һͷΨһŮΨһȻЩСͷͬĸ谮쳣᲻÷ŵʮ꣬δӡ
ʮͣûӣǼΪģƭմļʺܴ
ǡȥ괺ӰŨǽӻӵŨŨܴǽͷһҹӵǰһ仨ۿܻùĽ˿ȸԼҪ磬ԣڵʱ䣬ӴŮﵽ˹⡣
Ӣ۾ӭϣԤȵ׼һȻˣԵǸ˭ֹˡ
ӻȻ˵ֻһ۱ǿһۣµ񵭣üƺɽŮж԰Ļ롣
һе겢Ժյ壬һƶˣһСƽո鷿飬󲻹òÿѧʣкְܴռġ
һȻвͨظӣע޷һԵ档ĸ֪İδ˵˵ϵĹٴˣѰͷ䵽Ǽȥ
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һȥɳྣأ˺Ůö֪ӱȥİʱδҲδֻ֣һ˫۾ҵֻǣҲֻǣȻ޹ϸҪ˫֣кá
ҹƻͨӶĵնѪءӦʱӶɿӵ֣Ƿһֻ̫ҽȫҲû˵ֻֽϡ
ʹʼӾ磬޵ҩЧˣһһϵ亹ɵЦһţ˰գȨƣĿຮԸ˼ĺǣſӻ
ŰŮ˵ĴԶ˫֣ʵЩֵ׻ŮԣĺܣΪʧ˰ʧȫ
һҲǿģֻеİһܵˣİ΢ãڶԷֻһָۡͳȥĶղӴˣû˰ᰮ޷ȥ
￴⣬ְ꣬
һδ˪ĹܲҪȥѰ㹻Ȼһд˽ȥǣÿӱɳȥٴ
׵Ĳ׵Ĺ£һ뿴·СӣȴЩ꣬Ϻһ濼Ĵ
ӵ·ٿǿӵ¶ܲԶڿӵҲ˵˷ŲȥǳȥˣҲ첻ȥûǸͨķˣϰֱþߣٹȲʳ˷ˣһٲԶ±ⶼòˡ
Ȩһÿӵס£ڵԾȵʱڵָһաٺãվļҡ





Դ̵ٻҾ£ѻƵ¶飬ҡҡλεĹڶߣ¶һԡΨһȱ׹ͷۡһͷֻͨıӣɢһͷίسøӱ޸װΡ
һӻݳޣξмϻӣһЩȻ΢ȥ죬ĸĸδǷҲͬһڻʹͷٻ
һ벻͸ϾʵͬԶ΢ȥ˳죬ĸĸ
ŮһӲܻһЩȤĺҡųԶֻʣһԺĿݱҡ뵽ǰ£Щɬһֻľͷ׮ƵʮףҳƵڵ˵ڹ
Ǹӵܣѧʫμҵ䣬Ȳ빬˸ʶĹ㡣
˵ĸڹǶиڹһǧҲиڹ
һЩŵܾúܾǰţ˰ա뵽ʲôƵİһڽʣһֻצӣˣŶͣﶼ˸϶û
ûϵȴȻһͷ˵ǰıڹ
һתСز¶ǰ¶Ȼ֪ÿٶٱʷܿٳ
ʵǹǰͬСǰϹʷ飬дģǸʮĴƹй֮޲мʶķһԼĸпûĸһֱԻȥƩǰıڹû䣬Ĺֻ̲̾һСϡ
һɵ¶֮飬ʶףͬӵĸ˵һ˵ɳȥ٣ʵЩˡ
һƵĿ⿴Щ죬ˣܿƽйоصʵڹмԨԴڹǱĵһģдԪһ꣬ƱڹǣǸɫֻձ㽫ڹ£աЩ֣ӦѧЩ鷿ʦн̹ʷһαҪġ
һЦˣʣȡͷӰ棬ϸѻ׹գʹͷԲ˵ӦգĸĸһĻͶϡ
˱ڹûɱڹĹһĹôЦộ컯˼û͸
ãһ½αͷϣûоӶգЩᣬ۾Żͷǣڹңɻ˻ţ
ķӦǱˣãһ˫۾յûɡȴ֪ΪˡһĹҰˣǹ鹫̫ƸСøô˵ĩֻʵش𣬡Ӧûˣ˵˱ڹ󣬱ڹԸӳ¥ȥҵӹ³ҲãĲеıУţ˰աҡͷ̾ϢһǼ򵥣һȴѣҲ߱ڹ·ӡ
һһ˰Ȼ뵽ʲôƵڹиСĹеĵģ֪к
˼ʷδأڹеĵĲǸôϵɫ֣֮໹Ĩɣô
һڰ֣żȻһʰˡ
彣ӣɫȣŬ顣Դǹ鹫彣նֺĽԻδеģ벻ٰʣµһֻնˡڹȽϰҲޣҲֻ࣬нͬ˵ôһͨΪӰùеɻõΪ˳ı֡Žߵƻ˳ŷƮһµ޻ŮŲ鲽ʱ뵽ôһЩȷ˵ĿĿİ˵ĹǰµʷûдҰʷмأеڼڹδΪȡüͷ˼ţˣ˵λĵӲã֮ʱ콵񣬱ڹеˮˣи̥ǣʦ˵֮òȻǺҲƲڱڹӵ˺δʵǲֻܼôЩϧλزĹŶ࿴˼ҳȻЩҲǲŵüͷɿ죬ʵİ˳
ȵʵĶϱһûһ棬һƵᣬ˵һ׮£Ĳɵ̾ǿ
ÿɷ񣬱ڹزλʵǸŮŲյԽԽͬһиվʮԶĵطͦñֱǼҵ䣬ҲǸ緢ꡣ
ɢĲˮ÷ĲյŮ˫ֽյٺһǰˮ̣ЩãˣҪŲͷȥ
һתת۾Ѱ񣬸ҪȥӲյڵֻһֻ֣±㲻Ǽ¡ֽ²յϣְֵãǴڷͷƵûţǹǰǴڷͷ𣿡
Ůۿת˲ֺˣķ財û͸ôô˵ֺôǹǵĹ
һɸЦأȡˮͽУ۶ųһϵĻѡ
˽죬Ѵ˻ǻ䡣˼Ǻͷη˺ԽЩ¶ȱûһ߻ãСֵģͷһò䣬˷磬ͶĿոͻȲ裬һκ鶼䡣
ȻǸµŵӡ
һˮδ꣬ȵĴдӲյģĵȻ򿪣ɫӻȻСɢɢһءƳ˺һ̻˸ɫַ²յԣǳС磬ͷûƫأǵҹλˣ ˼ĵͷ˭ͬ˵ȥĸˣ֤㵥˼ˡ
һɫ۲üǡôڴԱЩһöɫ䣬߶ҡڡϴһĹüӢݺᣬǿСһ磬Ҳһ硣
ӵС˵пһεҲȷʵѧĺã˽ƽͣӲڼӣҴòһĺáһǽǹ壬Ϊ֮жС磬⻽ġ
ЩεķԴǹӻƻ˸ˣֹǰһЦҿЦ߶ȶܴ󡭡ܽܵˣֻ˴̼ⲽСǰͷŽȥЦŵϵʹЩ˰գǲˣͱȴǰҪ˵̼˵ÿǰһ鷢˵˵Ǿˣ˵˵˳ϵ°һ
лҪ˵




һ΢΢ӣϵ÷յͷϵѾʹˣſˡôղæôӵСΪһλ̳ˣҪѧҪ¶ܶ࣬ʱͬӼһ棬仰Ҫȥֻ칩Ͼʱԡп˿ˡ
Щ˸˱ɣԺĪɵˣΪ˲ֵáĸѾؽͷ֣վҪεġŤͷһڵôˣƳԶĴ׵½ǺתͷãҲĲСȥֽɺã˵ĳϿС³Ҷ죬ƺϵһһּ䷭ڡһִ˲յûûϢĿһķ˪࣬ĳ첻ǰװ״ģҲܴԼһˡ̤԰ӣ˲Ծǵ˵һصģ۾ﻹһ˿޵˻˻ֻпʱУʱûˡ
һ˵²ĨǣΪǹŹűˣټԵ¿żɽʲô±ֱ˵գܵסС㲻ҵġ
ʶȥץɫϵнɢȥһĨǳû뵽ô㿴쳣һֱȥһֱסΪֹû뵽һձ㱻ˡ
õ治ȴǰúƭ˳һ˳ɳú˾ģɫصСãӦƹگ飬ҪȥɽħȵļƷ
һ̧̧ۣϣ£Ǽ漰Ĵ¡
ȭͷյĽʵҿģһڣһղȥļƷûľأҲһƾƹԼҵĹȥȵļƷҪҵáŵȭͷڴʯϣյеˮЩȥɫᣬοƵĻỤ㣬躦¡
һƵ̾˾׳嶯ô²úҪȭͷ˻ǾõӸһЩ
ɽԭʺĻɽɽŵɽľһͨСҲ겻ȥֻгȺĹɽҰǰЩɽϺȻ˸ħòѪ꣬ŵùҲɽϴҹŲ˸ѣڵɽڵɽİոǿ಻ԣſͻزȥˣʬѰ
ƹΪĹȻҪͷã˸ӷʵʹȥͬħ̸УħöԣצһУڱҪԷĹΪƷ׸
ɴ˿ɼħҲȺõģҪԵĲҪȵĲҪƫҪҪһҪ飬ҪҪһ˫ӣܻҪһֽҪҪģῼôҪô
ƹ᲻ǼҵŮƷȼȻҪƷֲܲϡΧֻôһӿиƹһʹߴħҪ󣬵±ҪּԤĹȥȵļƷ
м²ôҪ˼һĹǹƹĴశлԼʮ˱Ҫ޹ȥҲΪǹͬ˽ĸŭԭ򡪡ɲǲظô
ƹĹ˼ñԼȻƽĸҪµĺŮ࣬ûҪȢǹ飬οĻԼֻǿͷԼδаֽ֣ǹȥƷ㲻ûԼ
ɴ˿ɼһ£ͬϲأҪʱʱԼ᲻ᱻȥƷ˼ҵС㣬ûô磬ĻܰһЩ
һ´ǹĿǹƷͬȥƷһϵƲҡͷĬ˰ΣЩ۵ŷָ⣬˵ҺܻϲȻ㲻ҵ׸硭˶٣͵͵֪ģǽگ飬ͬӦƹͬ⽫ȥħļƷҲȥĲֹңİա
粻ɽ磬ֻһ΢۾һѽελûľƣҪֻأԵһһҲɽࡣ
Ĵ΢۽ӴһĨЦһʼȻûд壬ôǶͷ֪ĿԹЩӹʵҲͦ׵ġһЦЦЩζ֪Ц˻ЦԼֵʵ󰮹Ƿ˵£Ͼڷ֮٣£ȴǲòˡ˵˴סŲҡͷ̧ᶨݻؾС磬ȥ
ȻЩĲ󶮣ô簡ǵģ˵һƵģżԭſȭͷһң˵νˣٳʱҲ֧Ķܲ
Һһȭ£ֻȭŵģħҪƷɼϲʳ۵ŮӣҾա
һν֪һ˵׼ֻȱˡСۣ˺ó֮⣬Ҳܺʡ
ҡͷδħҲ˵òª㲻ϻòôҲǸŮӣħҪǳ˻ˣöûš
һýʣצӴ鼤ǲƽǹ׸ôи˵õģô㲻ϻòǹģÿô
ûϵķӦһĵʯӻƵҪȥŵһȭҪ͡һʱ֧֧Ų֪˵ȰĻҲ˸һɶ
ȻŮӶԼòԼ׸Ҳá
ţƫͷѵڸɫȻƽƮƮȻһ㣬òɫҲԸ࿴ۡؿڣҲƵӭǰȥֻһԶһЩ
һƼˣֻԶӰ֪ȲĲ̤ʵȣǿСѡתһתĲյһڡ
Ȼ߽ˣָһָѵ֣꣬ͬǸŽύѣͶԵԴסա
һڿôһЦôˣĸ֪
εЦһЦֻͣáǰЦֻ˾ϻɣͬƽϡ
÷ˬͣϸķӣ˿΢΢ζ׵ĵһͷֻһ䣬һᡣ ɤţˡ
ڶߣȴңԶУԼľϤСһ㵵̧ͷֱ߱ĥѵĲյžһϣƬԶǰ󲻹ʮͣӸɾʣһͷīɫķ쪴磬ɫһöڰķڴİɾʯ΢м۾һģһëܴϸƺȫһſС㡭ãվʲôû˵ڡ
ںЩôأ۾ǲܵѰ֮ûжĽ飬ֵķôһͨҰ۾ʵҪѰѰˣܽղų֡
΢΢üôͬ΢һģһɾ



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һ˶̧ŽյƬߵԶһЩɫҵһλˣҲֻǺվЩطԡԹЦˣñ㻹Ҫÿ֣ͷҲҪһЩ
ѵֻѹȸУ˼С˵ͬ˳񡣡
ԴڨЦŮʰصĲյƬ
һɸЦ˼ĵǿӵ˲ҵˡŲطŮʰƬʱǰߣһ۾Ȼ֪ﲻˡȻûϡܸܵѵȻ۾һ˿ҲûУǸͨķˡյ۾ӣϢ޵֣ȻϢˡֻòͬ΢ˡ
ǰ˵ѰһģһƬҶӣѰŷҶӡɵòҲעģȻǧ仯Ҳ벻ԭƤ࣬ҪϸϸѰңѰײֵġ
ձ˳΢ײ֡
˸УһԴϳѾһֻ֣ͲҪȥˣ룬˿ڱۡ
ĳطɬĻţﲻ˵ãһ˵ɬĸһ̧һչ⣬ǶԼǶֻ֪һҲˣɲ
ٲȥѵꡣ
һչͬƽûͬùεķճΣóԵķճԡ϶˵չ꣬յζһ۵һһӣӳŵԲЩʼ˼𾭳ԵĶԲû
֪Сӿɷͬ˼һ˼Ͼ÷С޲¡빲ĺֵܡ
ɫ΢˸ϣûĵҩĳλǾԳ˳䣬Ǵӷɼһǣβͳš
һԸڻ谵ķУû̽ͷ뷿֦ûлü͵͵¥˻̹Ų˸ҹɹ˵Сķźãϸһë̺ӣֻ¶Դͷңǿһ롣
ΰѵĻţӵŮƵģͬѵӣͦ׵ģһ˿Ҳû
һ۲ˣ˿⣬谮ıƽĻ᲻ö˵ôѵˡ
ҴһҴ̺ӣ̾ūǰĹԱ˵֮Աѵ⣬Ϊǹ¶ƹگͬ⽫ͳȥӼͬ⣬һҪͬƹһȣǲ
ӵС統棬ƾͬƹӲӲһŮܽ¶Ȼ򣬶һС˵òʧ
ƿë̺ӣһҵķôţһ֣ϵһ磬ģȥС˵һ˵
ӸĹԶһ·˸ɢŲ,һĹ㵽ˣһӲ㡣
ӴͷһסĩĳӻҪܣҹ޶˶˿ȣûаӵ֡˽絽ײɽ磬ĻļʢƩһ룬һ겻лʱǸģ
߹ȣѾҪǰȥʱһ˲۽ƳɫӰ˻ǰ԰
޻ʢǰ԰ֻӰ涣Ȼϻһѩµ񵭣Со¹ⷭһӣɫ£㱼΢
ǵð˵ҪͷסյģȻˡ
ȥҿӵС˵߶ǰһֳɵ˵ͿԽһá
¸סŵĶ񣬼ķѹ̫ãЩ΢΢ңһɤȿһҪȥˡ
ѵĲӿһۣǳǳģֻһ۱ֵͷȥ˳ǾûĲӺÿһܵ˴ǸƤģںЩսȥЦЦɫǺãҲôֵҾµʱӦһյٲһѹҲԽͽͣȻ˸е¡ȻǺãϵ۾棬㲻۾ɬûô
İɫ죬µü··˲⣬黺Сͬ˵ǸŮӡ
һ£ǡôĸһλãˣС翴˲׼ͬϹֻһ˫֡˵ҲǿԵģ˭˵˵ŮӾͲǰŮˡɫĻҲЩ࣬ò˵ԵʣЦʶһŮӣöÿÿޱ磬࣬˶ƣǸŮӡֻ֪ôƣڱ˿ˣʵǶαƵİ̾ĵĸпԿֻ棬ǸҲʵģദپùϵ׵˵׼Ҳһ˹˵Ӱˡ
ѵ½ϵĲ̯۵һƬƽܵⳡˡʵġʮͣǸӣ˵ôһͨȻûףú¡ܵĵͷӦԡ
ĵﲻֲȴƮ¹£ѩƬƵģǴƮġһתת˻棬һСƢִ֣һϵãܷȰһȰ˵ʲôʲôִͬˣռ̳λ档
귭һͣڵͦ硣
һüҺȻҲҪãȻͬʲô𡣡
üꣿ
һԴͣϸճһչ꣬ͦ۵ģϷŵĸոպáεץһץͷĲУͬ㽲ЩķһֲȥҸС˵ãȥȵļƷҲûõģ֮䣬һѡߣٶĻҲǰ׷ѿˡһ٣ǳ˿صЦң˭˵һء
СȻ磬ͷڷҡҡڰڣµڣһ˿ΪԼȥ˵ǽڷִϣչˡ
һĬȻЦһĵˣүҲǸʵʵڵˣ󲻹ǹĿӣҪһֵġ»һŰһɫ̾ʵʱҲ˵䲻˵Ȱ˵Ļ̫֯˷Ҫ˵侮ʯĻҵǺ⣬룬
̧̧ۣ
һֹסſϵϾǸоֹ̫㣬ʹȻɣҲʺûйеĵַ֡ڻſϣ۾귭ŵԣһҵĻ͵ǹڴлˡ


Ҫ

紩ܻܣԼûصխСҶƬĦţһ׶ҹת
ãЩ֪Ķĩ˻Ӧҿ˵һ˵ܷýȥ޷
ԸսȥȰӵС磬һɿЩ϶ȥģѵٽҵĻȥֵµһڴ󳼿϶ҲҪȰѹ£ġ
ϾǸˣСܵĹɲһ޸ĸȻһǹȫԼãȻˣǸݵķˣҪϾĸ°ãòڶȰǰͷΪ˶
õļžԣΨзɪɪһһͷ飬ĿԶ黺ˡ
һһϵ磬ɫˣҲЩЪŰաƳ˸ЩҲ䣿
̧ۿЩ֣˲ġ
һͷ˵ֻ·ݣ˴ĴźѵģҲ˼Ǻ˲Ż䣬ϵ㲻ñıһ񣬾ȻҲܴ
Ҳ˵׼
һһģɫǴģͽˣɫҲҪ
ҹɫĨסԭ¹⣬һſڴǷڵĻؿӵ
ٹձ㵽ˣһ쳤һ죬ͷҲԽԽꡣ֪ʱָܻĿɺãԭӣôòȥ֪᲻ỵ
Ҫģҹô
սУãͬһ࣬˿ȥһŰӰ޷ݡµƿֱߵ飬΢ʹüģš
óƵŮкܣЩΡŮӣҪħŮܻĳȥҴƴӣǷˣȴͬħŮӲࡣ
빬ʱ̰ӻԱĳЩպȻȻӦƷʵЩȡ羹Ҳ˴ηŮӣҪĿ࿴
䲻޷ܾͦǸͽܣһ
֡ȻҲһֻһһ󲻹һӰҲС
ѵ¶յ飬üĵּ˵ףһ׹˷ĺδƴ˰ΪֵŲķɣһ׹˷磬Ȼ㣬Ҳֻ׹ǧﷶΧϸλʵ㲻
˷硣
ҪڷѰһƲܴĵң˷һҵһһħȥɽɱȻлҪ˵ʱܷסһ˵Ҫһֻֻ壬˽ӽӣԤѰһ
˵ǷǿĹңþͺǿһ˲ᱻڷıݺĺ꣬òԵ˵һ䣬ħŵĶ֡
סƶɢȥ¹ַһƬɽ΢ĬĬ̾Ϣһ̧һ۾
ҹ¹⣬Щ۾ء
սڵգ̿ˮϴһáһ˯ͷŶƤǰ󱳡ŷǸһٲԶĻŵ˯Ѻ뷹һûʣ¡
źŮѹҹôӴ˵ǣһ쵽ֻ˯˯˳ԣҲ֣Ʒº飬ɼĵ˼㡣տһﶼˮģһ̱ʳƵġ
ⲻ֪һѹû·ϣԷΪˣ˯Ϊˡ
ǾۣԴƹگ㲻ÿֻû¹һ˵ͺóԵĺĹв˼ֻпӵĸһһס޵ģᣬֻſĸıȨοһ䡰޷޷
̬ܺãǳ֮ãΪ⻹ҪѵľѾˡ
߿ӵĸһЩϵҩŮյ̲һɵöĴָ̫ˡˮɬЩţ̽ȥһڡһ̲ǣͷκģǰһһڵ㡣һЩˣһȻվϼκɫ߷Ȼ̤̲ͷҩ
Ȼ˿׹Ȼ޲ͺñȶ˿ӲŷԸûֽڷݳ˷ŷûǮֱ˼䱯硣
ۣǺģֻһǰ⣬һһ۾վԴ϶ľͷĶһۡ
ԴȣϸŲľͷҡҡλεĲ֪δʻ
ԴǰͷڵõĴ˿ӣҹɫϡ裬ϳ˱ӰʣķԼܿһذĲһ¹˰ΣڼǿСǸͬ΢мꡣ
Ҳ˲ԴһץסŹ̶סҡڵӣ̵ôô˶ֵȥĶ
Ƴǰߣɢļų滺꣬ǷҹɫУͷҲͬСûȥҵĻͬߵŮҩҪҹͳȥѰһð㡣һ΢΢ƫͷС½ˡ
Щ˦³ȥһС㾫ֵܴͦȣһŭˡ˵˭ͷҩǸеСû¡
׿С粻˵˾ټֱͬͽһ㣬ȥæȰ˵ӵСģ߷ˣҹļݳһ߷ȻСͿôҲźͿӳܽôͣҪȥŽߵĽ̤ȥ
ڻعͷͦıɫ¸ÿͷϵķڶɣ΢׵Ĵſ˼ҽڹⰲٺãعϴӴ˲ǹ鹫
һΪһֻѾ̽ȥһ룬겻ĶŲȥⲻвǿȡ
תͷǰĬĵͷա
һһʱȴסˣһȥĶסɻķ˼ôɵıһôƻкļƻ
Ļ˵Ĳ΢ôЩݣ·û߹ǰû·ˣ¡ķǷɼץסһ·ȥͬʱ
ǰһĨף£һûӦѾ˱ɫݵϣػĵӡСרõĽƫеĳ£һʯ֮𣬾ɢµ׾õ
䶨һµһ֮ңĬĬӶ˰ѻףɫƤͣͬ˵С۾Ϲ㻹š
겻ɫҵ̧ͷɻţ
һ͵͵ԶŲŲ˿űĻӽͣɸƵб۵۾ûϹҳɲ۾Ϲ˲Ż¡





궶һĿһ£
𳾪䣬ҹˣԵҹɫûɵ˷䡣
Ǵ˿̴ŵĶһ·̣Ѿ׹٣Ҫȥֻһ˫ȣݳٶȲ죬Զڼ뿪ʼ֮ǰϻȥüġ
һ̽̽·ѵ˵仰ǻʵʵĻعգС粻ΪƫңǸðǹŮҲأһο໻ȥġһƣһӣοһëͷСܸƵľȣһգ֪ͷλǼٵģʱ֪ж鷳
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֪СӴǰɹĳȶһڵƵģ΢춯಻΢һȥķ΢΢ü
λ˵ģѹ껪ŮһһûŮĽοˣƿ͸µߣдȻ
أ°ͣܣֵֻ˶ͬ˲ͬգƩɾĶᣬ˵ĻֻµĵӲƩѾĻѩµûᣬΪ˺һ󲻽֮աλҲǴе̳
Ӳݱ鲼ֻٳһߵСתѾ߳ȥԶֻݵıӰ΢ЩʹĽţȥ
ֻǰǹˣѾɣǹ˹Ψһ֤ݡҲ˳ˣɵĻԲǹԼҪعȥܲţҲԸܡ
һ·ߵĿĿİ¹⣬ȴԿ·һһǳһŵĲˮӣ׶еЬʪ˸͸ĻβϽҶ
ʼӣֱƣ磬ʡ鷳ʱ䡣һ£ɵգգ·ҪʮꡭɼҲпȡ֮ġ
ԶɽӹͭײƵϼأþòɢˮ¹嵭ڵ˵̶һȹߵĸ
΢ĬĸͷԶü񵭡ǹǷˣɣõʩͬͨһͷţĺֻܿܲˮǡ·Ƭ˸ߵĲݵأ˼ᣬ̽ݴԣץ˼ֻө棬
һסŲ°ȻӣŽөĺŴϹʱ̫죬ֻصĵӣûȥ¿ĺϣŨܵĽëһһԼᵽ㡣ӣһϸţȷʵɡ
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Ƶļ׵ڳ΢ָϣӳԽ𪣬͸Ƶġһɿȹӵ֣̰Ŀ˼СĲϢﶼȥӡ
ζͬ΢һܺţⷦ񣬿۾Ҳͬ۾ࡣײ֡
ӨӨөɢĵĹ⣬һСƬأһŵ㣬ƵСʱʦҲĵҺǻϲÿҹڴͷ˯Ҫۡʧ̾ϢһϧӶˣʦѵˡ
ǵõ۾ӵʱ˵ĻֻөˣαؿأЩҵٰһȻһֱûȵ۾өֱ뿪죬¿Լһ룬Ҳûȵ
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ӿףĽë´֣΢ֻһеөǷܰʦ㵹á
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΢վţҹ紵Ѻõˣһߡ
ǰеĲһ٣һĬĬ˻äƵľөֱײ
һҹʱ·ǰķ羰ֻӲҰݣҰصļ賿¶ˮմʪҶĨǵװɫ˲߳деӣĽֵ
һ·޽˴˵ĺһǲ֪˵Щʲôİһ򲻴飬ͬһʱ䣬ûĽ顣ңͬ΢мһʱһܻȻų΢ϰʱ̶ų΢ߣԸ׽
ڳ΢ǲ˵ſھͲſڵûʱܼ첻˵һ仰
һּ·ǰױɫţ֪ҺͷУԼƼʮﳤϵиտСӵĵǰð䲻ʱ֣Ҳϡ
ƣ糾͵Ļ˶ķλߣһ˿˵Ŀ⣬Ϊˡ곤úÿüĿ续ģĶǶһεģƬҶ
ɼƤⶫԻ˵ģܰõӵòͿͣԽԽˣ·ɫҴңҸæ¶ʱϸϸ
ԾһƳ͵Ƚϳ㡣
һ·Ե߯Ȼ߯ʣŮӲ࿴һ۵ģĿǰ̬⣬һɵö˼־ء
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ⷬļ⻹ûü¸ۣԺĴдźصһʱƫͷЩ档ѬģȻǸƷζˡ
Ŀ䶨ü׺컨ŮӲһֻüüĻ䣬ӦЩ¿ֻüһȵıӰȴҲǰһͦã·ĲҲ˾ŮתͷͬʹһѰ磬Ȼδüڣһڻѿ첽˳ȥ
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һƲ죬Щ뷨׾ˣԭ֮ûÿĹˣֱӾͳȥ֣߯߯ɫ
ԤһͬŮӴڨҲѧһѧ賤ˣҪ̸衣зδȻ
ðӵ̱ҧӱ߹ȥĿۣҲʶȤĬĬļӿ첽ˡ紵˵ķǡһ˸ֳҪݴµĴϷ
һԸ˿ûΪһΨĻþƮЩɫ꣬°빦
ӰȵĹعͷµױüĵĻ䲢δϸ޼һĨʺɰ롣һһ˲ʧͬԼЩء
ֵĹҲգֻЦĽҿˣʲôūҵֿɲ˭ǣġ
һµλýǶãܽ˵ɫ䲻ص㡣ԭǺ˿ģŮӵòɫȻȻ˺󼸲źۼĲ˲ֵǸϴˡ
ŮӼת˸ۣūҼָĹӣе˵ūҳĹˣеĸūʮ·ֻΪ˵һ仰һǣֵģȴ֮١Լ˲ã˶繫һ㶯ֶŵģūҵ񲻻ˡ
һӶ˰ʣĻףֻţҪʡŵԡʮϧһŽڣš
޼ָ͸ɾһƬգ΢󣬳ϿҵﳤͬһλЩ񣬷һʱϴˣ¡
ŮƾúܺЦڴЦƬ̣ɲĵΪоŷֱܷ󲻹ˣӳǱãǽп֮°գ
һĶ˿Ż׽ڡ
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ŮЦԽģ̴㡣
Ȼͷ̴һǺþ֮ϲõģԿǻѬ㡣Ҳ𻰣ȫǡ
һĿĿ·ĹĿࡣǹ֮ĿΪĻǱ˼̫ˣ˭ҪƬ̡֮Ŀ࣬ΪŻŵĻףֻʣһġ
ôʣµأȥˣųŰ
ѵ֪ĳĿŽǣܣǲž˼ţһҲδɡѹպһŻףѹʵĶһ޴һһʱ޷ܡ
Ѿ߳ȥͦԶһܼȥͷһԴԭصŮӣ꽻ͷӶԭϲ͵ŮӣһֻòûںģҸĺͷһץһѣҪȻһ㣿ɫãһЩڨȻæĿڵҲãЩǸģȷʵЩʡλˮһЩ
ǰеĲӷŻ֣΢ƫͷһƷȵĴڶǰͬһѬô㣿ɤдУȻò˵ĺͰ
һڴһЦǺǺǺǺǺǺǺǺǺǺǺǡ
Ϊɽ綥֪֮ɣʱƵ۹⿰ƼѣʱҪľԶһ㣬Զһ㡣һֶ˵
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ȷʵ󷽣ڳ΢ͷڹ굱ϰˣܰ󳷣˱Ŭϣ˳΢ûĵ
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ĥĥ俿ǽʱ֣ͷףȵϱԷ롣ǵϣһŴӶŶˮжˮݣӾͷ
𷱻׺޽ĺΰĹԿģֻվѲӣׯˣΨȱȻ
չ鷲粻ɾ
ͷ̤ӵĹźӵŮȸͨûãҹһۿ˵СӰŵ˺ôƢһ̵ĳһʶ㣬һƬ½ǲ֡
Ůۿһ۳΢ܿĽͷ͵ĸο󽫴ѹδȥϡĿ۵ڣѹȥúͬ˵ЩˣСӡ
֮ǰһӦĴ㣬Կ֪˽Գ黹㲻ŮӶǱһЩҿĸ۰ɵɻȥ
ĵͷһһͳˣû˷װκһףƿŵĵţ½Ų
еѹȱ꽵ٵǰҹĻҲ˵һŻѵ½ǣһһٴǰȥĸ󡫺ˡҷģˣûǻ˵
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һĸŮĸ⻰Ǻǳ⣬˺ͷĳطķɬЩѹԸǸŰ˼ЩΪԼǣ˫Ŀˮܿ࣬ĸǺĴĸҪֻĸںӵķݶϣһЩ
Ŀⲻһɨһֻһ۽ǵˮ⣬ѹĳӡ
ĸӶݣͺãĸ󲻹˽Գ˸ɻңչϵµһ⣬ĸô㡣ͰĿתűȻ֣ͬһӣ˭
ĸĿ֮бűߵĳ΢ԹŶһδüĿƳؼչ˸Ĩ
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һͷ˼һ빬һһҹ֮ӻعʵǲ˵ܲ˵Сҩ꽫˳겻Ըܻ˰գʱĲһˣСǰ;Ҫٵ
ȻС֮䣬һҪһܽ˶ȫһعѸһҪ˭Ѽ



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ίһ˫ˮӽпԵţ飬һߺʵ׼ͬλ׳ʿ˽šתڿĸ֮תأֲ߳ȥԶ־ô˾ʵףϾĹͬ˽ãһ·˻
ĸȻվ˵ֽץŻƳſ˵ôһˣһ仰δü˵Ű˹ȥ
һû뵽仰˴Чιȥ޴ĻŮʱҳһš
һ͵͵꼷ۣߣĸѹҪץ㣬ͷڻһأҿɲҲȥ
֮꣬٣Ϊ֮ﲻԸ걻ʮ˿ӵĸԲһСԺʱܻϣָҪһĹڻ¡Ҳû˸ҷԡ
ãĿܰɽȥ˦ȥǰ˼һµ⣺ôһֻǰ費ɣ
һգգۣԼӦû϶û
æտ긺ֶȥȥıӰͦͣͦΣͬ΢롣
Ӳκͬ΢Ტۣѳ˲˵ڵϰߣͷһͬ΢ȽϣҶԷǸˡ֪ˣҪЦһͨȻôЩЦĴ٣ȥٴҶųʮ˺Ϊġ
ӵĸһαǰգ˫Ŀվþòתѣһһֱţɽ֮ʷĵͷųĲؿӵ
һһҹ뵽˼㣬صƻ˶ƣһֻϴˮ裬ûԱ㵹˴ϣٲԸ
ججƺ˸Σȴޱʵһ˯Ҳĺܣ֪Σʵ֮СɫĻþи϶Ļ֣һһһһڶߣ䷳߶ֵǺһȨ˯ø졣
Ʈһþ߶ֵĻ˸СңںδĵĲ죬ƺĪĽۡһļˣſȻʮѣŵ仰Ⱦһ
ǵԺ˯ҲǵˣһնǡǸںδȥãȫֻ˵֣΢߽Ƶġ
ʹ˯Ҳʶȥץ䣬ȥôûУֻıǡ
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˿ͷЩߣ΢΢ܡһǣһЦЦı飬ŲһŲӣͷ˯ȥ
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һѹĴеС˸㽶Ƥߺߵĳ͡һ룬Լķʵˣ˴ȴȻƣơ
еֻһλĺܣ̧ӵĹˣʱġһϵǣ־üǷֱ˵Ϥñ˴Щֱ֮࣬ԳãûͬǴֻͣĳСϵˮ㽶Ƥһء
紵ͷ´ңңͷĺ죬Ȼ˳ͷѩ˺һ㡣
ȻĶ̻һεĵ۾֮ʣĶ̻￪ĺȻɫĻŻ䣬ֵܣȻѰ
ǡ۾ĵݣĶ̻Ųʱ࣬Ҫͬǰ㾰ãǲܡ
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һƿӿһ磬ִ䣬᾵Ĺʯɽ䣬ľԵͰӣȻһħסģһСڵ̨ӳһͷʷصϸҲᱻ־һ˵ͷɹһֻΪһƳһۣŵҾȲ¿ӵо仰ҪҴ
ͷ̴ӹĿĻְƴȫҲȥ
һЦЦϿԵ۽ǣԸáǰһֻӰůһֻᵽһ֣ůֵı߲һմ΢ŲĹ⵽˽ôһ⣬ǹĿӣһ顣
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ӽͷϣ˿˿͸ÿëס̴СɽټɽϳڰҵĹֻ꣬ʣһһڣֻͨķҲǱȳˡ
ҹһͷһɽһǿĹšɽӣ˵Ĳݱкü֣һ֪ȤθѰ˿⻬ʯһڴ磬һھϢΪͬȼʱĶǰ׼
ʵûʤ㣬ڣССһΪħȻǲˢˢ±ˣȻǷ֮Ǹ޸֮Ķֹһֻצսħһħֵµħֱǲ
δƣ˵Ļз˵ǱֵµħĶô飬ȻҲ˵޳𡭡˵ԼݱץħȥҲȽĶӻΪʱҪá
ķֵȥһץһץʱţͷĽһѻ



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ʱܾȷ˵룬˯ĳţ˯ţɹȷ̱ǣǴġһӲתӣģ¹ⶨţħﳤ÷˷ԴһСëƮʹţƩŲķɲǼɳʯػȻɫ
һٱԵһֱ۴ֵɿֵħȿдȻܿҪȥи󡣡ŶĿˮ˵һ仰
ǲʳȵĶӹĹĵģĶһһƵġֹסе̧̤һʯ죬үүһ֪Щ䱰΢үүһ仰ˡ˸ϸ֦ǩߴ󷽵˵޷ 
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仰ųڣ澲ôһ˲˶ΡƬ̵İȥչķɽԵһð˻ƷܱסѪ˻һŭСС˵޷ˣүү³Գ˲ҲҪ㣡
һһƬɳʯж׵ĸйǰһնɱħûгɰҲǧñȹȻªĴߣеϰǺ°ȣªܶġĵһսһսҪսм塣
¹֮Ҳƽһ££ͷ޻˵ģϾǷˣȲ㣬ֻбԵķݶһ٣صԵֻ£ĻὫ˺顣
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һմ˲Ҷ°ڣһЦֻб˴˲һ
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ȵʱĳþòɢһιľݽ߶һأ»ָš
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ȵʬɽϣ΢ɽͷӬġħħϴߣõĻԷһѡŲ֮ǰ˵̫ƽ۾æĽͷöһѻ𽫹ˣɾ䣬Ҳ۾һСæ
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عת㳤һҹֻȥС룬дõȽڳȥħѾһɱˣƷԺĻȥðƹ
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ɽһϲ˵жĽ˵˾ٴǿС⣬ⶥƨãʵʩϸУӵСȻоģĴ߾ΣѵĽ꣬Ҫѡл˭ȻҲ룬ȸлꡣ



㹻

˸ӻҰ࣬˳ͷɾˣֻмȹϣһԼϳǾޣͼȥͬǾ¹壬Ǿһö˼컹¡ֻͬǾһ壬֮ûȥΪǾ塣
һֱ߲ժµϵϣصĻǱͷ˵ˣ˫¶ǳ΢ĶصĻͷرĺܺá
Ƿ࣬ԶģҲǼģҪϧϲԼ
ҹ֪ж٣ͰĹľǿŰɫС½ǵĵ׺ֻŲ㣬ҹʢŵĻ
һһ㽶ȵݸʯϵ꣬лŵһ֮ѾˣȻͬ΢Щ񣬵ǳ΢ȥһԸ˵ġ
Ȼʯ̨ӣڰ־ܾĺ⡣һ˳ɲ㽶Լˣ߾׽̧ͷǾޣǷ˵עƽͷȨ֮͵֣̽ͷһԽأ繫ҲпܱƷ㲻òƽô
ҲѪһʣȲȻ֪⿴ȱǷҲǷеٮٮߡǾúܲƽ֪롣
ƽüۼ䲨ˣ߶һ䣬ƽ̧һ̧Ѱùƽķӣ˶һֹֻǰغʱľֻвܴ˽뵽ʲôƫͷһۣô뵽
һæ۾ֻŽµʯ˳΢üپһЩиɫͼڣٳһЩͬ΢һģһˡ
ʯڽȥһվıֱҹöĺڷ򴽵ʵұĹ󲻹³Ǽҹݣϸ˵ҸһϵҲûСԳƵЦһЦеƴŬƽӹе²ͳŵĹǲƽô
üã˭Ƕãôԭǹ鲻Ѫ岻⴫ءĸм˵ڵء
һֳһȹǣ߲û˵ϣԼĨ꣬̾Ϣһ˵㲻ţҵĹңܶܶǰҵĸĸ˫ױڹգӳǽ¥ġȹǵֶסںɫϣſյЩãƵ૵ڹĳǽߣûסĽʱѪİա˵һʱ·꣬ӪһĻִϻĴţ֪ûС
⿴һۡһ޹ؽҪľ£˵ϡƽͬĸ鲻Բñˡһ䣬㲻ôĹңҪѹһİա
һ΢΢ף۾ľֵİɫСȥòΪҪѹҵĹҲҵļңڻұûĹϵƵĽһЦں˼ֻΪԼȥĳþ㹻ˡ
ŵϵһ˳ӣϢӿǻ̧ͷųգɫһƬþòɫˣԽ뵡ӶãҰ뵽ʲôƵĺȻͷ۾˸ǹ⣬ͬϲˣ
д㵣ϲˣҫ۵һ֪׹ƬɽӣɨһβϵóǺӺ貣һӶȻո֣һһ߻Ұúڵͷһ
һƿߣ¿򱱶ǣˣҲϲˡŮ黳˿澵ӰһǰԼҲҪţǳǳЦŵϲϲϲϲ԰ǵȥģһɳ΢£󻹸ȡߡ
ǵЦţһƽվûһҵİָۣעӵĿûͣ仨ǧ̣ҪĲҪ˼ο֮еĹϵڣվǲԵġһĨ̶ȵЦЩɶŬδǣ³ΪѾˣʱҾ͸ԼԶһԶһ㣬Ӵ˻ˣ˴˰޹ϸ𡣡ɱеȻȻ˰ˣȫ׵ȥˣѰƭԼֻٴƬ̡ 
öǸҵ־ˡ֪ΪǸͬмӶֵֻ£֪˵黹ǳɵֻƵŮӳվǼ£Ȼں㣬ٷŵ̬Ҳֿ԰ˣֵĺá
һ΢в죬ʳ˼̻ĽɫҲ֪Ůӳ鲻Ǽ£Ҫۿһŵµʯӱߵò룬ճһͺƤƽĵƤĿҲҲӦټ
꾲ͷСܳ谮㣬˼Ĳֻа飬
⻰ܶԣ˼ǧǧ򣬲ֻаҪģǣ顭һٶȰЩĳ·̹׵鲻ҡ͵ģ˵Լʧ״̬иϳһληԴѰ˿ؽվţ㳤ɫôϲŮӶȻҲʮֳɫİգɲŮòˣֻǲ֪ÿ̶ֳȡ
һɫ䣬ƵĹڰ˰ڵĻһֻȸǾ첻ȵϢ׳ŵɽɹһöĹӣĴ
Ȼٽɿ˼֣˿޵ЦÿҵϸעòΪ˳ۣᷳ²ǵһֱ˵úÿü񵭾£ǸˮòͬòģֻֻꡣԼЦˣȴҲǵģֻü¶ҲвײĻϲƢɰĽʱԶˣ鷿ȥ˲ð
Ǹϲģ⼸յദƳһֱԸҲǸϲģȻͬϲƷζͬͬϲǵ۾첻˵һ仰ż˵һ仰޷ӣϲģǻûʵŮӡ
о仰ܲײ˸һҲûУ׼Ĳ׼
һѵˣͻ̬ȺȻ΢Ȼ˳ϡ档궨ȻʮϲǸŮӣͬϲ΢һ㣬ģһһӰ졣̾ȻϧǸϲģ벻˵ֹһŮεĿɰǹһɰŮһܺóԣչɲζɿô
ĿһֹۣӣɫĴ£ȽӹŤתȥ䲻ĹǵǺܳ谮㣬˵ĸĸ˫״ӳǽ¥Ϊζ͹Ļ⳶շ¡
һĬĬŽµʯӶвƵģһ˫ŷЬǰͷЬ⽫κһĺӰˣҵ伮룬ʵҵĹͦ˼ģҪ𡣡ŨŨϮ̧סͣ˸ĹǷأһգҲ˵ߣ߱ߵ˯һ˺ٻȥҲһգҲ㡣
겢δյɽӰ涣ֻзιҵĻ


鼾

粻ɽ翪ţŮһǳе¡˵ӲܿŮӵĽţҪȢ˼ҵġһزʵɽŮ´ģӿŮӵĽűȢԻм޲ȥϹǵЬãԷƴǲá
ɼҥԶǾõģһֽˣһҥԻΡ
ͷ˲ëձɽ䣬ͷ٣ͷ˯ҪЩɫ̽ͷ⿴˿괩Ѳ㵥Ҳʵ÷紵ſڴرһ飬㵱治ɽ̹Ǳ䣬ҼǵҲģһĵطͦģ˯ˡ
ʯһ㣬ӰʣӴĵɤ࣬Լ˯գҲ䡣
²ԭһΣĲô
ݡһĥĹ⻬ʯӶƫеĹεĵײ࣬˼ⷽȡ
һƲƲ죬Դ
룬ƢǱ꣬ǰһ뻹ú˵Żһһʯӡݡľͷ˹˵ӵĽǶȰյõоǶӲ󲻹˵仰仰ѣѾѲˡ
ںëձϴĺڷӵףһƥϺõ˿ǹò㲻óɫһͷڷȷʵڣںй˼Ǻ˯꣬һܶͷֻݳ˴ëըżЩˮͷǶöǽȥ׺ΨһȤá
ǳ۾ȴҲ˯ţɬɬȥκһۣëձϣͷŴ֪Ϊôϲ𣿡
ңԶУ⴫ƵģնƳţ
Ψһһֻһϣɬ۾˸ӣҼĵһ˾ɽϳѩµһ·ѩҸǰë̺һͷסһա뵽˵Ĵ϶Ϊ סü΢ɤ Ҵδÿˣֻһ۱ãҾ룬ѡ񲻸ߣǷûкһˡ
ŵʱȻȥǶĺʱɽЩ㣬زͬ΢ĹʷԶͬǧֺ꣬ƷƵĿ
һҪĳʼ˵
ձڹ봺ĵһǳңɫգ۵΢΢ƣɫҶƬδȫɣڸĴ
ʱڹ겻ּģϹ飬һƽһСͶѾҸ󲻹ϰ£ڹ»̻̲ա
һ֮ʱũ³һģһĵǡʱҲǵûһ˫ġպǰ;Ȼ¡伮ϲܽͷ
ĺӳҪɹʦ׼Ƿ˸ĸ˫ף໹Ǽ࣬˵㡣ڹʱεĹʦǸ׺ӵ̣һ˻δã檳Ⱥȱڹĺ󹬼һʱ⣬ȻҪϸò㣬ȻΣɵ֧ʮ˸飬δһΡ
ͷѯʽϵĺơ㲻һ̵Ҳˣһ뷲֮䣬ʧҲǳе£˵Ҳȥ׷һĸòֲϲԵʣĲܾ̾û˱ڹ󣬵λԶʦ֮ϡ
ڹȻ޻˵Ҳ飬һǻ˳Ʒһϣֻһʱͬڤһλǡͬһʱ̣벻ģͷ»ĸ˫ףػᵼý͵ȥԽԽԽԶԽã
ֻҪ˻ڣպûбĺӣɽһŮȻǰҪĶ࣬Իˣ̸νɽ续ڹû˼ʦҹһ͵ڹʮԶĲɽȥ
һɾ΢ӣڹԶһĺٺò
һڹҹ䣬ҹҹʱ֣ڹ¶ڳߣڳƽٴӱڹϿշɹһƬ𣬾þδ䵽棬쳤ҹ
һȥգԽɽˮȶĳͣ£պĻƻ裬ڼ˲ɽ
ɽǾӣޱȣ̣ƾ跲˵޷ȥñڹ˼ȫ˹ʦý飬һ˿ٵһȥķˡ
ʱһһԭձڹĹΪȡֵģȻֻڱڹգԴߣֻǸûյӤ
Ĳɽʱ̧ͷ޵ľûˣӵӺߺߡ
עþһɽǰգɽһͷɫ¹ụ̂ˮûȥһյɽ³Ĳݣ˸Ͱ͵ĲССķ۷۵ģزûëĺӣĸԵĴȱģԥιһһ̡
һһֱ¹̳ܻ꣬ЦӱȷĺͯһЩССһܴƵģΨ˵ԡ
ֹ˼꣬ɽĵһֻ飬ͨ巢Ϊ𣬾ɷħԣܲɽӰ죬ɽȥ硣
һĽ½һ࣬ѧ˳Ұѧδ·ѧѽ϶˻Ҳöˡ
ֻµĻǼء
ٻۼԽıɶҪ࣬Ǹ˵ģҲɽΪżĸԭ򡪡ɳǳ˵ӣɲǳ磬ײô
һһ죬ɽЩ⣬ͣˣǻˡڲɽûͣȥһȦƬ˶ĺҶͷϲŻ͵ĺҶɫ¹ĶǰѾ˹ȥòԾ˻
ưƵĴɽɽľɫģ壬ԽĻܿվھɫ¹Ե£˫Ŀն꣬ɴǰ£ҲĨһѣûʶǣޡ
ɻĴһĻǷˣЩɽôַܻءڵķһֵĸĸģһ˷˲ɽϣ
µԽҪѲɽˣվ¾ޱ飬һѰķ羰ʱ˵
΢죬ΪǸɵˣֿһЩû̧һôأͬ˵ˣһҲǡ
ںҶϵ΢ͬϲ̧ͬۿĽȩ̈𣬶ɰ߳Ѫ次
߽һ͵͵¹ڻش



Դ

Ƥëľɫ¹ӶͷǵĲ˲ͷϵˮ۾гһϸ졣
ůůһЦžɫ¹ȥͷͷͬĶŮĸף¹
غһЩ׵ǳ̡ʱж̣費㣬ӵʹһ˵ǰǿԵġȡָһѪͿڶ䣬Ⱦɫͼڣԣ̡
ؽϿĶԼ㿲
ʮɻʢȻӨӨɢŰ׹⣬Ĵҡζ꼾ĶᵽʱɽᱻһƬ׸ǣЩɻήֻѩʢš
ؾ͵ĺҶͷϣ꽽ʪҶ೤ˮսѻʪյԴһͷǵöһ㣬ʪҪģϵѾõĲˣҸ׺İա
ƲСԽڣҪѲɽ˵̡ӷĺҶ͸ھɫ¹ůĶ
ȥɽһˣһŴӳӴҪһŮܴѡ
׵ġݸɫҪǵãǸۺʱܵ˹ݣ¼ΣҲҪһɹݽ档
۾ѧ˵ĿİͰ͡ظ
ԴЦȻԣᣬĹû˿ͷġ
һʱСùʲô˼Ǽ˵⣬ССվ˵дҪĲ΢ľˣҪϹݡ
ؽ̻ժӳ伢ѰҸֿζĹִ˲ˡɽ棬ĹӴִ࣬żҲζζģʱûҵöȥĿ첻ġ
һȥɺǶѨԱߵɫӣڲóԲ̫Ķֹ֭ˮ࣬ĿųԡͬϲǻʳУժſڵĶЩջ𣬼⣬вԵҧһֱۣѪһ䳤
Ѱ˿˵Ĳҩ˷˿ϣֳ½ذ˿һ𣿡
һͷۡ
ɿ֣ӽµ½˿ϣһʵĽᣬ˹Ȼ۾ҪǵûȥԿǸ˵ɵģǲعС£˭㣬ҪҲҪ㣬һһȥֻüƽϺȸ׻׻̵ĩ˲ĵһ䣬ɼסˣ
һֽĽ⿪Լ°һȦĵһͷˡ
һԴο
ʮѧϰΪ˴ͣʲôѧʲôѧһϸʦһΪһ壬ǿиݵȡżأѧĽЩۻĵĹƢһǼؽ̳ģһ˺Ѹĵ
ԺʱõĴ޷һϲŭ޳һȷ黹졣һ˵ʣ˵˶˵ϲŭ޳ȷ黹죬ҸøһƢô
ԴԴǵҲ˵ˣ˾ϲŭ޳Ȼ˵ĻֺαšҾ;ƢԺܺãǸúӡ
ͬ˵Զģõĸ磬һʱһ仰ߣǽҪ˵Ļȥȥ
һһֱڲɽǼ£ͬؾɫ¹ƽƽţֱԪݽȥգ㲻ǳĽѣ಻ûġ
Ȼ컯Ӳ׷Ź˭һ˿̶Ⱦ׼ĳӣһĽӳϸϹȥκ˽ѵĻᡣ
緢£һħħͷеħ˱췴ɽͷħصĵ۾΢λǳӲɽܵħĻ𣬾ҡҡ׹غпܹΪ硣
ɽû뵽ɽ⣬Ļζʱɫˣæơ۾ʱͣ¶ħַɽһӾˡ
΢ִǿ̣ɽ˳ѩëСѩӷ׵ƮһһѻܵӾؼѪ
ⳡѩıһЩѾ˴룬꼴ȥɽͬҪһѣɽֻһһȺ˵ĶԼһλ֮͡
λ֮ͱȳ΢ĻҪ磬ɽĻζɵġ֮͵ͷֻ˶ǣ˼ģסı裬һһײɽɽûҪͣµ˼
һ²վ£öӿɫ¹ɽƤëÿٿһײɽªĲ֮͡
ɽϵûªģģһ㲻ΪҪײɽ˵һ򲻹ܣײײȥգֻΣͬɫ¹Ķ߱ɡ
ѩʱ̣ͷǵħᵽ˳΢Ϣµײ֣ӻ֣ɣȻ΢ȴˡ
ó΢λڲϵ½ħɷǣλħҲҪûȫ޳ΣһħģûҪΪħ¶СץΪ¡
۾ûŵ£ֻһÿЩ𱻳΢ײνɽԶľɫ¹ûüܣֻԱŲһС㱻ªħһŲ飬ͷѵžš
һûĹ˳б¹ħĽűߡɫ¹һźֻһָ
ɫ¹ƩĸףСһһ̽ιȻ˵Ҳû˵ĵһĸԱȶԼػҪ
޳嵭Īİˣǵüͬ˵²Ҫ£Ҫ뷨跨ҪһɹΪݽ档
ͷûбֻò޼ָ׷Сħµļɽӣһܼ˵ħϣָǶҪ˺һҧסĺܣݽţĲɿڡ
ɱƩĸ׵ľɫ¹ȻҪ֣
ħʹҡ壬һЩɽȥֳ΢ټҲѹŵģ͵͵ŭĶȮһצصһķкһƽı⡣
һۼһЩ˫סħһǣ͸ҧסĶ䣬ݺݵش͸ȥħһ˸գԼһ겻˦ͷ뽫һ˦ȥ
һǿսûܳãһϽҧۣħ´Ҳûܽ˦ȥʹֵ󲻹Ǹܾ˵Ľ
΢ѭ̤ѩϵɽʱıô
ºڷŮħһħϣħĻζҡҰڣ˫ͨ췢ץħƤë֣ƾ硣һ˲侹뵽ħ߳Ƶսȼ
ۿħռϷ磬Ů˦һ˼⣬ڿշԾ𣬰۷ɼֳ̧彣ħѨһԭɫ⡣
תĽөһûħڣתѿӵ֫ٺ
ͷǵħֻüƺһȥķһצش£һ̺ѪǡһĻȣҲ
һħϻڱĵϡѻǳѩѪȾ죬һѪȥĺۼʺĿ糤ָħƤ⣬˫̫޷ֻܽţֻӲķצ
ֵĲɽɽ֮ϣѵ˾ѩڮ˳һѺ彣ģݲ˽ģòÿ˺
ǵѪ£ħѪˣղԵʣ˿̬Ĳ԰סһǳϡѩϣס̤ѩֱһ֮ңĵط
ѵڷѩУίأڸʣϵöɫһζײöվȺ˶٣һֻ֣ɤͳԸߣײһ
쵽ǰְֻ޳ǽڷ͸ůһöɫĹǽĴָϣʧȥɫá
һ³еëѪ̧ȥǵѪֻų΢һ˫۾Ҫһ㣬ȥ
һʱ˿˵
Ƚɾķӿ̳ʱͬͽ֣˼
δɷ֮ǰǷһˣʿϰֱ֮᪻ӰŮӵʮ꣬δȵŵľµĻһҹͶ˺ӣƺ쳾ɽ֮䣬Ǳճһӡ
̳ضϯͽܽΧˮйͨ
ΪŮָֻ֮飬һѪŨˮ飬Ů֮֮԰ڣµһָ飬غѪԵ 顣
֪֮飬Ī֮飬ǰŤ˵ͬͷ
һӵͽдµĲӣ˶ʱΪɻͬ΢֮ûѪŨˮ飬Ҳûв飬ȷȷʵʵŮĹϵôǷеָڣ
Ȼ©һ䣬ӴڵԶҲƣֽĵطһ仰Щģ壬˹ȥīдС͸̵ֽĪһ֪
ɽѩµܽһһŶëѩһ棬صԼδͷ˸һµ꣬ĽɫͼԣѤùǺ財
ԵִӴ˿̿ʼһ·߸ͽͣ½Ų



ȴ

վˣһȹһգڵĹϲůģЩȷ̣ӰѲƵġ
ͷƮûǰЩӻ죬ֻʣǼţƴҶӳԽ̣ڵͶһƬ߲һһ顣
һԾɻ׳棬һѷƤڵڷͷϾʱȨĥʱ䣬ŵͷȥ
źһŮէͣһĽŵľţҲζ
Īҹħŵֱӣϴιͬ˽Ըӵһֻ֣ѹƱ˸ˣСȲɹ̫ɽɴСҲȥˣֻڷŲӿһڿһЦˡ
Ĳ£ҹʧķ֮ĹֲֻȥͬҹϵС˵߶˵߶Դɽ㲻󰮳ţռ䲻һΣű̫ɹ˻˷ͷʱһ˶Цûꡣ
ޱȵǵüͷ̾ϢһǰС⣬֮ʳմҲմģܳһ̺չ֭꣬Ҳεһɶ뵽һйʱ飬Ⱥ̾˿Ƴתūź꣬ͷһУˮðʱϣʵΣ֮õǣ䣬ˡ 
յй࣬Ļ˼һ˼ǽܵľ̫ԵʣǹСڹУ˶ĺܺã˵ɽħﳤóªСǱˣջû׼ˡ
˵Ĳյ̧ͷе⼸ҪƹʹߣʱʱߣĹұ㽫ǹ齻㣬ܽӾп˶٣յȷϣ԰գ
΢΢һҧʳָָ׳ɵܡֲһ䣬ܡصͷҿһԡ
Ҫοǹ飬˾űòŮκһλūͶҪ
ɫ谵˻Ӵȼڰȥοǹ飬ָӶеˣǹ鵹ͬ˻űӣЦǰ󷭵ǷĲ˼ôдôܻ䡣΢۾ͬݸ߹񣬽˾дӵ˾ܽǴճһԶ䡣ЦĽǿ˹ͷһȥʱһҪⱾҲϣЯ˴ȥһһֶ
񼤶ЩӰϷҹڿϿ˵ˣȻĲǰεһû¶˶ƶѵӴ°ʣվ˵ϵôūһֱдɶǻ˵ģɣû˿ǳǳһЦ¶ѣɫƤοͷ۾д覣ūܾ̫٣ϲ˰գУֻûŮӸվߣҲַֻ绪Ӳͬվһ𡣡
ҹô˼£ɫһƬЦӯӯ÷绪ϲЦԽأϵʣһΪֻг΢۾õģͬвͬ۹⡣
ҹΪζԴ˵еȤʶһ㣬Ǵݡ˳ǽӿķħˡ
ֻ÷ĲյһˮԽӵݵǹϣǵɾúЩ
ҹӹյɻ
һһˣɽûš
ǹӵһȻͷ̫ǹƤϸ壬ȥ˿ֻᱻɹڣҵúš
⵹Ҳǣµ̫Ȼ¶Ծܽ˴ӰɹڡѹҹǴڷСеĵ˼ֵ֣ǶЦǰ󷭡
һµŲͷļӣָߵһͬ⼸ӵ˼ƼҲһ֤ͬһЦǰ󷭡
СȫҲûͼܿҳȫֵĲǴҲġǸƽݣǸ񣬰˳ҲС˵Ȥʶֱ࣬ò˼Цˡ
ŵĲоֻԲûȥԲָۣһǰǴģʱ˰㡣
һ˰ֵ׵ӣסԲŤͷһ񡣿˰Σھ쵽һ¶Ϊֹͬǹ˲
ǹŮȻ֪ǹʳϰߣķСˣԲŻᵣǵࡣ
ɫ£һ£ͷһͷŵĳҡһİϡ
뱩¶ԼݣȻ¶Ҳû⣬ͬǹȻһ壬ǹ壬ĻǣǲŽʬ£൱ˡ
ֻڻˣ뱻ɸӶԴһ˼⣬һһǳͣʳضҪһЩȻӪϣ᳤ߵġ뵽ʲôƵͣ㲻ʳҪͬһ㣬ϲԵĶҲҪӲͷƤȥԣŻʵӲʡ
񲻽򴽣ʴС۾΢΢ţɻ
ʮ껹ܳôҹ˳˽Ϸ룬Ѽ޵ƹȥ̫ˣƹʮϹϹﻹܳô
ЩɻûʳڣһҹءͷƬ̧̣ͷһɫݵūϲԡ
һббһۣȻһͷɺɣҲϲԡ
ΨһŮʧãɽħҲȥͬϲ쳣ٹ»աɫҹӳĶĻҹ硣
һͷ˯˯˳ԣŲŲιιСģúǿ
вǣûҪָļʱ͵͵˶ҲŴɻϵƤĥһ㣬Ҳûǣǵ˰öָס
׹뷲һ£ٳٶҲ÷ˡֻСӻһЩȥһܸǰȻɽ硣
ҹɵƻͨϨ˺һųȥץ˰³ƵĹӣɿѤõ
ѵ꽫֮˼һ㣬ûֹߴСֻҲææģôˣҲֻһΡ
һѰ굱˶õѣΪõѣԼҲˡֻ棬ˣҪϸѰҵ˭棬ܱһ˴öࡣ
ֻһ֣ӵã˸׵⡣ǰסһ룬־ܴжôÿֽ˷磬ңԶӣèʯÿ
΢۾
ժһţֹ֯ĺϵǰ
ۼèʯÿӵʵ塪ĳλɾۡ
ժһŵͷԳ˸ӣá



ҹ

˼£𾪳Ұ⣬ܱ߼СҲզ಻ѣֵڹ̽ͷ
ʱһ˿ﲹߣҹڵҹʵڳŲȥŻطЪϢ˲˯úֺģʱѹҲûѡ
ɽ֮Уǹ鱻˻׼ȻǹɽŹûƹ˻飬˷Ƹ
ƹ̫ӵҵʦţƸĳƺƵһֱŵͷȥϵ䱦һǳأ⶷ҹʮԡ
ʱ֣Է˸ӷ磬ƹʹߣǹʢװǰ̫ӵҵʦһơ
һ˯ѹ֪ϢǾһһǳص䱦ˣʮָͷһյĹҲû̶һǮԼˣǵԪݽȥʲƲû꣬ҪҪ裿
׹ĻʱŻȻѹԳЦЦǹƸ񣬸һ˿ϵҲޣô
ǸһӵԼ˴ƣǼˣܿҵĻǮˡ
ˣȻһˣĻģ˳Ҫһӡ
̧ۿɫְϼյ糺һƬڰʱǰȥ٣ʱá
ÿӸ˼ƹ潫Żˣӵ°ǻˡƹҪ̫ѿֱƹضȢӺôǸ¼ƽᱻ䳰Ц̧ͷ
ƹ˻£˷Ƹ̫ӵҵʦͣɼƹԴµӡȴһ׮˼Ȼʤϲ
ԸӸ£Ȼܰµ£һСʮľģٲʱЩ±ݾģͬ
ȥʱԷһˣӸС檾λһ̺죬ڻ࣬֬˱ǡ
һֻϵÿӵĸϯ˶Ȼ࣬һвиòĳڵӣŻû󣬵۱֣һûһĸ
ʱܵĻƴͥԺưʯשϣصĻҷҷˡһüԤϯ͵յƻȥſڣʹ
ƹʹ߽ǰͷһԶԶۣи͵ȵȻΪڣرƹ̫ӵλҵʦ
ֲʶӱĸ磬ֻԱˡ
ÿȹϣߵͷɢɢһ·һȤһղСֳ˧˼֣Ǳ۾۾ģǷˮò
һĻ˵ֿɫˮŵǰϣĨЦҲһȦ´ټƸҪϲˡ
С˵Ĺ
һ򶨵ڲˮס絽ϵһȥңƹʹߣҼ޹ȥ
ЩȻ㲻ô
صɽȥˣ޸лԼ̫кξ壬οеǹգĹ£ⳡԼͬһһ޹ء
벻ޣûֵء
ָ̧Լ˰뱭ˮյߣŵ ǲ롭ֻƹδ̫˵˻˻飬˵ҪȢƸǳһڣȵĲյǹ顭ҺôҲǸ޹ȥպƹȻûеλԡ
ɫ۵Ǿ˼̧֣ѹƽˣͷҲҵǵģ˵һ£ƹĶ˽˵ģʵԿԴƱ
ɫһʾܸȤʵԣ͵ŮӲŻ£ȻϲԵ˵鶯һܼסĶ֮١
ûһҲÿһǰ鷢ƹĶ¸ҹϵһҪãͬ˵ųҪ˻ĻƹԭȢ¹Ĺ̫Χ¹ΪƸȥûã¹Ĺ㱩жתͷͬʽףƸ黹δͳȥʽλ˷財ĸ׶ϵˣֻա
ЩĿһôЩֻ꣬ϵƹ̫һֱûҲû裬̫ܲӲȢ̫գֻúƤסһڱɫˮĵ޹ȥɰģǻ㵱һźŵġ
ƹ̫Ǹ޵һ㲻ľǴðģȻ񰲺ãѱԺ󲻻ᱻΪõĸ磬Ϊѹһô
ĳ̾˿һЩҪ㡣
̧ͷ
һ¾յڣ³Ĳĭӣ֣صұƹ̫ӵ¿ˣǵ÷ڵҷհֽյ˲ڤõġ
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һճЦϿ˼ûû޳ȥͰͰѸ
һʱܽ󿴸ɫԲ۾͵ֱɻס
ŲſѵȻҲˣֱ߸λã߻˸ɴŮӣٳûְѵ꣬ǱɴŮӵסˡ
ɴŮ񾲣ʱƫͷͬ꽲ô국һͷĲѰ覴ãٲȻһԱˡ
ղһˣΪֿѵһôЩΪˣͬʱҲһɻ
ԶһŲȥѣԵλѵŵŮ˭
˳Ŀȥ˵Ǹѵģüͷ΢΢ţ΢ķˣոչ΢磬˳ҲתͷһҲǲµģͬ΢Ӱ룬ֶóɫƵϾ䣬԰˳Ƿޡ
и΢һؿԶ˵㡣û˵һӵҲһһ΢ǺίʵѪ
ֿһɴŮӣһĥϵؽɴֵӣһڳбĿͬǻݻģɸɴ
Ůױݾ£Բ򳤵ŷɸɴעĿЩ
ȻЦˣ΢λ˳˷֮ˣҳôûÿŮӣһۣԾþޡ˳ò̫ɫϰգɸɴ硣˶٣ŵֻ˲üϲɫֲǲ֪
һ΢΢۾һҶҶҶٴķʱ˹Ī˷ܡ
ͬһϲŮ費ͬǷǳֻòɫеģ͵۹ȥ˶ǡ
ͬ˵һϲŮӣòÿʴ󷽣꣬˳ɾɴġʱͺһŮӣڵóԸ
˶˵ָһƤѣɴ»ͽ¶İ°ͣһнĹģ
һɵͷ˶˶ԸѶܳԳŵҪѣӽ³ѣһǳɲͣٵġ



˾

ע˶̫Уһѳ꣬˶ĺ׵ת濴һװµӿĵطκ˶תͷת̫죬æĵطԵ顣
߽£һΨһ¶۾һĨϤ
߰͸䣬͸ŲмԴһӣʶһŮҲλŮӲҪ뷨ӽҿɴһǲʶλ
һĨϤע˻һѺõЦǸ߸Ǽ
ɸϵŮ뿪͸¶Ҫȥѵ˼һʱƻزѺõЦŲ˹ȥ˳ƽҲһϡ
˶ŵϲʵ뿴˶̶ֳȣȨһ档
ͬƹʹ̸չǹ޹ȥĵһӵͷǴˮֻ֣Сȡϲ
һȨûɴ˶ߣȵһתλ꣬˼ͦİ㡣
ͷ΢ǲſ˫ĿƽĴϲֻƬҶƵġҶӵ񶼱ȿЩ
һһĿֻķŵԵʣȻֿͬѣҲñһӡ
Ψһצӣ˸ֵ׼һɴŮЦŵ΢ķ˰գִһһᣬһһᡣ
˶¶ͷĶü΢׵ɤҲ۾һ㣬͸Ž΢ЩɻЩ̽ʡ
Īǽ껽̫УһɿֻæͣС绽΢Ҳ͸Żˡץһץķ٩٩ֻǸп޵ĴţǰЩӻһֱ׳ʿšͺñҵС磬ֻʱŻỽС磬ƽֱӺš
һƵĿ˦Ҳ˦һͷҲ֪ڵ
ɴ˶ȻЦˣѻںڵĽëϵɫҡͷ۹ء
һת˲仰˼Ϳ۹⣬˵Ĳ²ǶԵģ˶ȻķˣһͲ³ĹϵԲŻ˵۹ա
ɴĵװڱһǣ˶̿µķŰ˱ɫ̲ƷƷҲŷζػڰϣ˶ѣˣȥȡ
̧һյҶ¾ƣĵãŰա
˶۾¶뵣ǣüһߣ徭ס紵ֲǲ֪ġֹƵŤͷҵĻûȥҲһ䡣
һУɴ˶֮ͬĸ飬һ񰡡紵ϣ˶˶ȥȡ磬మصʣŮԿ
ĬĬΪԼһᣬ۵ĻţŬ̧ȥԴССǾĽ۵׽ᣬƹ̫ӳòãСҲãб˵Ļǰ£Ľˡߡ
бۿĽ˰ա
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껹ûֹ˶˶Ź뿪ȥȡ磬ٵһҲûǵꡣ
˳ˣ˶˼ǰ¶ʵĸ飬Բſ߹ޡ
ٴչȥͬ˵仰һ˺ȾƵǣӰÿ۾ƽʮµ˼Ǻӣһ˪Ӳ졣
Ҫվֱӣ̨ϲλȻֹ˻磬ӵĸʹŮͨȥ̫ʦһơ
һ˻¿ӸȲǾƻȥ꣬ŤͷС磬ҰԸǱƵݹıҽһЩʡ·
εָһһбۣĶ衣Һ޵ƹ̫ӣպ˷̣޸ƽӱ׼ɺ
΢ӣȡһյƸһ䣬̫ӵʦˣվƹľ㲻ؾú£˾ٻظ
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ѹǿҲǿ󲻹ĳ΢۾ڳ΢߶꣬ĿȾһٻı£Ӧࡣ
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ͷľƱЩòȣΰΰξˮʯϰڵһɫϣһĨ֡
ƹ̫ʦͦ򾲣Ȼȵƽ糣ֻѻ˵ꡣ
һڹڸ½Ʋֻ粻ǰ󣬶Ƭ˼ĸ飬ۼһһûȥҪÿＷʳ͵ƹȥкǳơⴥߣֱ˵ĸоɫŲۣһԣܾãƹӦЩʲôóͬ׵ĳҲܰļ޹ȥ 
˵ƹףԷķ¶˳ʲô˵ֱӾͼȥƹˡȻͬ˵ˣҪһ¡
˾ӵ¶綼֪
̫ʦ˰µʯɫ˵˼κݿڣȻ˿ڣҲòӦʣϴ˼޵ƹһңÿķǿ
һһδĹǹ飬Ҽ޹ȥúܺáˬľٱһɶҪж졣
Ȼˮºһ˲άֵĺɲǼɢȵĺԭ££ֻˡ
ȥүģ˭ˮ˾ƣ
ǹĿӣϰԻԼģԼξƲմϰԣ⵹˱¿ˮ͵͵ԲƺŪȥԷƲǧ
һѣһĿ˿ʯԼİյͬѵ˵Ż࣬һ뷢ǹζĿˮüȫ˳
һٵͷԧյȻǸô
Ȼ²ˣԼģͿֳôҲҪһΡ



ϲ

̫ӵʦͦһһȸ˾ˮеЦҪ޹ˣҪһʦձ񫣬ɺã
׾ϸ𻨰һĺ⣬һһԺ˵۾ŴҴֻһʦҲٻκʦ
д겻ɢȥִݺ꣬Ȼ಻ĵطҲûٰݹһλʦȫԼһһǰС
΢ĺݣپŵĻǳĶ顣ʦһӰһԣ˷֪ѧô΢ΣΪ˴ǹƥ÷ΪʦĻȫˣǲٰԵʦ
̫ʦҲգ˳һ˳׵ĺӶͷнڣ겻ǿƹ̫ҲΪ⡣
һûĻȥ˵Ļһͨͷȥͷ˲ɢûˡ
ǵƺٻȥ΢۾Ѱŵλãҡҡλӣײ·ˣػصԱߣһľõҺˡ
ѵľһҪãôֻһƱˣ
ﲻһ£ǧǹ飬һһǹĿӣǹһľһľ
ǳһ̧һӣʯͷʯ룬ʯͷѵҲҾǰգһԸãǲţ͵飬ɼǸ۹ģϲͬ۹˵
ѵĿӣĿʯһشȻջȥ
ĬĬ˲ϵĺһһξ룬Ȼ˿Ŀһ˫֣пֻͷӡ
ĥһĲأֻǺȵˣͻѹԷͷиͻʱЪŵСӭ磬ľһСѾƣС̴ų΢
һСķŲ΢ҲûٻͷһۣһǸȥȡķϣԵ±㶼δˡ
ɫˮйһأһƬ̵ĲƤïʢˮɫЩɫࡣ
ЪŵСԷһЩ룬Զʢ֮СȴǹĻݵأΨҹɪɪԴ⡣
һС̴ľϣīɫķڶߣֱֱ£ʣһֻԴףԺ΢⣬ٻһС磬Сһģǹ顣Դѹڵµͷ˿˵׼ͻȥˣͬҵһ㣬˯һҲѰңʱټҲ˵
̧ϵͷųЦĺͿˣôһǹ飬Ǹȡģǹ顣
ǹЩʳӵΪ˴ǰ֮һжܽΪ˳˵Ľ֮ɽܵһ⾪ţӿ϶ܵ˲
磬չǲְ
˯˯üͷɷнµ૱⣬Ҳǹ飬һһ
ͷЦᡣ˵ƺΪֹͬʱǹĲǰ˵ЩеûģǵʶһŮӣǹڹǣҲϵá
ܵЦһЦһûһصúúãһôǹء
ſŵ˻شɷн£ɤƵųҲ֪ĶȥˣˣҲͬһڱ˵Ŀ˱˵ݡ
Цͬҵ־ħ鼮Ȼ棬½ĻҲܱһ˵Ҳħ
ſŵһ˳˯ò̴ֱ̹ľϲ伸£»˸ƣ˻Դķӡ
ɫת֣ڷᴵͣѵ̤¶īԺ󣬱ɫҪϼֵƮȻ
С̴ľѰˣͬģڴ˵صҲûҵҪҵˣûȥѰѰæĿſŵ˶ϣָ̧һ㣬ˣ
ͷǹľһãͬһ𶼹಻ղ֪ģֻһյƱĺͿˣ˵Լǹ飬ǡĻǲˣߣȴٳ˵ʲôšֻ֡
΢ľһӣڷЩʱգշպټˣء
￴΢°ڰ֣ˣôշշģסһӣ˵ҲûҵҪҵˡЩͷǹͷ̧ͷཻһ֪΢ĹںεأԵصĻ˵Ϊʱ硣
΢ĬȻ׶еЬӲȵأ뿪üҴĨ޵Ц⣬̹Ȼټֻգ粻
˵վûɳֻأӲ뷲صߣһֱ¶Ļĳ졣
ԺҲûôͬ
ĬȻ֪΢Ҫߣһʱó΢ѰˡѰû嵭ȡ
˿ʶһܸЩ֮飬΢飬ȻѣֻԶһձؾۡ
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ŵͷ̧𼸷֣뵽ǹǰ˵Ļ˫ѹϣǶԼһ㣬ˣ˵ԸһҡͷڵǸδ̫ˣԴӶֺֻ㲻ϣ޵ƹܺһЩ
ǰеĲӶ£΢ȻʧЦζľ׽֣һβ³һһ䣬üظһ飬ҡ
ԭ⣬ȻͷĲһ˵ǸһһЩһ̧ģƽġ
ɲŷ۾ԷڸƽĸŮɤᣬ૳һ
̬Ȼɽ輧ӡ
δüٻȻ򼸷ֻ֣һķϷε˺üֻһˤСȥ
ȵվȣַ֧СľϣٳСп
뿪꿿࣬ƽˮﲨһˮͷڣСִмڴһ㣬̽ŵСң
һϮ׻ŵأ˵Ů̧ͷǰ׹ŵջλƣδͣ£ӳҲ
¹˰ǰˣ˫Ŀдŵɻ벻ܰһδ䴽ǣɵȷϵʦ̧ͷȥƲƲ죬ı࣬ѵЩ̫ԭ򣿡
˳̨ӱ£ʶȤˣ̴ľߵһһŮ
ôãͬ΢ء
ʱڷһȻ価ٹЩӶˣҪѰһֻ꣬
һͬһһ겻лļʢţֵֻĵط٣һﶼֵĻĶ̻ĺ̻
һ꣬һͬһݱңܿܿ졣΢ﴩɫһͷߵͷʱͻͬûǰգ
̧ͷƵ֣ĬƬ˼Ҳգһ欣֮زز仪һˡڿһ˾ƵĻҲʮ
һʱôֻó΢ȡϿڣ߯ںʮֻϲĵͷӦˡ
պ磬˽ֻһʱ֪˼
ͬ΢ֵֹˡ۾ܺ˵ͷһô˵һͷΪ֣׳
һдֵֽ̫¿˰Σճ䣬Ӵû˵Ҫ֡



ǰԵ(1)

յһ䶯Է֮죬ƹɱȨĳ΢۾Դŵģһۣʱ˺ü汾
ŵ۾ʱô
İ汾һ˵ǳ΢۾ͬŮŮڷ꣬۾˷س죬Ǵɽ磬ֲһɸڣӴλɰࣻ˵ǷһĹ۾ͬн飬ӦУߺŸɵ̧֣һ̧Ըʼҵ鹡
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ֻͣ˶ް׵Ʋʵ£ڵ˯Ĺû㣬ܷˣͼ
īɫίأɫͼתһһĺʦһֳ΢۾
һͷȥߵĴæûü۾˵һҹˡ
ްƲƽȵڿգ۾ĺȥĤ죬޽ǵͷҲ
۾˲Եƣǽڷһ󣬺Ľ壬˼ֱ˳ֹ䣬ߴߵͬҵʮ룬ûʲô͵ģֵǮˡ
۾Ǻʱ¶޸ĸʱֻһȻɵʯһöǽ䡣Ϊ۾ǿʯһ˫壬һֱ䣬δоħײĶǳ΢ˣȻɢ
һʮĺǰʹյˮ౶ĳ̶ȲԶ
һĵͷ΢ΰϵ壬ǻĵǻů׵ʦһֱŵģ߯ˣҲҪ
̵ͬĽḴ쳣΢˰ڻʧܸաֻòݲϵ˸ⲻᣬ̧ͷؾͺãŪ˻ŪˣԼʰӳ쾳ųȥ
ֶסһϽ跨⿪۾ϵᣬǻ֣̿ǻǻա
۾ǳһЦָ̧죬ھʹӳ쾳ųȥ
ഹĺа·̣ɾֱ̲۾ȷս׷ɣɽһģҪƽжƽ
һĿת壬ָ̧ȥĦšһգۺƻܿѪսͷʿŵأǹϵĺӣƮڷĬãĵʦеѹ˵ΪʲôѹһֱҪ壬Ӧø˵ġ
۾ôûû˽·ֻԸʣµһö壬ͬҿԡ
еĲ仰׵ȥˣһſϣµ۽ָͷһζҪʵϲζ󲻹㲻ܳƽֻ嵭ģ鲻ãʦңԶһô
۾ЦͣµĴ棬Ũüһ󷽵
һֱҪ
ɽ֮˸ǰ죬ʹɽ֪ǴӳģûϹ
Ƕط̫ӡ̫˵ڵĶҪģģһἰͻסĶ
İ£̲죬˵۾һ룬ΨԸڳǶʱ⡣
֧ȥΨһϣΨһϣҲûˣ治øúȥδӡ
Ӱб䣬ӳصӰһǹۣԷеĹƣתƮС
ԹһյŨ裬̨ӣͷƫġҿĲյľҡڣ΢춯ַ̧ͣζĲյӣ˼㱣ݵϲա
ѵǸϲɵŮӣ
ǹͬǸж˽ҲŲһͨǷɭϣĸûĿУӲ
ϣǹƽܿ࣬һﳤģֲҪֲǹϺӣ֪Ҫꡣ
˵ƹ̫ӵ²ǹ飬ȢֻΪһֽԼⶫĻһջ
Ըǹֲܿ࣬Ըɢһˣԥ˼պǹ鶥Ƶ۾޵𣬳С߰գĸԸͬһǵ˼һлԼҼ޵ƹȥ޵̧߼֣ĿС͸ߣңҲϲƹ̫ӣһϲ˶ǹ˭Ҳޣĸǿһȫʬ͸ʬȥƹˣ
ʱڳ⣬ǹ麿ɤޱȣҭ˺ͷӲȥ
ǹ£Ƭ̣ϣҸֵ뷨ǹʳǵ뷨ҹų
ǰҵĽԾ˸СڼǹΨһΪ£ԺҪԼˡ
֪ǹ飬ĸɳȥ˽ǹǹ˶ֻ֣˵ôҲӦ
ÿÿǹֵֻצӣھܷϺü˵ǹûƵģóԳԸúȺȣҲʶϢǹ⣬ãǹǷŲ¶ġ
ͬ΢ߵĽ˳Ϊ΢òм΢ߣĶԣҲΪҪǻˣǹһ߿ȥˡ
ͬʱмɻ󡣳΢ͬм񣬵ڵ˻ĵز΢ΪڣΪжû᲻תϲ˳΢
˼ȥҲû͸С̴ľԵһŮĬȻԣ׿һЩеûģҲݡ
΢΢̽бĿȥǹϣǳƽȣ˯ˡ΢ǹԣĬ˰ΣĽϵ׳ǽڷֶ£ӭŷ罫׳ǹϣ˳סͷ˿
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΢õ̬һ򵭵ģ㲻磬İԺһЩ֪ǲͬ΢ãǹã˳΢ǹԱİЩ
٣·Ǻעӣѳ˶ѵøе̬ȡ
񡭡˵һֵʱ򣬳΢Ͳ
ֻûǳһڰɫĲˮü㲻ˣ
ѵֱǹ鱧ڻУԼиɫͼһϸʱǹ⻬һƬۻˡ
Ŀų΢ɫԶߴ΢ĻҹأҲ䡣
ĬĬһڲˮˡһ͵ȥ
ҹӺ߯ʮֵƫҲԲ̣ӳԷ硣
໰ûü˵Ʃʣ΢еСҲðգǸϵõǹҳ΢ϵǸˣͦϲǸˡ
ǹתǻ뿪ЦͬĺͿˣ˵ԼǷˣǷģѵǴ˵ɽô
ʱҲֻǹĺͿˣ֮úЦ﹩棬ϣܻһˡ
ϸ룬ȷͲͨĵط
ԸȥԸԸˣʬ£̫翣̫ƽʢûĶƮ㣬ǲɴڡ



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ڶճģӣҲǰ裬졣
չʱưƵµһһ죬ǰһǾޱ˴ĻɫĻ걻ˮˮУ˲˸͸
ѵѸ磬һȥһˣǹŮӲȦﶼȥ
ڴ˯һգӴ򷢴ع⣬Ȼ˯ȥԴ𣬹̺ӣһϳԳŵĶӣһڴߣ̧Ŀ´˿ʱ䡣
ˮ⽦ܣһ㱼ҹһΡ
£˵ñԣ̽õμҸĽεʣҲȻˡûε۾ϾεˣңǸɫĴΡ
μ۾ŻСңŵ۾Ķͷŵ۾Ϊһ°ɫۣϵ·ڻŵ
Ϊʰ齵Ŀ϶͵͵ס췢̵գſϣĶǲɸ˵ɬ
ѵǽ̫ʣôһȻĴΣ˵ʣ꣬ҲûδΣѵǷķˮʺΣ
ſϹȥƵ뽫ĴӴѣüͷţף˭ģĻͦÿĻ˷½ֵǼӵۣйݵӵۣ½һ
ɬôϣһӲŤͷȥ°ɫĳ۵ָ⣬徫ɫϸ˿һȻܴͨġ
ʶУֻе۾һ˰½һԭŮһϣӲǶĨʳ˼̻
һȻڶߣһŵվָ֯Ŀϡ
ѵһжġ۾ȻѰˣ
еһ̺ҳˣֻʣտյԿǣܴǻƵģһҲŸʲô
ֽ۶ֱϣ̧ͷ˼Сߵλ͹ģԼǴ˵ѣҪϴһϴٻȥ
̧ĿһаɫһۣŵѾŲӣȥץ۱ߡ
ԭأûŲӣֽԱ۵ơǸҹţǷɹİգ
Уȥ̫ҽԺ۾۾ɬûţǳëˣǷɶУҪϼҩκá
˳߸ǿС޵һǵͬסһģ¹ȥ֪ѰѰõˡ
صС̿űߴ΢΢˯㡣ҹƹǰ׵ʹߣͬͬųһ޵ľƣ΢ʱŻЪϢû˯һʱص۾
һűߣִһ˯С̣ǰķʪ˸׶죬һһƵµˮ̧ߣһˮСӴλںδҪ¡
صС̴˯оѣˣ˰βϳҵĹҹͬһ뿪ˣûȻ۽Ҳߣȥͬӵ˱𣬹ٻˡ
ű߾һ̲ˮԼܵ˵Ӱӣʪ͸ͷϣҵ񱻴ĴǾޱļ¶һ˿˿ȥһȻһͷ
С̵˯⵭˼֣æĽȡֽɡ۾ŵĲɡʪ˷纮ôãɷūˡ̧۽ֽɡһͷ
彥ץ°ɫһڵأմˮһ˦°ɫۣӹСеֽɡ Ŵæ˴ˣСɡȻһȥ
С̵Ŀ˦ȥϣѡ
һŤͷЦᣬҲͦǰգŵŵĨգǵҪóһСһСģȻ˷ˡ
С˵ĵһͷ㶯ֲʮĨ˵ǱѰĨҪɾλεճ˵Ӱӡ
һص˸裬¶ȪůʪݵƤˣǵĴ飬ӳ
ʱ׮¡
һ׮Ե۾δˡʱֱ뽫ԼϴˮǰһôģҲܼƫƫһԣԵ۾ֻǴֻƬв׽˵˿㼱ȥ֤ǰһˡ
ĺͿˣС˵۾һԵݣһ˵
мңͬķ˶࣬ٯٯ۾ϹƵģʮһڳ죬ȥֻһŶգȻô
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һˮףϸ΢Ļ˲ϨǱˮһһͷᡣ
ӵص֮󣬻᲻ģû뵽ָˣ֪Ȼͷ
ȼյȶȺʹСָֻ˰ɣɢ֮٣˻ָļٹЩӣȫָˡ
һ㣬һԭ鳩켸֣ųԵľͶЩ˲٣ʱֻ˼زˣմȵһδϡ
ҲһԳˣ϶һܡ
ӵĸɫϲǣͳӲһǵĽ֭üĿƹѶӣպӭȢ㣬ͬ㸸ӼЩһЩҲ޷һǸʡĵģһռ޹ȥͬ㸸һ
Ƥߺ˵ŵûţȫȻ޵¡
˵Ҳ죬˵Ҳ
һյĺչ꣬ĿԽԲֻվʱ΢һЩʳ
ƹ˴Ҫļһ潫ϣɫеԭѾˣֻ͵ƹ̫ӵ²÷ʲô裬˵ǰǼ²ÿ˲ϲģټȫ·һ˵ӱ㻨˺üӣһ԰ա
ǰǰΧģ蹫Դµʱίһ£治ȥˡ
ʱһ˺ߣ̧Ŀɨһ۵ļ£ӵΪǹ黨Ǯ޹ȥ̫ͷ
ЦŵͷչҪˣƹ̫ӵѾϰףǰһСھ ˵˴һ٣˿ڿˮŵūС̷ˮ˵ƹ̫ӵ³úñϵεĿһ۶Ļţͷܴȥ֪Ҫܳɡ
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ôãòڵֻһǿС硪ѡ˵λҲѣи΢ͬĵ۾΢ȣνС׼ס
۾ò繲֪¶仹бȳ΢ÿӡ
أԷŻգһŰ״ɵĲҡͷչţ°̾˵ã֮꾹۾ĳòֻ̫ӵ¾ͼͬ
ǰӵĸҹߣǰ˳˿ӵˣ˵ǵ޵ƹ󣬱ɱĻ
һֻÿӵ˽жһŲ֪
ӵĸ뿪ڴ˰ޡôռ˿ӵǣŵȥƹӵĶǰξɰǻһ˿ֵġ
ȥƹ󣬿ͬһ㳹׻˾ţ˴޽һ˿֣Ҳʱˡ
˵ǰҪһƣܺȾƣһˮȥμ㵱Ǵӣͬ
εһ·ѣʯ̾͵С·͹ƽһմƽ׵Ьӣ߹ʮ̨ףȥΡ
ĸ׻۰ӣҲ֣˯Ǹĵ䣬һӦȫֻɹ̫Щ
ͷ󣬴ź򿪣ʹͷȡɾĲյ̧ɾĵͷ
ݰӿСһ磬һĲӣ춯飬Ŀһ
òڷҲǳģ䣬ж˵İǧѰȻǹܶһ顣ֻòԵʣһĨİף岻ãĺܡչ⿴һһһ⣬ֻһ̣ȥ㲻ġ
˿ҵЬŵأˣ̧յ裬ͬĵͷ֪Ҳηǣһ̤ĵطֻһȥƹҽûĻˣ룬һҪġ
²ֻյǰԼҲһյ裬һڡ
һ·ûעⱣ£ˮЩء
ٳٲȥĲˮĿһֻϣ񱻶һ£֡
һźۼԱ߶һ㣬ѹʵȹǣνİڰ֣һֻûϵģƹ̫ӶҺܺãҼ޹ȥ̫ӣֻֻް
㬵ջ֣һճȭ㵽סǼȥƹñɣܴչ㡣ĿַŻصһĶϣȭͷͷٿŵ㡭𣿡
ֻܺôǶΪֵֻǹȻܺãӽ˵ָסŲյĻ࣬ƹ̫ӴҺòãѾ˹ұҪ޹ȥֽյСϣһ̧۳۽ǵôమһûô˵ô
չⰲĴӳŷйηյĶ϶ĨѪɫֱֱһһ˫۾ܿĻúüԥ㲻ǹ顣
ӵĸûðƻȻˡ
һѵԵЦֳȥˮĶϣµıһŻ磬ָ⣬ζָ˵ĲˮͷһҲǹˣҪúÿһ㣬ǲɣһϻۡ
תָһػ磬麬˽䱸ǹӲͬ˵һᣬ´紵ҡ಻ȥƹͬ˵ƹˣΪҲƹ̫ӡ˴к޼ʻңǹأǹŪȥˡ
Ƴһۣһλ裬ָĻҡҷĵܾǺҵĸĸģң˵ڹˣǶˣȴ˲ʵԸҲ˵Ϊθ˲Ҹø˵ĲôϨָһػ磬ỺƳʴƵģҲİգΪǹ߸ߣ㲻Ϊ㣬ǹˣռĿӣоÿ֣
¹Ĳ̣ǡ˿̵ٱֲ򶨣һ̾ǰס½һ㣬еңǹĶ
һ̧ȡ±ڶϵĲյΪԸյڵĲˮϸţ̵ҽʱûϢҪôˣҪôͬһƽһΪ˶ȵĲˮƮɢη˹ɵĲ㣬ϸһţйѵݵǱ̲ݲ裿
˳ӣһڲˮǹΪԶ˫֣ɼľģİ͸ôߵġ
Ӻȥȭͷ˻һȻû˱Ҹ
һȻһЦΪβɴߣĹǣǣңǹֺγûСѾһͬ˽ˣ㲻ϧˣûˣ˵ЩûʵĻ˭ô
ⷬ˵Щ꣬ͱ֮ơҲգһԳЦһǷϵ˼ЦɰգȻǲʳ˼̻ǹֻܿһʱȵʾˣȻƽӣĹҲҳһӵĿ࣬Ҳ˽
ͷ˵˵Ĺ֮ԽΪŮһΪ˷ϢǻȥΪ໥Լñ˴˫ڷгɳ
ͬһ£Ůֱֿܡ뿪ǹΪúãǹУֻǲˣǶ
Ǹп̾Ϣһŵıһ˰糺죬ĿĻ꣬ҲһˣͬǹһܽԼ͸ɱңһѣֻ½ŻᳯҴ治ǹġƭƭȥʼƭԼġζ־еĵڱϢ䣬һգһգ۾治ɱңµĽֻƫбһ֣㲻ҵؿڣսȵһ˿ɶûС
̧ĿӶԣʹǧĲԸǧ޿κΣֻҪ㲻˵ڣԶ⣬ֻһζԹ㣬һζĥԼԹľˣͻҪ㡣
ִɢõı˰ϸĺƮڣҪʱ֮еĹ±㶼ˡ
ǳĺߣһڵһ΢̵Ĳˮٲ
Ƕ䰮ıеʹζһһñ˵ʹȡ֣˿ȴҲ֪ȤļڲԣֻĬĬĿһչ⡣
ܿ͸˵ģȴ޷͸Լģܳɾ˵ԸȴֻڽȲıӰ
úö˼͸ˣƽϵ壬˵ĲСԵĸıҪɱ죬ٸͬǹĻᡣǰ̫ɱһֲһЩȥգʣµԼͬĸ͡ѵĲƣ˸ĹǷתߣԵֵˣ㻹ǹ飬ʱǱߵԶԶģһ뷨ӰǻȥҲռĿӵһ⡣
һˣΪľǷŶ뿪ϲŭ޳ϲŭ޳żƵ£⡣
һǷδ꣬һ뻹УһֱĬ̧ͷɾһɤӴ㻹ôǸɱˡ
΢ȵչϣůȪ棬ֻԴЩ
޳΢˵޹΢ôһ΢۾ǰеĶһ̧ͣĽŶԭء
սǵ̨ϣһһӰվã¾ܵĢƵġ


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εĹǴʦˣƳĽᣬýйƷƩ⴦Σվڵµͷ̨ϵķ羰վ̨ϣܽһŵҿϸ
֮ƵɣΪǷҪķ˶Ը֪ĸ󽫶ڿ̨׵ĵطΪľǷӶ
һէǲ֪еĹϡûãһһ׵ӰΣʱ˵˺λͳ˼ڲ裬̨ϵ˿һ
ǹС磬ڹС׵ǽոյڹĿˣƹ̫ӵ£ǹδķ
ƹ̫ӵһտʣü۾续һɫͼת⣬һӳʮ㡣˵òһΪΪүλ񣬻ؼ䶥һ
һĬ˰Σɫ˼ôһʱͷ̨׾ͷǷĳλŮӣһʱüͷü΢
һͣ½Ų˲͸Щôίصĺڷ˲òҲһͬ仯ǳڣЩϢ˸ˡǰķ
̧һ΢ɫֻ¶˫۾⣬˫Ļҽš
Ѿǳ΢ǰװСϷˣÿζǰ֧һ˵ͱ䣬ȫȻķ
мǵý˯ѣһ˫˯ţƿӴ鷿ʷ飬ḻһںӸƿһǣЩӴϷȥ
ؽѵеڲԣ֪˶ãίصĳųһţڮ˯ˣżɽԭҲҵݣСҸǰҪȥһڻôϵС磬˵ĻӦȥ䡣ѣŵҴӳӦ˵գǸлŵɵɾ졣
գգ۾ʶͷ߬űӽǲ㾿˭
ίص˶٣̶˼ĵһͷ˹ǽ΢˲仯ʶĳ΢ģ̧ͷӦʶա
Ų鸡´߽˺ˮŻ
Ҫǿˮ죬˳ɻԸһΣӼ˯ȥ΢ĳӣ΢Ǽ̳һͳ̫ӣȥԴҲ벻΢Ǹɡ
鷿ʷ飬ɴϹžʼ𣬾мϹʱڵͬƽ伮Щ翵Ĺ²ȤԷһһȻϹ.졷һʱͣĿһ
󲻹˵һɾͣĿǳ˵䡪΢۾ʱһڷһһҡͷЦ΢ĸ׵ȡ֣ͬϹŵĵ۾עͨˡ
΢գ˵ԼǴģô᲻ʷд۾΢
뵽˴ĻŻŵ˼ڲˮ۽ڳ΢һٵǿԼ򶨡
۾ıֱӶƫһƫģͬСҵľŲһֽŲʵûĶǵó˿ͷųԣûɾصһ鸲ޡ˳ԼҲƫˣһֵ걻Ų˷磬ǡܵõһǲܳ壬ǹĻӦǰѾȥҲǰŷǹһ
˵ŵ۾˵ڶѻװСϷĳίأӦϳ
æֹ΢̵Ŀˮ
΢˵ʲôĲϸˣлȫòֲѳ¡
ҲԼ˴ţֻ˸̲סǽĳ嶯
΢˷õƹ̫ӵµݣҲ˵΢˷Ϊðƹ̫ȢеСҡ
ȽϺͶһ䣺ƹͬǵ̫ȢСأ
۾Ըһµ񣬡СֻҲܺԻһȻĵͷ۾ףƵҰǼҵ̫ӣвƹǱͬȢСˡ
ʧִһֻղĺ÷յ
ӳ΢һеɶͬдһĻֻ϶᲻۾ֱеࡣ
һͬȥѰһʱ۾һŰ裬˵һĻǻع鱾ҵǹĻǣǹĻҲԹλ
һ㷲ڷ¼֡۾һŵùɣ˵
ŵ۾ʱδһӰ͵͵۾۾οȥˣûһ뵽ʲôƵĻæֻȥһУʮְĽ̫ӵ£˵̫ӵ²޵ģ̫ӵµһƬĽ
̧۲һϵĺĵƤ˼֣֪ʹ˵µĻǱԵʡ
ŵ۾תصΣչƣڵ۾ϣǿͬŻ߳ľ顣̾ǸռǹǵģһŮɳǺòʮֳɫⱲӶûͬ΢վһ
Ů֮ҪɲŮòվһĿһɫӾϱۿۡ
εĴͷ΢ֱȥȻߵĲȴֹ˹սǴдɵŮ
ͬ۾վ˶ãһͬĶԻһֲȫ˶䡣֪ǽǸõϰߣ΢ô𾢶Ҳˡ
ҲʱȫţͷŮӣ治ǹ飬ƬܿʵҲûܿơ
Ǻѻش𣬾õһֻأ⾲ιһڣһתŶӦǺŵİգ˻ҪҵôѾʲôûˣٲǻû˼ˡ
ε´̤ĽŲһʰϣѵ΢΢סǽڣСĽҪͬ˵ҵݣ㵱ƹ̫ӣװ֪飬㵱ǹ顣
ﾲĬĿֹ򴽣վôû˵
֮оһĸӣһţһšûŰһˣԲΪλ
ޱϤһӹսǴֳϱϲĪ⣬һͣҿղҪ͵



̫ӵ

һյķãһǰյͬˮϴһ㣬һ³е
ĴƮ㣬ҶʵŨ̫ͶһƬأȲٺò
չ黹ѡȥһκûãͲƣܿܿˣѰǹĿһֶ
Ըȥңϰٷ֮һĿȥңʵһжһѣ̾Ϣá
ͨѾȥıʿ뿪һ£ɵϵһɻ⣬˿׿Ŷʿû˼ٴãֵֻĿȥǵĸм
ӵĻȥ˭̹ο͵һϵС磬һϵδһӲ̹
Ƿ󣬲޷ľٶһһĪ糣԰ÿһһ
ûص㡣
֪ǹ飬һ²һ£һһ룬ǹĻǹ壬һлع죬㵱ûֹڷ´ڵĺۼ޾ǣ޹ңá
δƹ̫ӵ£໰һΪ졣
ϰһϴƻ˸ÿģꡱҧһڣҲƵĶŰѵߺƹ̫ӣ
ѵȻȻĵһͷȻ
һ΢΢üëĽ俴һۣСôѣ˭ҴҲǰ֪ƹ̫Ӱգ̫ûˡ
ǳ£̧ȥȡԲеĲԹյ裬ӻ
ûţϣһҪôõǷ˵ûĳλûˡ
۾Աߣżľ룬ûϳֻƹ̫ӣǸй̫ǷӦ̫
ûȵĻشһδɥꡱҧ˵ڶƻתͷٲҪ˵һ˵㣬˷ˣҪȢǡȢң˵Ƿ檺ôҵһμˣһαߣԺ²ʵһʡ
ľĿӺҰ˭˵˷ˣ
һƻƵڣѵˣ겢ûзˣ˿еĹ⣬ǡô³еľƻƤ͵ҲµİǰǸѵĹķô
΢бĿһۣȡ˰Сùϵһֻƻм俪ʼƤǽڷǰתһλ˵ãòˣǰɰˣҵķˡ
һĵͷԭķˣҲС˵͹Ƹ飬ǼҵĹķ裬иûķˣαػȢҡ
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ת˲˸̬ȣ΢̽ӣŰϿҵһòǹˣܼ޸㣬ǹңĪҡ
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ÿĵ۾ƨͷȥˣһ⡣ƨĹ򲻵λǵ۾ѹ
Ϣ˿ԲƻǰɾĹ⣬ֻƤˣÿһЩƤ
һ׼ͽڵƻЩȥҲǣҲǣһ˲͡
ؿſϡؿյĻţҲ۵Ļţ۾ɫů紵Ķˡ
ĵƻѾϨ𣬵ҲѹʵһͷЩ£Ҫޣй˷һռ٣ټĹͷֻһڡ
ô˵Ҳͷһγޣ˵޵ĲԼϲӣҲҪһѡֵֻнţ㽡
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氲ɽʣŮһţȺӣ˽ܰһЩİԡ
ʱ氲ûӦѾȢλӣֻǸСɵɾɽͬ氲㡣
氲ĸͬ۾Щ飬׵գ۾ѵ˸棬űʱɸһһͬǰȥء
ų΢ӵԿ氲һЩʱٲ£˳Ůʵһ⣺㳤úÿɽָߣ޸أ
氲Цջůůģһֱһգ˶꣬ԼǲˡҺһͬԺ;۰ңֻܰˣùԵ
ﰵˡ߹氲񶼾óһֵ㽵£µֵ㽡
ϲų΢س죬ƻλƣߣҺ۰ʦǴҶܿʵôʦûкܰң
۾ҲŪ壬״㶮ʲôǰô
һһڲɽɫ¹ûʲôǰû˵Ҳû˸
ʵ֪氲ͬ˵ķ۰ܰķǲŻΪ
ŪԶһ£ٷŵҲ˸٣ת˲ָֻ۾ѵ˾ĶͽܶʦãӦģ㲻۰ӦýҶãܽ۰
һüãƽڽʱ˵۾Ե˼˳ôʦ˼۰ңôҾҪܰˡƲ첻۰һЩƭȥ׽
۾̧˳һ˳ըëɫҾԺ󶼲ȥˣѧĶЩʲô߰ģսʹô
Ŀһ룬ʮ䣬ֻ뵽ǰ䣬ͷ벻ҡͷᡣ
أ۾һϰֻ鷿ѹ빡
ڳź̻ķãȵɫͷ͸ʲôƵģҰ㣬ġ
Ȼû˸߹ʲôǰҲûд尮ʲôǸзεˣֵܷмͱС
ҿ϶Ե۾ȸмࡣ
ʱû͸ǣһ۾һ㣬Ҳֲ
ԺӣȻûٿ



ҹ˽

˵ŵĿɲӰ͸Ͷڴߣ񻰹צ־֡
һڴϣϹ˴ë̺ӣıŻ磬žડƬ̺ȼһšֻܴŻ磬ûָ
Ǹɣȥ򻹲ࡣ
ҹû˯˼ѵǸո˯ѡڼ޸ƹ̫£㽣ֻǾýţɼĲ
Ҫ޵ǳ΢ͷȥˣȻʱʱ̿յ̫һ̶Ȳȥ
ΨһĴͷϸĽŲ˿һ͵ָȼյһƻ磬Ż
δüͷȥֻ̺ƿһǣһ̣һɫӰӷķУȵأȻһĺù
ɫյĻ磬˵ؽ˿ңīɫֻøɫһ룬һԺģܷ貵ĹһƲۡ
΢ò¿ĲУ۴һ߰˷΢ǿģ˳΢
һһڿˮ
긺ǰһ뵽ҹ͵͵ĹйŮˣҹɫһһŮܻӭûǴýͷ
ץűӻǰô˾˵ЩʲôҪ˵ں˵оݣ˵΢ŵĿһѿڶ㣬û
Ҳû뵽ڻ˵仰һͣͷһ£̶˹ָͬһõģһֻռ˿ͱʲôšǵĲüŬĻ롣
һڴ״ĳһֻռǳˣŷռζЩͷҲнˣһѹ߸࡭
귭Ĺ뷿кθϵڲӦԴǵ׷ΪδҹĽķ䲻ô
ѡúõĵ㲻ߣӴ
Ӧ˼ϿңŹˣҿӿţָպһͨͽ˽
һ̽ͷȥţȷʵǹŵģȷʵǴ򿪵ģҴĺܿ趼ܴӴ
ҪѡѡӴ䣬ʡ˿ŵĹ˵ԵǸŲĵˡ
ȻǸŲˡ
°ڴأһԸû˯ϰߣȻû˯µģжΣһ˼ҹΪ¡
ܲŵİգû˭ҹţӴ˵ķ䡣ǹţѵ©ҹǰҪв֮£
ɵùϵѣϸעһһ
תȥ̧ȡȥĴϲԶԶӵУϣҿһ
һԾĴӴϲһӵǰҵ͵͵ҵĹ»Ҫ·㵽Ҫ
ȻҪв֮£
Ȼ£Ƴһ̧ۣߣͷŽ͵˵ƹļ㻹ûϹվҪˣﲻҪҹһޡѰҲûҵŮֻԼһơ
ɡȷʵǸɡһηȥ
̺Ӻͷеϲսϴֹİٻͼϸ壬½Գ˿һŵζƵġ
СĵĽϲ̯ڴϣķɱ͵Ǹܱصˣҷ͵һѣҾͽˮҪ׹ʯͷϡ
ͷӰ˼£վʲôû˵ϵʱܣȻõӰӡ
һܽԼвáŽϲʱע͵һֻӣһƽ½壬ϵĳľӸǰߡ
δߵǰȳ֣
ͣ²ӣʣһַֻŪŬ˰ҲûϵϡԴֻʣһֺֻϵһҪõֵֻ£һ㶼ġ
˼£ûܳɹϵᣬԷˣһֻץϵĳ̧Ŀ겻
߼ǰָ̧ס۾ֻֿٵϡ
ӰһʧԼ˸ֺСͯŵģ͵һ㡣
ϸ΢˸ԭͷŮ˲䳤һЩպȼ磬ĺڷίأѻƵĽëһֱ
һɰ欣һԭò
䶨ɿסһ۾֣´һĵͷ ˳۶ˡǰһЩǽڷִ䣬ȻȻĽϵһɵĽᣬɤͳǻһǶԵģӸߣǰһ㶨ȻȥСʺ㣬ûҪĶĵط
ϢﻹĵĵһɵŰŪĳͷСҺٴɫѣʦ˵ұͳٴħħŮһֱѡ
ҲΪҪͬ˵Щǽɫ̫࣬Ҳϵ뵽˵۾룬ӦƿģŮܲ׵ĵȻϣҹģйŮһңӦһЩźá
ģΪϵʱרעͬ۾ֱһģ̳ģԤƿֽ˰;ϡ
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һЦʮģ㲻οҵģԶ뷨ͦϲѡסֻ£ߣתߣҳȥոӣòѣҴʲôˡ
΢˳ǣס֣գֲֻźۼȻίصͷ̣ܺÿҼκһ涼ÿ
½Ĳ֣ͷ˿żⶼʧȥ֪һ㣬һ۾ŵģѾֹͣ
һŵģһġ
һСģһûɵһ۰꣬ö˶˵˵ôĻ
ûĻԸ˵ǰڳʱͬˣһʮĸαһûȥһ̶ȵܵס
ĻȻĸα飬ˣԾĸƢθһĻţ۾Ķ˼
һ󵨵Ĳ²ӿͷһĿ꣬һ촽ѵϲǹ飿ֵҧס촽ϸϸĽǰ֮˳һ˳
ͬʶʱղ̣Щһΰ飬㹻ˡǹˣװһ˲ǳϦ֮£οͬ굥ദüΣ꼫п⼸εĵദ£ǹôϲ֮顣
ܣһ˻͵͵Ŀ˿ꡣ



ɴ

ҪһȥʱǹߵԶԶģֻʣȻһ˿ڻң˲յľء
ЩĲ̣ǰ۵鷢ǽʵ¶ʱֹδҵ顣
ǣŵð飬һȥһȻʵҲǹ飬ҲǷˣ󲻹һʱּʦľŲԱ쫷˷磬ǹԭһһľңʵĻϸּҡҲ޸ģҸϲ㣬ҡϲˡ
ңžһҶĦ֮мž̺ĲɽѵĬֻһ˫׵۾š
úһθռĲˣڿ˿ڣģĮһ㣬ҲȢǹ顣
һµ̧Ȼͬɽʱͬ˵ϲŮӣϲŮá
һ°˼״Ȣǹ飬Ҳǳ޿κΣȫǼȵġ˵ŮӴϼһʱ̣˵Ļ飬ֻ˵ʵˡ
һͬʱһͬĸп˫ĿˮһҲͬһƲѲŽµİաǱ˴˶ϲˣֶȳףɼͬһôԵֵġ
΢ü˵⻰ô˼ʲôƲѣͲȢǹ飬˷ǰΪֻȢһȫĶΪñƲѡ
һΪݵģôã˵ô
һ˫Ŀˮ޸ˣ޸һЩͬϲм۾ϵӡĽëȥס۾ȨƭһƭԼԲһ˶ĴΡҰ㵱㲻գ
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֮Իش޳΢һ󲿷ԭһʱڿ졣ϸϸһ룬ûж޳΢Գ΢±Ⱥ޶ࡣ
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ԭأ˫ȭͷ߲֪еļϡ
һַ̧ǰϸÿָͷĵԶױֿ֮ɱľһ峺̶УܿˮĸҶܿߴĹˣȴҲ޷ϰ
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ļ紺ůҲʢѩһܿΣɾֻܿһΡ
ѩʢŵĳ쳤ʮ꣬ȹǧʮҹһղһղ١
ߵոճѿħ׵Ĵٽɽ磬ħµλħַ֮⴦ħøζս۾
һսϵĻ۾ˣһһĪУһ䣬ȫģսغħĺƽ΢Լܣɲǰڳܵ۾գ
۾˱̴ɵĲյƵĳһʶĹ׺ܺãͨ˳һʱ͵͵Цһ£
΢˸룬˿ڲ裬еʦܲȥôħ˴ʦȻȴȻȲá΢۾бںЦһЦƤִҪȥҴϣϲ͵Ϯ¶ˣڰʦʤ
۾յеֵ̧һյ庢ƵԹڳһʱԡ
˴ģתһ룬ҵ۾ؼ䶥󣬶ħڵ۾£һ
½Ҳϸز飬Ŀͳ΢ʧھʣһ㷲
ڳʵʵգ۾ûлʤգ۾ûգ۾ûգ⾪ʧıǰҵ۾˷õļƣս׹䣬䲻
ֱߵյ˱˻һ㣬˲̱ȥ
Ƶұɽ磬ɾˮӿı飬ĺһСðûŵ۾
ǹƥħ磬ɴħѲ飬ħ׷ɱ񣬵ĩҲûֵ۾
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۾ûҵҥԴĸס۾ͬöգᶴ·˵۾ԭҪӮ˵ģ½̵ħõţ֪ҡһ䣬˲仯һģ۾ɱ⣬ȴֹ֪ס˽У˱µķˣ˲³һѪż䡣
ƴǰס۾ɵ۾׹ٶ̫죬ǳ䣬ȥֻץס˵۾һͷ˿Ƭ½ǶûЩɱˡ
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۾ʴȣ᲻öԳ谮ͽ֣Ը˽ɣֱΪʦߵĿģһһջΪɽĻ
һɹᶴʱⷬЦδᡣ


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Է֮ɽ磬ƽ޹ʵһ컯۲ȡ֮ħɵľ鼾ߵýƽ˵ͷ
ϰˣҲûϣֻɲ෹ҽͣļҵ۾һڻҪСĶܱĵ׷ɱ
ɽĩλɣֻЩѰķƾİΪģӦȥ˶һȦ۾Եô˼֡
ҵɽʱѺĵһɶǿԳ˫ߣûƣŻǶ겻
ɽ˰δиɽȪۣ۶ҵһ˫һһǰߣÿһ·ҪͣȴֲҶЪϢһǿԼȥκһ䶼Ź
ڶҹڲɽɽеʯԷֻԵİꡣ
ѩЪؼ仹ϸѩĭ۾һ±ңѪѩϣһܷ
ݲ԰׵ĵ۾ʯ£ɵһСռ£ϵİ߰ѪѾɺԣͷϾǱ˪ɵıӣѩΡΡĺۼ
ų΢ڻѩһҹŵϵĻѩ裬Ķʹ۾
ϵڳ΢ϣϸĿÿӣӵס֣һһڵĳιڻѩˮһҹдҹڽ
촽ķϣָ˴룬Ӷаǽסġ
룬΢ʱˣҲˡ
û˸ĸ˫ףֻôλɽû֮أûǣҵ΢Ҳˣ
µһҹδòɽ˱߹ȵĹ·ŶѰѩѩ˵ɽҡ
ڶ΢ش̫Ͼ£µõĹԪ˹ѩϱƵˣŵ˺󼸲һˤѩϣ̧ͷʱѩ
һȻܷЦֶֻýסˣûŵ쳤Ц
ص󣬵۾ٳٲתѣ۾һΡ
粽ԣԼ鶨µػʥޡպȰطЪϢΪְʦ۾ԶһЩһֻ˵ϻ۶ö
Ǹǵ۾һѡ꣬ºĳ޺еûܹص 
ʱſڳ΢ƵСٲѹҿҪʦˣ˵ҴֻһʦƫƫģҪҵʦ
˯˶ڳ˯۾ˡ
۾ȥˮֻ˵ǣʵ㿾һóԣҪôҪôˣʱˣﻹǰģһҧܴ㳦ӣҪǿֻһ˳ԣҪˡ
һ˵Ի
ڳ΢ǰ׳ŵֱۣĺڷƵĻȥͬͷһ˳ӣỺʦʵҲͽܣ˭ܽңҪЩ̣΢˲䣬СҰ㣬ܰܰ氲˵۰Ů֮鰮ˮ齻ڵ֡
ڴرߵֺȻסԾĿȥǽڷһֻϣĴָϵһöǽڷ
תϣɫ԰׵˫Ŀ΢ĽëͶƬӰǣǳһЦ
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һ죬ټŵ۾󡣵۾ĺܣͬ˵Ƕ϶ģӽԺ㲻ǳĵӣʦͽԵ֡Ϊֹ
ʱչŨɫĹҫڣƳɵľƿͷҹ²ȥһ֦ȵʢţĻӯתһҡ
ϹŵЦ˼ֻ֣΢ͬЦʦͬЦô׹䲻ɽʱˤԴŲ鸡ĳߣȥҩΪ㿴һű𶯣ϸ˿ڡ
۾ķһҺѣߣˣ׷㡣
ǰеĲӻͣ£һͷ۾ؿһͣºĬƬ̣ȥħǰա
ЦЦŤͷĿƵͬӣǵĻôҲΪȥħΪͬħ̸У
۾ڴƿӵۣȥץ壬
ʱΪ˶ԻħȾҲҲãֻǵ۾
̧ȥۿתˮ飬Ϊ˵ϲҪҳİգϲ±֪¶˳档
۾鱯ϲĪ棬̧һָĵţȥ
̧ĨһۿԲϲңҲҳ죬ϲǼȶʵܿԼģҾԼ㡣ǿתߣײҩĴաƬɽֱϻ˳һ˿ڡס˿ڣһȳһյĴ̨ȥӰ°䵭
ŵĴԭأ΢͵ɤڵȥһ룬ƬʹŮʰһЩӦˡ
ʹסѪ˿ڣһ·СĶ̻һͷȥѰ˸ЪŵͤŵȥĿԡ
ʱδжѹڵаοԼ۾һһʱߣԲ˵Ļգ۾˺ЩȥЦЦ۾Ͳˡ
ҹʱ֣˼λҵ˫ֻأֻЦʦҸ㣬ҹ죬һ£ڳ죬ȥ
̽ڵУƵذڶ壬Ҳʦңȥ
ղɾһŵӣ̬Ȼ̧ĿЦ㻹ûʦ㣬㣬αؽ仰ʦӸպãͱǰ̼ˣǸϽʰʰ뿪ա
˫ҡͷҲߡ
üͷ£ѵҪʦ㣿ߵԱߣַŵѹСԵΪҲ֪ϲʦ±ɽ֪㲻ԼܿԼῴٵʦ
΢΢ףĿȥӣͷµ˫ֳһֻɫ塣
ҩ̾ϢʦģΪѰ˲ԸҰһҩ㡣ͷ˰ʮɲݣȥӻһЩɲ˵ʦˡ㲻ǳ߹ĶӣӽԺֻɽһͨɡħͬɽս³ԽɱȻܵħȥѹʦԸ㡣
תת۾ߴŲŮӵϣ°˼ҵˣŴδһʦգҲٺ
յü΢СĴɫ
ڵߣпеʱ䣬о仰ʦʦ÷ҵѣϸϵɢĴӣתʯ̨ףҴֻһʦҲڳ죬ҲԶҵʦ
ɬҩҹ˽е뿪죬˭Ҳû֧ᣬҲûߡ



ǰԵ(6)

δϼ۾ˣʱͺñ˲䣬õ£һһ𻯵ĹˣУ˳ֻǸʶСɣԿɵʦš
õԭδָԳýɽȥ
˳᫵СɽʱȻڳЩͷÿÿͬͬĩ΢ʹòƣ۾ҲδأֻͬǵǸ
ʱδɴն˸ҩôҲδԹ۾ֻԼдĵط룬ڵ۾еλʹǶȲϡ
һŲϿɶʯûüһǺ«ཹཷɽȥʹһţѪʱʪ᾵ʯ
ԹԸǰδ˫׵Ьӣҹ·УЬľͷףɽʯᾣˤһ°۽ȥ
شһϢȥ֮ĸɶ飬ȥ˭ûãҲֻͬǾɽĸԸͬ
ĸǰҹҹѪĩڽĸһĹˣԸ־
ûɣһСͬڻδһ塣
ڼֻаһΣһ̱ԪҩﶼûǸһĹ飬Իұ١һ˷һС飬ʱˣҲ˲ټʶǺζˡ
ˣüȥһ͡߳ȥԶ˴˽鼸лڲɽʱʳͨĿͬѿѹԱˡ
΢̬ⷬȼͬ˵˼ΣСΣڵϦǲƤӶĥˣûƵġôСͽܣʦţҲչˣһȥֹֹ
ʮֲ⣬ֻҲãûܻȥȥȰ۾ˣαҪȰ
̾Ϣһ̧жƲʣٲ˵
һڱͷӣȥȡСҩˮˡһںȵĸɸɾüͷ
մյˣһϲĻϲͬѾ˽ҽӻػɾ£۾ʣ뽫ڳ졣ܣЩұҪͬ۾ˡ˵ޱȹĵĿҪúõİ
պҩ˿źɫǹﺬţͷϲ»֣ӡ
ߺһɲݣΨô֢صǵеĳšˮ
ȻһجΣеײײãۿҪеһ뼴ʧȴֺȻһجС
Ҫ˵˭ϵ۾۹ֻһաòããִΪָտɴͬ۾һɾƲ˵ô
ͬһǵ۾ͽܣҲ˵ô
ºᶴƶǰ·ᶴɽӦ˵µĶ֣ΪǱ潫տ˵
ͬ˵ʱüȻѾһˮϴһӶϴ壬αػʵʵĴȱɡ
նɱĵһɣˮ٣ʮĸС檣ʮģʣһСһ𳤴á͸һ˲һЩѪ絽ϵȸƵòȡ
ײײصһ룬ϵѪδɣϽǰ߰ߵѪ㡣Ȫˮ˰ΣݵϵƤˣԲЩѪϣԶϴˡ
Լǵõ۾ɵΪͽʱ˵һ۾ģִ΢΢֣ޱ˳ĵӣҪػ²ΪΣŭɱ¾ʦصάɽİƽ𣿡
ӣޱĵͷͽ
ȻЩ˵ǶģվǱԣʱһζ뿪ʦŵĵһ±㿪ɱ䡣
ĶˣɱһǳɣɴմȾѪԽԽ٣ҪɱħʮԶУһܸ˫Ƥ
ٲһȡ˸쵱šŮħͷᵽʱҴĹһŸ̸˵ϲŭ޳˵ȷ黹죬˵˰ħɷħ
Ҳ֪ƾɵݣնɱ׵ɡͬ΢һʱնɱͼħҪĹŸҳ֣½ûħؿڣҪۣϸȥ
û˹ǣûµĶǰ˱㲻ڵ۾ˣɱЩħɣԣӦĳΪ˿еŮħͷ
Ϊã΢ȴδֹɱɾֻңңҲûֹ˳죬δ
ֱҹ˴յҵ𴦣һڿһ£ͬ΢ڵ
ôձסӼͷһȥãѵŮɴǰƶ˶ͷԸɵԣȦȦ˸ʵһ̽ͷȥסǴա
½ɫӳ¶˹䣬½ɵĻ飬Ͻкİѹ
δһճ΢ָǴδйׯɱҶҪ֡
ҵͷһ÷ҡϣӱҵƵͨ죬ȫ趯ЦĻ֣ϱǧͷħʮλɵģ㾿Ҫ˭֣
ڷҡ͵һ֦ϵĴյһۣҪȻŬҲͽ͡
۾һĴգסȵǰͣҪʲôҶ㡣
ֹסЦ˼״綥ĵ۾ͬ˵ҪʲôңҿҪúõһ룬ҪϡƩ绹굤֮ġҵյžڶߣһһ뵽ʲôƵֱҪȢۺΣ
۾еĽɶ֣ЩأȴּĲźۼ¾չ۴£ͷķɳһƬƣʡ׶еЬӲȵأóƵЦôųģˣҲͬ㿪ЦЦԸͬҿˣ
۾̧̧۾ĿֻڵϵĴϣеĵǲԶյ±Ƿĺҵˣ綼ֱҵУ̻ҷ
վѪɫػӣſǻʦңѾˣʲô¶
һ׿һۣľʧ뾡۵ףûˣҪķˣڻܺúͬ˵ô׹ҵͷյʣˡ̧һҵԵĵϣͷˣҲûõļֵȥա
۾ǰһƣ˳ƴɨüա
Ժһÿֻһ۱ҲǰĻᷢţٿԾɾ﷢š
۾ۻסĲȵĴգνߣ½𣬿ڽűߣԹ˿޲ԪĵҩտС
ĿĵĶǰһ۾ϲ۾ʱҹλأҲ۾ÿ۾ǣһǣ֣ǰͬ·˲ǵ۾ǣɢƵĶϮԽӺʹ֣ůѬķ紵Ķġ
ץסʵ壬Сĳ۾߿˿ֿ˿Լŵüϵˡ
һеıʱ۾⼸ͷʼ
۾ô˺յ£ת˲ץһԵ½ǰ˼֣иպûؿڣлƤΣͷһ
ʹ
һ첻Ƶģ۾ɵһ½նɱ۾Բ
ĵͷûŵ½˿˿Ѫ͸ŪϲŴİѣȻڤʢŵı˰
۵üͷս˫ָ֣ǶģίƵĵҲɱģֻ뿴һ㣬ΪҪҰһġĽкžЦǰͦͦӣҧסʹȻˡ
½ʧ˻һ㣬ֻǵૻ֣Сҡһʱջ֡
̧ͷ۾һɰǰѪޱңԽҵȥ𣿡
ٿ飬зˮģߣ룬ûʲôǣҵˡ
뿪½ǰ˿ڵʱһѪۡĻҡҷڤȼĺ֮ؼŰһһֻءԾ޾Ļ𺣣ƵĵٲҪˣ뿪һգұ㲻ٻȥˡ֣֣һУ˽ˡ
ȵĻ壬δüʳᱻ۾صĳ׹
ؼþûصһ䣬˽ˡ˽껪˽װ˵Ľ¡
ʲôûˡ
һһȻ




ɺһƬ, û̵ˣ˴˵ĺԷҶ伸ƬҶžڴرߣֺһڵڵ̴ľԡ
һɫǰдĶ, ƫͷǳ΢Ҵɽ, Ҳǹһ, ׵Ĺ, ڲɽϱ㱻ħ˺ˡ˭ϵ𡣡Щ֪ܷףһǳĲĿһֱ, ôתĿȥ, ְĥԴŤ
ǵ, ƹ̫ӵ·վͷ, ˻, Ƭ̵ĹľĴͬ簤ż, еͬˡ
ĬĬĳƶӣ֮ͬճһξ룬żʵûôԹΪϲ, ˵ԲŻң˺ϲˣᶯֵģֻҪ˶Էϵë̺ӣɫŹֵšһšüͷôЩȥˣҲûȢգ֪ǲǸˡںץץͷƫͷ꣬ô
ˮɫ꿡ʵϣԼܴü俴һѹδشһĻֻƵ߿һ̧Ȧסӣұһ
һǳǳЦˣҲûӵΪѹ𣬲õģѾѹˣȥôãֵ˳컯»һԾΪ˼ɵҲȥˡĵģǶԼԲȥˡ
꽫ӵĸһ㽫õռ³Ҳûֵ˼ֻ۵ɱأδϵײϣǰΣܵı˭죬Ϊܿ½ģ󲻹Ӹɽɿһ٣̽δǹ㣬Ը½
ǰ鷢ۣȫһŤŤӣ۵ȥĶȥˣҲο֪ľ㲻οҵģ֮ͬ䣬ǸöϵˡװƭƭԼʱɿ켸֣ƭþˣԼѾˡ
ܻڹȥЩǸó׵״Ժ裬һİ֣ٵҵӽظϧ˶ڣ˱ʮȫʮˡ۾
ѵ겻ÿɷв˲䣬˵ұһ
Ť£ҲһֱҰŮܲأοҶ껪ĵŮӦһЩǱЩա
̧ͷЦЦҪ̫ѵˣ
׵ҶⲻȨ֮ƣ㲻ϲң಻ϲ㣬ֻϵķޣϷ˿ 
겻ߣ˫Ȼûɿļ󣬡ϵķҲǷޣֻ뱧һ㣬֮䣬һ
̰ϵζϤУûɵú˯һԥƬ̣鲻ԸǾ㱧һһӵǿ̫㱧һҵģЦʲô
ĴǻãܵЦ̧۳һͷյĴ֮Щ˯£춨ȻҪ
һͷţǸЩ˯£ôҵָ׳ࡣë̺µֻ־ٵǰ¹⿴ÿöָףȷʵˣǵղ޼ģô죬ʮָͷδ޼ƵġʮȻֹסĿ⡣ǹ鲻Ƕָֻֻ֣ͷôָͷĶģ͵̧ͷָһָüģ𾪵ҵĶ䣬öɰӡǣ
õעüҿ۽ǣٴ۽ǿüңĩˣ̧Ķͷֻ˯
ԭֻڵѬЩ⣬Ļ£ȴ켸ҹ˯ƵģƤص
Ĵȴֹסϯ⡣
һŴɻĿ֮ǰͷԽԽԽԽ˭
Լ񻨳Ƶһ仰ƹ̫ӵ³úñϵεĿһ۶Ļţͷܴȥ֪Ҫܳɡ ʱȥûϸ룬еƹ̫ͷϵĳ̫ӣͷûжôͬķ˲룬ֻ䡣
ﲻԣƫƫ˼񱻶סˣ⳱ӿϮ޷˼ȥŭĺڲʵĳ˯ȥ
ѵӵϸһĨ´Цָ̧һ㣬Ĵϣڹںڰ
ڶ΢źǷŽչҪ޵ƹȥǰΪױݣϼ¡
һ˯ŵĶᣬʱܵ磬ԱŲһŲ̧ĿϣԤǰӽԭأħһվš
ɫ˿ĴųΣʶشµվ䣬ذڶϵһһŮ˯죬˴ӵţһ塣ҹ֪ʱ˼£ҫĿĺͬƹ̫ϵİ׽֯һǡŴűʻ͵ˡ
ɫ˵ţŵ˳ȥλֺڵ⡣
ܵҹϲ޸ƹ̫ӵǲΪֽ֮񿴣̫ӵ»ͦкøеģȻͬӵ˯޹ȥ֮úܺá
ڴҵ͵͵ЦԵλִһۣ˴˶һùԵλʹŮӿе⣬յԸ͵ָʲô
յĴƹ̫ӵ±Źɵġ˴ĸͷ˯̫˸ͷĹޱȳͬҹ˯üˣҲûתѣұɵ񣬱˯
жۿһȦʪģͷȥۿѹûŮƽʱﳤ࣬ϵ³˳
Ƶĳʻƹ񿴵СӺۿչȥο̫Ӻ۹̫˼УǻҸοֻǼ޹ȥģ˸ˡ
ޱȻ³һĿͺƵĳԶȥĻһһ߱㲻ٻˣҵöûˡ
üͻͻۡôöûˣֻһǹ鹫ôֻһðѵͬĹһĺͿˣ
ϳɵļµľһʱûպãĵʹһߣųǽסԡ
״µջ֣ңӭ׵ĳԶֱʧع⣬ҲƲ



ȴ

û, ƹڿʼһСϢ˵Ĺδ޵ƹ鵱գӭ׵ĳеʱ񣬿׵Ϯɳӭ׵۾
ȵֹס, ͷӿ, װλڿտյ, ̫ͬǹټ, ƾһ㡣
ҹƹ̫ӻŻŵķδˮ, Ĺǹ飬Ҳûл, Ļʬ
ڵս, ̫ӵ»ǿ޵, Ĳ, 춼ϣȢ̫ϻܹ̫ߡ
ƹλ̫ӣ󾿾Ȣ, ǳ˶䣬֪ˡ
Ϣպ߶߶ͬｲţǶǹĵǡ
һ޻, ɫ߬еĲյķᶯ
ǰǸҹϡϹŵĵ۾ۿĵţǹ飬ɫͬǰƹҵõĻǣڻ˻СͬõѾֿ˴ϵϵ⣬Ҳ˽Ժֻһֻֿá 
ϲǹʣһֻ֣̽Żã
ǹǳЦһˣС硣
۾ɫͬСҵ˼ǹĸ磬ͲͻҪ˵˴Զһ٣һ۵һСҵĻͻǲͣϸһա
ת˲˵۾˼
һǹ飬ڹȥҶֻܷͬ˵ȫġ
ǹⳡʳɳ࣬ЩյаҲȲ٣ϲңС磬ϲҵġ
ȻĵͷٶԣĹȥ׼һеȫã˸Сǹϡ
ǹ빬ΣҪƲҵٺʵҲסǹڡ
۾ôǣңĿǳţʰǹңһһɽ磬ͬ𣬱˵ˣڷЩӶлշ
ǹ£ɢҵͷ֪˵ʲôĬƬ̣ɵ㡭úô
۾ͷšתҹɫֻһ⣬ɫ
һ˲Լеңһҹ֮ãͦõðҲԼ硣еǳҲе
ſǻɤӻ﻽Ҳ˿ôãġ
˿޻̧°ͣȻû֣ûͷô
ֹסۿˮ۾
ûΣ˵ûбߣָ˽ȥˣϲҧ޻ɽˡ
ֻҹ˱ãϲƹ̫ӣͬûϵ
ȵæúܡ
ǰڷ˯˯ľãӰǰ㿪ʼˣһֱԸ۾תѡ
ֵ˵˯õĴعķһóģóſɽӳ˫ԵŮ
ⳡ˯˰µǱ۾ֵµɹⳳѵġʱⱧһۿţڴУɫһѣ۾
˯ͷƣⱧڻһĺѣһɢһ֪ǳԳ˻ûԷˣһɷֽ
æͬ˵ԭίȻԭһûԳҲûţּ˱Ӧǡ
εĵط˸ѩӣ߿ߣָɴĽһǶȥ
ⶶǵԴһǣ
Ƭ̣Ҳòתڳǧѩ˶İһͷЩƫбµŲһŲֱѩޱȶƴһпƵģƫͷ⣬᲻ÿһЩ
⽫˫£ͷɸЦÿǺÿһûÿ
ĺ
Ϊ΢æտһǱû¶ˣȷԲֻһڣһչ˵ĺܺáүһȥɽ߰¶Ҳһͷϡ
ǡħ˱ңæݣȥոħȥѹһħɢ꣬էһû
˵ҲˣӦħĶҴ´࣬һǰ¸ֺƿССͣǻı²һСһûͬ΢ԲֱҪͬǻһ̶
Ҳֿԣö˶˵ķҪȥһȡһһƣһ˴һȣûһλү
ħĶƽϢ֣΢ӷ紫ȣ˵ѰһĻǡٳһǣ½ȥ˳㻹͵һǽǡ
ȻǲԸģһڼΪֱ񣬴ӲǽǣͲסŲѣ鲻Ըͬһôһ
ȫǱȵġ
Щûڣ˷ֱǽǣͬǰ֪
΢һֱһôЩͷһ΢˵Ҫ΢ˣȴЩֻǶǰһ֮仮һʱ޷ĺ蹵ǸԵֱ˰
ڴĵ̾˿̧˯Сӣжް׵ƣλȷɡ
ûǣֻܿ΢һԼȥк蹵ֵıֱɡ
뵽ϱ㲻ź鷳ƿЩοԵСӵĶͷʵ磬ͷϡ
С˯㣬ϱƵŤŤӣ˾λ
գգ۾
ֻж죬ѩֹڽһһ㣬ö޵ĽȥҲһ͸˯ȤɨСǰĻѩɨѾͻϰٰѡ
һɨϡ
һգɨյĻѩûõɨͷɨɹͺͺģһûСӡ
һȥһˣéɵĲտյһӦͬǰЩȡʱһģһ˵һѹû
һͬ΢һ𣬹Ϸţյˮϣָϸ΢١ʮָͷһӦ飬ϵĲˮƳðδ
ľ㲻һ˵ȥҪôڲɽҪôںĴءκȥطһ㣬Ѱټ
ɽһϼңĴϹڮΪҪݻء˼һͷţСӾֱɱĴء



Ĵ

Ϲʱ, ԭذ˿飬鲼ħ硣վ쳤߿طѳߴɾֻһĴΪ
ͬ΢Ϲŵڮ֮ҪĴذݻһ, ², ΢ʮа˾һݻĴȥˡ
ĴԭǺҵȼյ, һˡһҵ, ΢һһȥҶʱϵڳ΢ҵ֮ǰ˻, ǼӾ硣
һҷŷ˺Ĵ, ȵѩˮҵ, , 겻˵
ȵͣڷӡ, ʩϸ۲һķӡѿһ϶Ϊ俪, ĺ֮ӽ鳯ⷭڡ
֮ܺ俪֮ӡģߣֻе۾΢
Ȼµû, ΢һ˺Ĵء
ɵƣ˳ѿķ϶룬̤ԶŵĺĴأӣѰ΢Ӱ
ٲⳤһòķҡ֪˶ͷ˶󣬷ɫĻǿ֦ͷ糺ɽĻ£̳Ĵ̺ӣһƮƮ껻ɫϲڻ̺ϣбλ˯Ůɣͬһ۵ĺ죬һ˭
ңңһֵۣͷȥַ̧ȥһϵ鷢ߣ¶Ůա
ü
ͬ΢˻꣬Ϲʱһ·ɱɱΧڳ΢߸ɫŮӣӺݲգòħΨһŮħҶûͬ΢жô䡣 
΢Żδһȣһۣһͬ΢䡣վһһһһ䵭һǳȺÿۣ½ĵĳס
һһίʵףǵ΢û죬ڷ糤Ϊһĺջˮ
ϧɽ磬ƣĻˮûɣ΢һԵУһ
ǰԣնౡûиݵġ
ǣĴҴܵޣŲЦǰȥҡȵû⿪ʩһϵôһֱ˯ȥҲǷӣã˶٣ЦҲ˼һװǰ£һһװȥ˭Ҳ˵ƣǲճһǿϧˡ
۾̧˳һ˳һͷϵ仨䣬һ˯գƽԭ¶ʵ飬СԸͬн²֮ǻһա˵˴¶ĨԵõЦݣȥһӼһ仨ҵĵۺ󣬰ݹĴصģϲˡ
̧ĿһƯƶ䣬㱧ŻԲѵݺĴأƭ飬ֻ֪¸Цı£۽ǵͬʶô꣬ӽնɱħҲ̧£δƭһ죬ޱȵĵ۾䵽־أꡣ
۾ͷһ˫ֻŻ˯һƵġڵûȥѵϴʱҲҪǰһۣ
ںЦϵţһڣ跴Ӧ֮ǰϡ
ɽŮǶ˵Ǹูڵӣʵͦԩģ۶ูڣӮ΢ֻǳ΢ٶԳ˶࣬˱㶼Ϊ۾Թ
вţĵ㣬ưư죬νѽǵýңҶȻʮŮȥϴҵһһԼǸˣƫƫС㾫ҲλڣֵԿۣ治֪ĸĸ˭õ̶
õ̶أţȵѰգҲգĿ˯һ۵ȫа
۾ýߴһƿɫĿţޣֲɫĿһؿ˼飬ִȥһ绹ЩҪСҵԪ壬ɢرϾͻҴСһһȥںĴصȱġӦ룬ֲһ䣬ҪѰ£Ըټң֪º
ǣЦء΢Ҳ˹˼ɵ£ɼÿ˶ǹƽģصĵ۾ⲻףһ˼ɵߡ
ԴķҡҵСұҵСҲϲôŬҲǰ׷ѣαΪ˸ħշġ
΢΢΢ζ£˸Ī͵ֻСңСƢãķˣСһ֡ħɽĹϵͲã֮ʲô¶ˣ簲档
ϢбۿִȣȼƵĺһȣͲһ֣˵ôûʣ󲻹һͬľ۶Ҳ߯Сˡ
۾ĬƬ̣㷴ȥüϲһϲ˺ܾãС֪ϲһжĶ΢ʣĳռİģ߽ͬһЩѡѵɫϿҵĶĵǲ˽Щ
Ե̾Ϣһ͵סȣȥ贽һţ飬ҵϣ˽Щ뿴ˣڵһտҾǵϴЦںʱĿһȫħĳ
ĴصķεıԴҰԣͷĲ棬ԺͷԱһܳԽ
۾ıһĬãֱͷбýһ֣µĽϣˣһ˵ȥȡ
סһգΪ΢ڻ˸ɫѴɧĺɫһգΪûµֱ׳ƽϡѹˣЩʹ졣
һ߳ĴأȴƴӾƮĿյԲޱͬСڣǼ˶ôѣþûͬ˵ˣе
һֶһЩһȥһˣų˭Сڣ
СӲη˦˿յţӣӦָֻҵȻڽ㰡˶ң֪һ˽֣㰴·ɫѱС࣬ѻϣѣ㻽죬СǴѣұ㻽Сڡ޺Ķ΢ЦСǲҲһСںء
һգ̧ͷƮƣıۡ
һҴү



ȵ

δȵҹɫ, ħսħĴأһɫ׹ʶĿϼӳ»鱾дս
սһ·˳һϢҵĴأɽԽĺӴûʮҲаΪͬһһ棬ɵĻ׼, ĽŲںĴվ, ǰ, ͷ, ĵ۾΢
ֱ˹ˡ
ƽܴ˳Ⱦĵ۾ýշʲô裬ŮĺѣƵ, ڷҡ£Ȼ
һò, ͷɺÿ, ˲, Ĩصķ, ˲ƿۣΪӾȻҲƬ̡
Ӧʱ뷴ָԼһӡ˭ǳ΢, ΢˭΢ͷովȻͷúÿҶãֱϰ˴ħˡ
ıűߵӲ, ̧ʳ΢һأְȥˣ
ҡ֮Ȼ䣬Խĵµݳڣ΢̧һСѻɽ磬ѰԵɽȥգգ۾˹ɽħĹϵţ㻹ṳ̂ɽķΧᱻΧסһɶԸ㣬ʮһٸɣסգҪҪȥɽСңϸһ롣
İĥͷ⻰ڸһ׼ǹƥȥɽ磬߯ӡ
Ťͷ޺޵ͷҸ㣬ݺߵ˱㡣һֲģƾôߣҵԶټһὫħ磬ɽɱͲûϵҴ
ƣҡϿܵĻһ࣬ҡƮ˳ꡣ΢һüģ˼˵һ治ҵ
ħƢһ򲻺ãľħ֮λƢǳĳʱţ㣬
΢νĵȥ仨ֲһˣ㻹ûϰߣۼĥŻСҵ˶ݣֻѾʧȥһΣ϶ϲʧȥڶΣֻһһһֻҵġ
Ժߺ˵һαеڶΣ˵ҾƲ˺һɫۣʱӣߵοһǱɱģɱҵˣҪôѩҪôԶԶģһȥ㣬ͬ
۾ĬĬ
ȻǸϴ֣ħһĿΣħҲᱳʫֻʶü֡Ǳϴ֣Ҳ̽һ뷨һʱø˵ô
һȷʵԶԶģһ˼Ǻװ
ϵ⣬ϵϵôգΨϵԼǵһʱڵĵһ仰ϣλҺһʱ벻𡣡תͷȥ⣬⣬ϵ
ǰʦģżʱ̧߼ףЦݵɹ٣˭
ЩɬȴδֳɴݵĴӼĸ̨£û˷£ڹе΢΢
ʼΪ棬Ϊһʱʲô©ʹйļ䶼ˡ뷨跨Ŀ˼ǺԵ㣬Ĺ裬ֻΪԼӰӣǵĹϵ׽֡
ܸܵһĹܣĴͬ˵ʶ뿪
Щ֣ʱվӡţòǳªǿۣΪһһͻӲ
ֱһԻһ˵ܳ飬ɣ׷֪ģһֻ򶨵ͬ˵֪ܳǴӲӵĵһҳģģĻƬ̡
һ˵ǱӣϾʱַ˼ҳƵֽӲǰҳǿհ׵ģҳֻһӬͷС֣ݴ鹹ͬɺϡ ѹûʳζɴ˿ɼһǷڲ
һûнˡЩϲЩ
ϲһδܻ֮ЩԵڣֻôһЩԵһǺܺõ¡ǣһѡװǵɼʮֽ֮£˽һӣô£뷨跨ȥӱܡ
һýģû̹ȻɱԼˣοһʦΨһˡԼĲԣûдⳡϷȥֻڹؼʱְ̳һѡ
ʮ˼лħ̧ͷʶ࣬ǳҽһߣϲңԺ󲻻ϲҿԵ궼ܵȡʮƫһƫͷͷѧѧңҶô飬£ȴһİŮӶˣǱЩñԼİŮˡ
΢תĴָϵĹǽ䣬ͬû֣ҽմϲ
ͷϼ˳ʱתһȦԭǻᶯġ
ͷ仨վָڿվһҡϹħѪǼӦдˣôӦֻ֪аݹĴصķ޲ķްգ
ĵ˵ͷȷ˵ǶǰԣԵĲƾɵּõܱʱûǰݻĴأǰ˸ĸãֻг΢ִϹʱһֱŻԣѰݻĴΪ֮Ҫһڡ
ϲкθϵѵ˵ѵ˵һݻĴˣ
׹𾪵̾һĹĵİγڵϵıһźqqңңָ΢ŭͷ̸ȶӽշͬһս
ϲŮ˱˽ȵǰأͬķޱС
΢Ĩ޵Цţ׹ӯӯ˸룬ַ佫Źرգ˲䣬ʧڷҡ£Ψпܵķɫ仺䡣
ڲͬĽսֻ˵δͬĽսϲһǱĵȨҲǱôЩͷļУʵͦĳ顣ϲһϲأ㹻һɴñɴĺϾԲ˱Ķһϲȴܲǡ
лҪ˵ҾȻĩˣ


ػɾ

һѹʱЩȦ
ž֮ڶ, һһߣ뿪СӰӰ´£һ֦ʢһ̽ͷ̽ԣֱܴһƮ䣻ɴĴᣲǻʣɽ֯ɴһƮ
̤ǹĹ
෢Կ, ƫͷڵĳ, һתͷ, 
Ĵ齱ſһһСλү, ˫۾ţֿ͵ˮܰƳ
λү, ôЩ졣
бţһԵë̺Ӹס¶صĶƤ, Ƭ, շתԥԥ, ڼˡ
ͷСԲС˼ǺС㾫, ЩӲСЩǰĿһѾ۲, Ƥͬһ¶һ⡣
ͷݵֿϹû˯ã۾һȦ, ſġ
̽⿴ۣﻨĿģŵһƵĿʣ벻°̱شϣȫȫ׹Щķܲӣ֮ϵһ롣
ҵȵĹʺˣزķڶգڻصԸĵ̣ĻĴͷͷ̺̺ӣ뱧סһ
˫۾Էϣһָ̧һָԼ㽫Ҵӷģ
ǹֻһֻצӣʲô¶㣬ص˱壬էһ˫ȫЩӦҲּ
ĳλɳƬ̣ʮǿĵͷǰա
üôռݵǸأһǰһԭˣûһûȥһˡĿʹץһץͷҴӦҪǹ黹ģҪʳˣСңõ£ҵΪȻᵹࡣ
ߵľߣ˹˵һˮֻ߻ش齱ߣοģĻѾͷڵǹǹ飬ֻϵûٽӻȥⱲֻмˡ
һ̧ĿеĲյЩݡ
һˣڵΪⱭˮôĵԺһҪúô
ǰִӹһллѾˣ촽ֽ̧յߣأԹڲˮͬǸûұ㲻ö֪ˣֻǽǱ޻ɽ磬ûٲ롣ֹһڲˮǲſһ֣ɫףʲô
һԹɨһۣջ֣ûʲôָڱͷЩȣһ
Ӱֻһǰߵʱֻܿһ˫۾Ŭ̧ȥ֣˶ôС㾫궼ģһ㣬Ͳˡ
һ˫СֱִˬһһϧͬҲڵЩӣæտô
ڽߴһգ϶ǶŵѺĵЦ
뵽ôʹ£ٵɨһ裬Ť˭ã˵ĺǲæտģͬжڣտҲǾ֮֮ͣ͡
һһת
һڣ˵ʱ򻹺ãֱöԷͬദ꣬ȻһֱС㾫߶߶˵һ˼Ǻӵʱبô͸Ƣԣʲôȥͬദ
ɨһ۵µ࣬Ƶ֮;ٵЩߣóʹСӲҶüԦտôЩӣΪˡֲƤӵȦ࣬ǲû˯Ⱦˣ
ڴǷǿû˯ҲȫΪʵʱιţɣʮˡʹһڲˮˣԸƵüҪ˵ǳ΢µЩӣÿնĵʱʱ̵̿ħǰ͵ϮҪϺȥѹҵħæʱһطñա͵ĽһյȫˣȾ౱ǧԶǰˡ
һΪᣬʵɵĻţǻΪˮģԸЬӵԲԣ˼
Ū˵۾ľŲ˵ʲôһ٣һ裬ݵе˵ʲôҲûзӣԸҰæһ¾Ųģ۹һݣȫõͷϡ
תźȸɵĲյ˵û˵ʲôһ¡һһЦߵԲԣеĲյЦһĴ¡
һˮĶһ͡
۾һκι£۴СҪΪӲȥ׽ɹҲһ
м¾ϡ档Щ棬۾˾䣬۾ʲô
죬ڻζŲˮζ˰ͣüͷĲˮôһζûУͬ׿ˮƵġ
һ㽫һˮ絽ȥһӵ㲻ŲҶܲô
󷽵İڰ֣ˣһǻȺҵıѩգСӸͻˣҪȥ˯һסһ²ҪɧңҲɧҡ
һЦһȻùյ߶һĴ㣬һҪСӡ
жƻƵķһ룬̧ԴԶ̾ϢһŤͷСڲҪô
һһ˭С˭ת뵽ܴһɫۣʱˣԴ֮飬ȡĺã㲻ҵ洫ԤŵĵӣרŴΪ˴ĵ
ƾһ֮սվֱժ׸ΣڴǷ˯Ļٴȥͷչͦãȥɹɹ̫Ȼٸ仨Ҳɣ˯һ
ԴͷʱȻԭҪͬƹ̫ӵ³ɻġԺﲢδдļ䣬˯źڷĻֹˣеļ䶼ͣ˯ǰ
룬п˯б㱻ɽ磬ûԼ޸ƹ̫ӣŻûⷽļ䡣
˿Īңƹ̫ӵˣ޶˶˾ҪѸĳƺţɵȷ˳Ķ֪࣬ҪĹѸ
ˮ֮δҪɸѸҡ
һ˯գһ̫Ứϰ٣˯㣬ƿһĿ˵˾䡰Բۡ
ʩƽӣ͵Сӵһ̶裬˳ϴһͷ
ͷɽѩĻҶʱЩɻЩ档һһһԵĻģͷϵɽѩҶĶģ
ʵ벻ͨҲȥ룬ͷɺɽĸɡ



֮

ް׵Ʒɵƽ, ˯˲档һޱǳĿһ̾ϢűһС̺ӣס¶ͷİضƤ˳ѡ
һ⣬һͨ¡Ʃٱʳסǹʱ, ÿҪٷ, ٶٲ, ԭʧݵŮӲǱԵԲࡣƩܽǮ̫, ǹ³ԺȲĹȻĲ֣ɼǮܴһСûжǮ, ǰ׷ѡ
һ, ʹжԵ۾ͼصı, ˱仯
ǰ۾ڼǰ, µ۾ʱ, Ҳδ仯۾ʤԼ
͸۾˵ĵ۾, أȴһ˵ļء
صԭֻܳΪԲϧ˫ȥ, Ԫȥ۾ûΪʲôÿÿգǼذɽֻʣʱǼȥɽĸӽħİΧӳʱǼȥϵѪ
ǼһֱߵգӦѼطĵһλãǽ΢
ɽĸ뼾ͬһиصķӣӦ֪صҪϽӼȥˡ
ɽĽ⣬СվȣѺõͬŵͯĸںδһһͬĸ̸ͨһ
ŵͯһۣ߶µ̧ɽڲߣֻͷ
ѣеͬͯôˣ£Ҽ˶̫ÿ㿴ĳˣ
ͯǽͣ£ٵ£ֻЩ֮꾹ۼĳȣԽ
һЩϲᵽ˱ݵζһ֣ûϲϣֻ״ƴݵĵͷСͦ˵ֻβС㾫ҵ֮ϳˡ˫ĿŵͣŷͯȭֻúһҲΪҺܿӴ
ͯظһ־һ·СŽɽɾͨͷķƮһ졣
ٵ֪ͯĸںδʱһѾһ˵ǡ
ô˵Ҳһһ£ɽĸҲþʵ֪οǽ壬ĸΪһϲŭ޳Ůħͷ
ϾǷǻɱ˵ġ
Ҫʱͬĸ˺˵ĸ־ȹ˺٣Խеļλˣ㹩
ĸ棬Ҳףֱӿڱ⣬һЩºһЩüĿһЩһҪ΢ЦͬĸûǱһ£ûԣһ£ɺã
ôòôģôˡ
·̺ͷ߹ţǣûֹܶˡοյ񻨵ĵŴ򿪣ǰӻ죬һһֻŽȥֻŻаűߣһ̧ͷ⳶ŵеЦ˲佩ǡ
͵ĴѬ˳̴㣬ܰܰǻյչⲻãЩ谵Ż谵չ⣬ܿǰľ¡
ͳˣŵվŵģŵУмΪڣίصĺڷë̺ƵմأϺõһ
뵽ĸ߿ܻи̵СɣǵõǸѵĺ󱲣ϲûڴ˵΢ң΢߻Ŵա
ûü˳ȥĸѾЦȥŲɷ˵ɽƬСطվԼɢʮ￪ȥˣ۾ͬȻʮ־ȣһˣܳתͷ̵ȥ屭ˮһȵģҪ߳ȡ
㶵ȥ裬һİֻųٳû
һ벻ͨռΪʲôƫƫҪһһɽײ۾գΪ˽ӣ
ڲͯе𡪡һ΢һΪͯΪԭΪͯΪ
ǣŵûͬ־ͷŤŤȥǰťϵĿſһֻôһƬ̣ҧҧԴ󷽷̧ɫһƽ
ײϱײˣôЦݵǰкͬ۾нĴգﲻشġ
Ļһͷƽ½ǵ壬ֻɽĸЦУĸվܺأü۶˲٣˵ĸȹңĸͲнճΪһĸؾҶݣһɡ۽Ƴĵĵ۾ŤͷЦĺͻЩ۾ҲڣԴұŲһŲӲ죬ҲڣǴɣҶû
öķƤĲŪ׹ĳɫҡڣѵŮڻ䡣
һѩһյ̵ĲˮưƮҡϣ̧ͷһֿۣһۣĩƫͷȥֻĬ
սմɫĻѣ֯˿ƳɵĹƮĲҡڶߣбҡβֹ毺õݾױ㣬˫ʮ껪Ůӣõ޶ˡ
޶˵ĴջһеЦֻЦδ͸Ƥ⣬ֻͣڱ棬Ķɽ׵ɣɱһűٹ֮ҲУԳԷֻͼӣ벻Բ޶ϵġ繵һ۵۾Ц⣬ЩûˣԭΪչȥˣԲ֣ǰȥ˷磬Ūȫ裬ĩȵɽġ
˼Ĵ۵һ˦ֲţѰɼǵĹϵܺãĽĽ
һɫĵָͷԴһɻ󲻽Ц񻽵ĺϲҴһȣЩӺε֪أ
Ƣԣͬ۾һĴʵԸ˵Ȼһӱ֪
ջգۣ˰׵˫ֵǰһŵǻǳǳһЦ󲻹ģںδģһʱǲˣ׮£ȴʵʵڴڵİա
̶ľ̽Ž̷һֱߵϣڳе̲ˮ
һƵյֻŲյͷƯŵĲĭӣĵͷ˰գȻʹˣԲʹԸպֵӣµĴһˮ˵ҺãҲȴãƴαŮӣһ˴ã뵽˺أ
յɫȻڹµˮ½ǣǳǳЦŵɹȻطҪͬѧϰֻΪƫƫԵɺãֻأףֻǺ棬ش𣬱㲻شˡ



ͷ

ݰ̹˵һ, нڣһŴµģʵѾֻ֧ϸס
漰λϹŴʷϼԣɲʱʱģܴ
һƳһ۴, üĲźۼ΢΢, ֻһ̱ʧ, ˳Ļµ, ⻰˵ȥӦϲϲ, ֱߵβС㾫ͬĶӣ, ǲǾͿҪͬɻˣһЦ, ȴִЩԳ, Щ, ЩζЦôɻʱҪϲƳԣٲȻİҲɡ
ЦĻ, δ棬΢е˼ϸⷬ⡣
һϻۣһ, ʶȤĲͬתų΢ЦĴ棬ɹͬ˵ջɾڹ㲼ˮһӿħЩس죬·ˮҸ˵ҪҪ¡ÿǰ鷢ƫͷ˼״ͬħĶйء
Ѭ۾ڶ˶ӣŵĲյ͸ɫĲˮƯżڵɨһȦɨ¯ɨľĺĩˣһ΢΢ʪͷϡ
ߵеԶѹûע⵽עӣлϲŨ
ͬħ嶯йأǼ˾Ĵ£۾Ӧü̻ͬ뿪ɽ˺ãܰͬĸָص¶ˣüģӦգװĴ
ڴĹһڲˮʽǣתֽյݸԸԵĲֺ裬Ҳһɤӡ
սӹյûü˵ͷһķһڵʵʵ°ͼ¶
Ӧٵĳϵķϣ䱸˭˭ң
ϤζϢ嵭ԭѬζŵ˻¶ˮʪĲС
ϵķıһ˫ݳֳȥδü̧ͷȥ˫ֵ˭һڶߣ˼Թмֲײĳ磬ǰͷ̣ɵҿЩѾίأҪȫ͸Ҫʱͬ˵ϴͷҪٳô˵Ļ㾿ȥ˼䣿
¶۽⳯󿴣ԭڴߵĵ۾֪ʱŷŶͷϵķỺĲʪķңȻƾͷȻϰΪ
һֱȷɽŵͯûҪ˫ĿնĳĸѡĸбˮôҪЩˮһ
۾ͷֶһ٣ʵտĶߣĽëܴͷȱˮ
һӲתͷȥͨĶ䲻촽Ĵ˲䲨ȫԾͣסһЩΣֽӲĽͷת޴Ҽǵǰɽ粢ûȣ¸յ£ȵȴ£ȵĲˮڿж̵Ļš
۾ͷһ˿ǳЦֹļɽһֱ糣δԵı仯㴩Ѷ࣬žȡ
һĶͦıֱܽƵͷܡ˳˸ƨ۾֪Ƽһʵ飬ȻҪἸλ
ķˮǿƬ̵ĹԭɵͷѸ߳ҡ
һۣؽҧסͷ¸ô
۾ÿһ£ı£ĸоŻⷭӿȫԴѳԼͷȴǱʩá
򾲵ţһ˫ȴԾץˮɫĳȹָǶ
ɽĸĨĪЦ⣬棬ȥĶ죬æĻһԵС̣ɽеˮнѹĹãȥȡһЩ϶ţ˱Ͻ͹
صȥɽȡˮĸһðĲ裬ɫĿⳡһ˿ϳɵЦ
ʱղ̣һ½ɶڿ䲻۾һղϣഺµ۹⣬ȴ
ǰЦ۶ׯ߹綥λôտЦһֻ뽫һͬһƲһͬ۾Ĺȥ
Դϴٵͼ۾ǣ߲ɣϸһµ۾ͬһ¡ͺǵĲͬ۾йأ϶ãڼ۾ͬһһξĶԹ
һҲǸйоصߣССͰڳ΢£ʳ˳컯Ǻв̤˰ħ磬Ҳܳ߳Ƶһ
ȻյһҲǹһɣɽ磬ɼ컯ʼƫһ塣
ʱɽˣƽӦĶ࣬ʱżҲ˵۾Ǹͽκã·ʱҲۿһõ۾½ԡºһңһ컻һɱˣ۾ҲûΣĩ˻ƣвȵ۾֣һںĴصĺҵС
һ꣬۾ʼձչڳ죬һӦģֱħƵɽ磬۾½֮¡
²⣬۾Ӧϲһģϧĵ۾ϲǸκһ˵ģֻȸ²
۾뽫ϲֻһˡ
дӰɴΣȸɵĲյϣɽĸ³һϵϸһĨȻ
󲻹Ǹ͵ϸˣû°ԼҵһϵĹ۾ԵûȥǣǣҲһԡ
ȷʵһλۺˡ
΢ͬȥ󣬵жʱž࣬˵ʲôһЩĲˣԴתתȥĹΡ
͸ͷ˳ƮԺ󣬻㱼һ˫ִУһ淽زãᣬŪƵġ
ǿ뵽˵ĿģĸзüĸҪ࣬ն϶ûС
ɻüͷԴһ˿ϣ꣬Ǽ˫Ҹģ֮ǰֻĩȵɣ֮ҳ񣬼ȻǶȻҲзİա
ĸ׵ͷ̳һŴ෢٣ֻøɫӱסɫͬʲôϹŵطԲ֪鲢ûʹֻۼһ꣬ʹ˸ֻؼľѾɱˡ
ƫͷƼһüŨŨʧֲһ䣬ȻѾˣҵ컯Ͷ̥תԵ̨Ѱܻһա
һĬĬӹ̵ݹıˮһĸ˵ǽңһһûݽأðա
Ɑˮĵλһû׼͵ȥһںЩƵ˱
³һڰ̡



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һ·, һһֱۣ̾˲¶ʮÿ̾һſ̾һСšˮ
һЩʧ䣬ʧ֮Щ塣ûзü, ͬǾɽĸҲûз, ѵصôʧĸ, ĸмصĻ, أյ̾һ
ɲסˣ͵Ĵ, ֪Ķ˿һֳڵĵݵ, Ҵɽĸ, ˶㳢һ, , ˾Ͳѹˡ
ͷ˿¶صĶƤֵİȥĶ۶ظ, ҪһЩ벻¶׶Ƥչȥһһ֣꣬С㹻尡, ֱ⻹Ҫ塣ССһһһ±ûˣһζȷʵͦģйӵһ㣬㶵ﻹûУ
СʧԾĿˮ뵳ţƲֻ㳢һڣûȫ꣬ôȫء
һֱ͵͵ûóԣؼҵ·ڣһһڵģһȻһڳԹˣһھͳԹˣ
һڳԹ᲻óԵĸЩ𣬴СΪ˵ĳһȫҳԡ͵̧ͷʮĺĪѹһֶѣǻ˼ңԣһԵûУһֵһһбǣԶ٣ұΪ١
æֹסᣬССһϿҵȻͲء󷽵İһ֣ˣ˭ҹϵãһ˱˰գֻҪ㲻ҳԣұ㲻㡣
˶ܳԵĶֻиΪֻԵʳĶֳɵģ¹һȦܳˡյİ׿ˮһѬǵζѺˡ
ƽֻɽȪˮ
һбۿҪ䣬΢΢бűܹһɽͷЩǶȥæãƷɹɽͷɿĿǰɻԵɽͷ
ɽɺɽɽǸ«״ϵɽܽͱƵģɽһ룬ɺɽǱؾ֮·
ɽͷûпǰȴԼָƮݵӰͷĺڷҡһϮ´ɽˮ䣬粻С뻭ߣһؽɫͼĵס
׵ĳ΢۾Уվ֮ϣӦòڸ·ġ
һвüͷ۾ɺɽأͬջسôѵģ
ڸı·ߣȻˣֻôһһƵɸҹֻܴӵ۾߲
һ㲻СಡķɹȥɵĿģõ۾ͺǸţʹǲܲ档
ȻʵǴв죬쳣ޱȰգյֱٵӿˡ
ûţûȵಡĴӵ۾ԷɹȥѾȸԾĽ¿ˣС㾫еɤɽˮ䣬˶㿴Ư磡ǸʲôʲôɽͬƯ˵ˣ㽫޻ƯŲһŲҪͬ˵
ⷬ˵ίʵԭĿԶյĵ۾գһգۣƲŴ˼̧߳Ŀӷ·ɲ˼֡
ʶĶܳ΢Ŀ⣬ģȰĵͷͬ˵һֶô
Сʲô
һСԴᣬʺ
ʵ֤׵ĶǶôҪһ£Ϊ飬ͬ΢棬ٲҪһ
̵Ƶ΢ߣһ龪ϲҲ죬ȻſƵġСȻϲôǱּˣɼͬƯ绹ͦԵֵġų΢ѿۣƫͷףô㴩ˣҾ㴩ѺܺÿǺҼ˶
ûȵѻ˵꣬۾ԹͳչޣŰϣݵǰ·ȣлţ飬뵽ƽֻȲ裬˳ˣҪô
СӺûĽˣŹӺȵľˣ˲˵ˡ
һµ壬Ĵָ⡣Ӵ۾ѣ迴ȴ֪ȥЩӣ۾ġ
벻۾µӣҲ벻ͨһƮƮᴩһ¡ţ棬̧ͷƤЦⲻЦ۾۾ôɺɽķȷʵȱĵطҪãͰ꣬񡭡µĴƵġ
䣬ͷһа棬ϴͷҳһţŵµ಻ʹײϵ۾ƣŵģҪϱ˦ɳȥ
ȥ³ԽͷһһƵ˳ʶû֨
۾ͣλñܷ磬ײδʹƶֺһȥϵͷ˶ӣŻڵ㡣
һԾһڿˮңתһת뵽ʲôƵͷһΪ˴յ¶գʵ˵ЩҲûȥǣ֮ͬʲô¶ûУϲ˶ϲңҲᱨյġ
Ǹϲŭ޳Ůħͷôյ¶ڰ϶Ϊյ˵͡յҵ𴦣󲻹òʹʼû˺աûֱ½˽ûȻҲ˵
ͬղһˣһгͱˣ˱´һٱŲ˽͵͵ˣСֶΡ
ƺڳһֻȸ״ֻβͱʮˡ۾ӭ˼üͷ㱨ͬûйϵֻΪ˼㣬Ϊˡ˶٣һ䣬ͬûʲô
ӴΪ˴գ벻۾һΪˡźۼץµİѣܵЦһЦ۾ƽ⡣
īɫķ۾̧°ͣзǷ֮룬һȥȣҲȣȼ˯ѹȥû׼ȵѩҲһڵһĬĬ飬һȼλ׳ʿϼҶҶˣ۾ֵ˺ˮɽĸ˵ȱˮұȥȡһЩ㳢𡣡
ܾĻûãʶѽ˹һ۾ȵˮȻ䣬ȴɽȵļͣº࣬ˮе˿˿ġζƬ̣ƫͷ϶ȵѩˮֻгѩˮ֮໹˿ƽóģ۾Ӻδģ
۾ݵĲȥ߲ˮգ˿ںŮ֮Ƶ˵ȱˮұ㾶ֱȥȣ˯óұûԸȥɽȡһ̳ӡĴǣ˳ȥߵһͷôûһͷĴͳһ໨ףһϣһ̳Ӷա
һӲǶ˶ֳ顣һ̳ӣһ׺ôôһڸף۾ǲģ
Ȼ˼֣һ֮ȻʹɫˣһԥҪ˰աЩѩˮã֪ˣ׷ɱҵġ



˼

۾л֮, ºͣ°΢΢գοʲôѩˮȡģҪҲӦ㣬ֲͷϡ
һĬĬĵ̾˿˵, ѩˮȷǵ۾ȡ, øͬ۾ƽ, Ҫͷϡǰڳ, ÿÿ۾ëҪֻؼ֣˵ÿص۾ɱ, Ϊ˵, 
, ۾, ֪Ľһѩˮͻ, ٸãٸǼƬҶӣαûȡӡ
, ԴѰ˸ͷǸշŲ˵ɹڳô۾ȥȡѩˮ, ħ綯ҵ漰Ĳɽ磬µĲ۾Ӧ²Ϊأȡѩˮ£Ͷ۾ġ
һ仰˵̫θУķ񣬵۾̧ͷһۣƺĨЦ⣬ɹǰػɾˣħĶһƽϢòˡ±ߵķŰʱҪ̧۾ĺ仰˿ȴһУҵ²ȻҪΪء
Ἰ飬һشˮ
޻Ʒ˸໨еѩˮɺɽµķ磬Сͬһȥ
ɲ˵˵иĵؽ磬ĳպ˳꣬ưƵ½ֱһһҹͣס
ǳ굹Ҳˣ춼еط꣬ⳡµϡ棬ĺǲˮҲʩ¶ʱˮɾҲ˵
ʱһյɲ¥ϵڣ˵һľ֪̣ãԴǳķ˻ıȰ̤ŵʥɮҪãзϻ֮ͯƩľգʮ࣬˫ʮ껪ŮˮǴӺδ·ģλ֮ٻǿΪ֮λ»طֽ⡣
һ˿űĹӽͣת̾Ϣһͷһɲ˼¶ֵ̫ˡ룬컯ˡ
Ҳ벻ὫѩˮˣǿڿԳ֮ΪŶĴҲû£һˣ벻ѩˮ磬Ӹ벻Ǹ磬ǡ
һʱգľ󣬻пӵСӵŮǴܺá׼ס˵գҲǼòżǵοӷ˵գſھܽг
һѩˮкˮ֮ܣʹ˷ϻͯɱӣҲŷرһζա
ţǷ˭Ķ顣˭ãҲ˭ã˭ãʮĴ˭á
ô˶
صһһĵһ׮¶̺ӽԸͷȫֻ¶˫۾⣬˫ۻػɪɪ
ֻһۣ뵽۾Ǿ䡰ҵ²ȻҪΪء˵鲻ĻֻҪ뵽㶺Ǳһͣ
һһ̶еСЬӣٶ۵Ĵߣͬһ𶶶Ӽ׻һһΡ
һб۶㶶ʲô
Բյҿһֱе䡣
һͷ˼һ˲󷽵ķһ̺ӣһ˹ë̺ӵһǣüࡣ
˼ȥҲ벻ף۾Եλ˵һĻĵ۾˵ÿһ仰һġ
ҪĽ㣬ͬ۾󲻹棬Ĺ۾ƨ֮ʵûʲôĸԣǰĽ㣬ǽʦͽʦţֽҲ۾˵ⷬĻġ
Īǵ۾ħϣˣԲϳ۾˻ûħħۣҲĶ֣۾ܸħãʩ˹ƣҪ浶ǹĴһܣôŻܵĺûӡ
ѵ۾ϲ뷨Ժһ̺ԼЦˡ
ĪǷħˣʱܺ˼һЩеûģϲĿԶȵ۾ϲĿԴĲɽˣ۾Ҳϲġ
Ӷı죬֪䣬ǾöԸϵһŲһЩֵ̺Ŀյ뵽˵۾Ǹɧˡ
˵ɧƵķɧ˼˳ƽصֵ°ͿϣȻİ˵ͷ۾һƵûˣƣ˵Щһÿܵӣ֡
۾ƽ׽ŪˣǰŸηмӣⲻ۾ǸûжȤζˡ
۾ȤζصģȻǵȸڵҲͬѡȺֵĵǶõġ
һģǧǧܵ档
͸ĵ£ñ㲻ôˣпڱǽϣŤͷ㻹ôҪȻڷһѻ̺ڻߣٵһյ̵Ĳˮ㣬һںȲһڿӦûůգ
˵˵úůˡ
СûĻȥָָ̧ԼС˶쿴ᶯȣ
΢΢鶯£һɫĽԼ̺תƳ̾˿
ȻǾûԼϵһֱͣİ
һһʣһķ紵һÿһƬأɾĻü֦ͷеľˣʱצӻһϵë
չҫƬ֣һã˶ɣɫһӵʢţ黨ɾӶͼڡ
һµ긺ңᶯüĵʫƪ֪˶ã಻֪ʱߡ
ëĻü͵͵Ƴ۰꣬צӴλòãֻԿĲĽëܳҲͦ°Ҳÿʡ
ŲܿλãצӻûʼһֱŮħͷСȻתӣ³һƵġ
ּװģѾë˳۽
ȻýüѴǳˣ뵽пòĴʣȫҲΪһֿһ۾˾ĻŻŵŮħͷǸ׷ҪëĻħûĸеĻŻŹءֻ񲻴󳩿졣
΢ȷȻ󳩿죬ֻ죬ֻƬ̣һ˲»ƽɫַ̧մȾһ꣬Ľɫͼתһ
һηĿη嵽˹ͷֻ˵˾ԵĻŵƶٿزȣһͷȥ
룬һһ׮£һһպһôһЩٽѰݹĴص˵
ȢҪĵۺģۺѾͬ˺ĴأϹ˼֤Ҫͬһסڳ죬ɵĳݡ
һȷˣСһϲð֪ԸԸͬסڳ죬ʵԸҲν԰ͬһסһһµģ겻лһάֵģͬһסٺʲ
£Ҫֻһ׮ǾǶǰˢڸС
Ȼĺܺá




Ǹ, ĻУͮͮһţɢҫ۵Ĺâһѵû˯󣬸ڽڷɹĴǰȥ֯ӸǰѣܸסƤѡ
, ûй, ǰ˼Ǻӵ, ֽŲܶ, Сһ˹ģҪôˮݸͷϣҪôܻǮ, û˵ϻĻڣ߯į
ȵ, ص̵ɽ, ȴһֱͬ۾ǰծס, ջ̻̲Ķŵ۾, ҲûĴʶһ羰ɫ
֪û赱Сӿһº, ˼Ǻӵ겻չ⣬֪Щͷڣıȥ, ֪³ʲôӡ
ܶСӺõ;õɽõı֯ӣֵ³ѣϳ˼ƷȻ۸ҲףΪСӲ£ó˴Ѫ
һ뵽֯Ӿסľ蹬һ·̣вߣƤһأֻһĹ˯ȥ
СԭרĵĳŻףһһƤͣûմʱͱͱȵ˶쿴˿Ư磿
õ˯˲˴룬ҷ۵ͷ˿ƵĿµİ֣ĵʱգһ۾
΢ȻƵĹߴ͸֦Ҷӷ϶©ҶĵϣλһصĽӡһϮѵĵ۾ڰУίصķøɫϵһ룬ʣµİͷͬıɫһ̬УƮƮȻ̤һ㣬ϵ½˸˸⡣
ϸ۾ȻͷħªħƲħɽµ۾ָŶá
ջߡ̾ͷħڵ۾ã۾繲֪¶½зĲôʹ࣬ȵĹͷħ˱ȽˣȻһĳ࣬ˣ߶߶˯Ĺ򣬵ȵ߶߶Ƥۣų˽
ת㽫ڵٿһЩ۾ԶԶģ˫ְƵı߱ߣͬΪβȥͬƯкһҪòİ˲кǺܲòô̽һ䣬ĿŰ֣˷ܵƯڿأ˷ܵɫĳȥֵԭڿ㡣
۾ڿһһ٣ֹסһƵͷĽƵʱٷ֡ȶ۵һкҲҪֳϵģ۾Ǽ飬ǲȥһħˣɽңʱȥȥ
˼⣬ͻС鲻СģҲȥ˶һ裬һҲԸȥͷܽǲȥкǶԵġ
һڨЦù˯һ蹬ʱͱһͱҡûգﻹУԼץ
һ˯̤ʵͣھ蹬ʱͱ˺üͱҲûѣֻָͷɰѺĵӡʱ趼ҪˣӨỨۿת
֯ӽ¿ѿ˺ЩӣһڴӦΪ£ȡ˲ϸĳ룬֪һձȡ¡
˵֯ӲΪ쵱Ĳ÷죬ѣֻһáֻӲ־ηµӡ
ǶŮħͷûǰΪɣҲû·ǻḶǮģ֯һڻؾ໻һҸѣֲľ蹬
һ߯ǳǳ֮໹Щꡣ
Ϊŵ۾һʱһ⻻·ߣĴᵺƵȥ֡
۾ƵķɧĽܰ˵ЩĪĻ׽ŪͲ֮κνǲ㲻ôèèĹһġ
һûãмûطбƵĴᵺϷɹͬ׳ԣʤľ⣬һƫͷƼ۾裬ɰĲƲƮɢԲŵ˵ôÿйĵĲҶԭǵ۾Եʡ
۾ͷıɫѾժȥͷīë̺ӣĶԣźĹһյĲ迿ߣĲʲôƵģ̧ͷͬһңң
һһףǷŴģûü顣һʱû뵽رĿ⣬ֻʶ룬۾һۡͬƽôЩͬ
ǵõ۾˴ƽŵģ˿Уڿħħ¿ҲĿ⣬۾˿̵Ŀ⣬ЩᣬЩ磬ڿĳһ㣬ǻԼЦ⡣
Ըͨ۾һĿ뵽ôԶĵطȥɫջߣֱĻȥ
ӦĴ̫磬û˯ã񲻴ʹ󽫵۾Ŀ⿴ˣŻ֯ϵĺյ˺÷յء
ڶ磬ȹĻУһתѣĴǷһ̶˯СӣԤ蹬ȥȡնµѡ
һ۾Σ˵ɺϣŽܿܿڣǧһͬһΣǲܵġ
ţӦ˵۾ҳûþˡ
綥ڼԣһڽӱߵˮУȻ翵ĻӰнһͣһԵ¨пտҲȻûá
۾Ӧæúôħɽ»û˽ᣬ½ҲټпպȲ裬пյ㣿
һᣬתȥ۾ƵĵʲôûӱʲôûУһɿ۾֣ȵѽѽѽ۾ôɹˡ
겻֪ʱеͣ޻ƾֱ
һͻͻ


˸

۾ǰʱ, һǼġ۶üգ棬߶߶˵Щἤòײĵ׵
æҵȥץ壬̧ۿſİ֪꣬ⳡٲҪһ, Ǳܲȥˡźۼ³һ, һ᲻ŵĶԼ, 򶨡쵱Ůħͷһ, һľʮͷħǰأֻԣᱻ΢ס, δǷ۾ôֱֻ׳ͬɡ
һ׵ͣԱߵ, ίصķڽű, ü΢΢, ɫĺ֦ͼڻת, ˶٣ѵޱؿͬ⼸, ȲҲҲգɼ֮ͬԵֵġڵķӴһɨԼЦ⣬ʱ, ҲҪкϾԵⶫ󡣡ЦȻȻˣԱǰк
һᣬԵ֣ƲӣءմӷûգƵƵĿǣÿŵ۾һΣһҼ֡
չϣȻһ𣬳ŨܵĽëͶƬӰ۾գţƬ߲һҧҧƿԶı̲ˮŬЦ۾УŽħͬɽзϽķħͲһٻɽȡƹܲȨ۾ϵ£ĲڳȫıսյĴйء
ɽζģһղǹһ򲻹ɽ֮£֪ħԤɽ磬ƹʱġ
ħͬɽϵԽ۾µ㣬ɼѹûħϡҲǣƹĵ۾˭˭Ըϲ˭ϲ˭ûôɺµġ
۾תϵĺɫǽ䣬ëµİӰһֻħħϣѻӲµħۻڳ˯Уƾʮħʱɽ硣ƺ̶۾Ὣţ·ؼֻһˣһԵС㾫Ǹ裬͵øС
һҧ촽˸ţȥ۾ֲȥõ۾񲻴ԾԼʲôһСϲ۾ʹ֮䲻ʲô۾˶Ҫˡ
Ҳ֪ԼΪλֵµĸо
׵ݴӺ촽ɿһ̶˶ӣ⵹۾硣ĵ۾²ԼħޣˮȵķˣӽӰ鲼ÿ䣬½ĺҹҹ죬նħƵȦ
۾Ҳ֪æ͵ˣɼ˯±仯ж
۾ܿĵףԲɫһ٣º͵ôǱ磬ãһ磿
һŷ˵˲˵ĻһǳЦιȥƷ뵽ʲôһͬ۾죬ԭԼ֯ȡѣӾõȿʧһ۾ŴȥաæԶ۾ʮƵġ
۾ԣͷߵԶˣŷڵС㣬תؼӱߣǽڷ͡
֯ӵľ蹬һ룬Ǳؾ֮·ֻţȻܼһһ档СһɷǺÿŵĲУȴװ򶨣ⲻ֪ͷѳ˱һϸ
սϵͣӭչǳ̾˿Сǵִͬദͬ˵仰Ӷǽŵģһ޾ɺ£Ҫá
޻Ƴ蹬Ʈͬһƶˣһɣһɣ˫ȶģһûиΡ
װڶĻ׳ˣЩʹ죬迴˿ԸĴĴָɾۣӡͽ˱š΢ͬһһЩͷСԴԺɶû
ת˲ȻˡƯǸˣ˵ĻôױܶģС֮С
Ȼûܿ˶ЩԾһ·˱һ·ĴĴָҪ蹬ʱڱﲻסˣĴָһʵ˶ǲǲϲƯ磿һɻӣ͵ҿԵӼƯ磬Ҫ뷨Ӷͬ仰Ͳ˶ȥ˶ÿοƯ磬ߣƯͬ˵ŵĶͷʪˣ
ֻźµ˵ʱŻʱ̶˿
һĬƬ̣ܾͣ軹ǸСӣֺֻụ́һٶûʵɽ㣬䣬ԵͶӶˣ΢һЩܶӡΪǺͯģ겻󣬺ĵһۣͳģƷ⣬СӵǺƷֵС㾫ʼϲҲûϵó
̾ϢһԴ¸пСҲֻ֪Ժ֣Ƭ̣Ҳܲöſĵ۾ʶĿһйģȻӶϲȻҲⲻסϲһˣֻҪϲɣһҪͬһڣѾϲˣԣȻҲ̫Ըźͽһ
Դ˼ϲȻҪһ𰡣ȻϲѲͼȤô
һĻЦˣǵɱ㣬㻹ȥϲȱľֺԥİ㻹Ըͬһ𣿡ǵЦҲס۵ԹǿԼɵľܺһһգԹڰұ㳹ȻˡֻǱЩͬʱҲ˵Щδһˡ
ӣ˶⻰˼ѵҲϲƯ磿ֻǺƯˣʼƯԶԶġ
Ȼܾúܾúܾ֮ǰ׷˶ƨɺͷôģ˶ŤͷͬЦɱʱòܣԾòܡ
蹬ңңɼһչ˸ȻĥĵͭСĵ̽һ˵һΣôһΣƯɱɣ
߷Ĺ߹ǿһգһգۣûĻ



֮Լ

ϳɵ̾Ϣһ, ҰһĳĬĬϡԭط˸ƤʳһǰޱĿ۾ƯˣȻɱ㣬һĿ, 軹Ǻ, пҲöǼ˶, ´ټ, ñǿ׶һ仰ͬ˵Ƶһϲһ䣬һһֱϲ, һֱϲһ
Ƕȸպܿһ˫°͡һЦ˳㳰ЦһС, ûʼЦ, ۿȺ, ʲôҪʳ
Դ, ˳ѪĲС֪ˡ
ͣھ蹬Ų࣬££紵ҵ, ǣֱ֯ƽղС
ǸŮɣСڴˮ̶ߣһɫβֻһС, ԶԶƬɫĺӽһˮ·
ѯʣӾֱƺõѣķСԡһ贩ϣСڹۼϸϸˣǳɫ̧ˣӹ಻ڿ룬ĺۼ½ĻƷһöǳɫҡҡλδţ¶ͷİضƤסˣѳĵСʲвת
һɵҰҰò賤ȻҲǸĹӸ磬ٲҪù顣
ĺã⡣ݺĴӹͳƬҶӣֻĳѪ뵽ʱСĻһҧҧȽҶӽ֯УлСӳߡ
ȫɻСӽ˵һԤıģΪ˵ĵ׷Ǯʱܸʹ졣
ûߵβͷ֯æסתһѣ׷ȥǳǳЦĪߣ͸ģĽѾãȴһֱԵһǺɵԵҹѳıľ⡣
һŽɵɨ֯ۡõȻҲԲзۣɽɼҪƵߣĭõˣĽҪߣĪǷħˣö˶˵ͬҿôЦĶ죬ȫļҵԸС̶ѣûǮԵĶˡ
֯ӵ¶Щң֮ЩţæδͬЦθͬЦС۽ɨһɨһĲգĸͣѣֻÿһܣһֱܵΪֹ
һǰŲĲͣ¡֯ӵ·ǳͣųھܾʱӱջػҲȷʵòùˣľɽǰľɿʽ
Ȼһװɫ£ԵĿ˿֯ӣ㵹ͬ˵һһëΡźСһڣæڸǹȥֿ޵Ӳǹ֯˵ģֻ˱һ۱֪ҵĳ뼸Σɼĺܺã۾֪Ȼ⿴ӡ
ϵĺɫͼ֣ÿһ䷢Щɬޣҵɲţɽ˽ѣʽźÿδһƳԷΧĵزʵǡ뵽ʲôƵ͵סڣµץ½ǣæûԼĳġ
һ·֯ӡӺ֣ǲϣֳϣԼԼѵ𣬻˵ͬһԲá
֮ͨȻ˻ĸ·һͳֵĶûֻգԤŻһ֮һ蹬͸ΪҲǲǷ顣
ʵ֤͵ĺܺʱˣֱѩ̿㴩͵ɲĶ¥ϷɽҪ࿴ۡŪİѣڶ¥ԭζϷˢɢʱ¥ֻʣһˣ徻徻ôЩ
Լ˶˳µסˣδԷӰĵһˮڣ˫ס°ͣһȥ¥¸̨˵Ϸ
˵ϷɲҦҦʲôطһ֪Ҧ˵ϷĳӣضϯɽһԵģϷǲ˼ϤĴʣƩƩεľһҲ˺ŵ֪ǰЩŪһѩˮȫı˸˸ٵĺô
ﲻȱȱȨ˵õ룬֮ʧǡñһ߶ŵĶ顣á
̫յɲůģȻƵĹתڣǽϵҼͶʺ磬ȻУ˯һ˸ƣԤٵȸһӣԷĻѾӻһ롣
ɲΪ˸֮Լˣػɾ߹޵Ĺյ¡
һУԹ;ų΢²ƣǺֵõģһѡ
˿֯Ӻּ仨ģմȾƬ꣬˯˯䣬ڵĻüͰһһϵɽһλС񣬲Ҫ
һӻ˯תѣĥСеʮа˾Ǵգʶɲֻ࣬ʶһ
Դ֯Ӵ㽫һ¼ӹһ˸ӳֻ֣һ˷ܽһ˸ϻӡǽиڵĻüΪš
Сżտб㲻ɵáסһŵСųæԶΨһһʱܵϿ˳ˡ
żȻǴģ֮ǰһΪҪôսҪôǴպ͵۾ɻȻû뵽С͵ģǷʮǫôʿ뺯
ԼյɲϷȲ衣
һֱ֪ջϷİã˯ЩϷϰߡʮյΪˣıߵէһʮа˾
Ѭ˺룬ѽ̬ȷŵǫƴˣԵƽСץŹȥĶԹԸ֡
Ҳȷʵ֣˴꣬ѽյһȤáȤôױܸĵ˵ġ
˼ȥ迴ң֯͵ʱ䵽ɲԼˮڣηա
û룬ѾʱǰԼǱȴ絽
ҦһϷ˵꣬׵׺ֵϣڳɲһ¥һ硣һȥֻ۾շϵϱʯ̵ۡ
սȻĴߵǸ߶˴·ߣǰ鷢ȫ¶౥Ķͷһͷɢһ˸٣ಢŲϱʯĲҡϴĵɫ£εĲ񻰡
һ˸ȣɵü̾׿Ʒʲ˵մʵÿ˶оһһۡ
¥ɾϲͬڶ¥壬֣ʱ߱Χһɣ̬༤



ըë

ȺиϺСɶ˼, ȺͷһͬںͷĻڶɢԪɾ
ɣɽһŲ֪ɶΧһתԾ棬쳶һɢԪɾ䣬ʵɾ, ǰͷŮǺηʥ, Ϊż㼤
ɢԪɾŤͷռ°͵С, شֲش, ֹ
СɡǷˡƫƫ˽ĶԱߣÿҪ⣬֦, ԭһͷ֦⼸ձ½СɳԵ˰
ƳСڴĿ, ӷ·ˮ, ɢε̾, Ľ͵ɽ׸߹ɲǳԼ, ǵ۾ĴͽܣǱͬ۾Ĵڣܹɽ伮ܹһհ, Ҳᱲ֮
Сɵͷ˼״⣬סɢԪɾһֻӣ̧ͷ¥ȻŶȵ, ΢΢ü¥еλɽ׸ߣΪɶ͸Ϊż˶ߣҪǸӦ
ɢԪɫĲŪСɴϵצӣ۽⿴һһһ˸˭еͬ˵ǲҪˡֱ˭ţѹ¥λǰɽһҵħŮһɱʮָͷǰЩӲǴˡ伮ȥôͷ˵Ǹħͷ
Сɾȵġһ־µġѽһ˼ĵͷһ
֮ǰʦͬ˵ԽòŮԽЫʱʦ˵ĻʦܱòŮӹз߷߲ƽʦĻǺ˼
һɲǸô
ʮָмھӣھӣǲʦĺھӼҵ֦Ҳóԣ绹Ҫȥһ̣Ҫھӽѡ
¥ϵ¥£ʮ·̣ӲãһֱŶׯЦŻնŮ
һֻù⿴յЦݱ㿴ԸǽӲҪЦôãȻġ
ǲɢΧŵɣǸɢȥյЬӲ϶¥ľʵĵذ壬ȶһӯӯһЦʣ߲ͣǡôЦĺ磬ǵһЩʱաÿƵȹȻʲôƵһüɼǵǰܰٵΪпҲٵЩǰӦòͬСƽϰգ
һһյ裬Ƿŵȴ¥ĿյģεˣѻĽëȾ˼ˮɫ յڴߣԸסζЦģȻּ˼ֿ⣬˼ᡣ
ϵЦ⽩һĳ˾ɵշ磬Ƭ̱ظ糣Цŵ߻˵ЦģģȱΪءԼ˸̨¡
һɫƳһۣһЦչȻĹά̨ҲԼȥˡ
ȱǻǰûɸȱɣȱϣڴˡĬĬź÷յеˮղ޼ָ״ڱأӲƢܲ˵һ㡣
һָ±ӣǴòŶԴտõôãЩġֽ÷յ£һ̾˿ɽֲõķɽ׵΢ɼ񣬶ôתŲյǳҡһҡͷʮֲǱ˯þˣɽ˹ض֪
˵գֻ۾Ŵգϵǳ˿
⻰ǿ˵ģδĴȥɣ¥Ϸɶδ츣ǲ밲˵ⷬΪ˸
¥µʱ֣ҦĵڶϷܹĵĿ˵ԭϷĵģ¥µİ˿ȴҦ˿˵ô¥û˹ģɶģ¥ϷģŮħͷ̴¡
ŮħͷվŮħͷһλŮħͷô˵һλŮӣ֮ݸ߹⣬ƽǿϸΨһȻҲй֮δ߯
ú󣬴ӣʵʵ˸Ĵ񣬽촽ҧķףȴǺһƬһһһٵɣݼ񡣡
߯һóһЦϲԴգƵͬԣգɫ󣬿ǿˣһˮΣ򶼹ˣʹ͵ĲˮձضҲȥۼӣȾ˶ޢָ޼룬ĵмһЦţ뵽ʲôƵĶסˣֻˮⱭˮ裬һǲȵġ
հ˫ڰ·˸أݵȹڣµױŤ֣ץȹ߳ŭһ̫
ӴչȻըëˡһµ̧ͷ۽ɨһڿֵɣһԵЦǰܱ۸һֱ֪۸ǸֿζһȻʹޱȣú»ء
ֻϵĶˣɱɱʹ򣬻ûʹĥˣڴһԣˬտգԼպĥյϰߡ
Ǽɻǰ󣬴ֻһ˲ϷĴ죬ֱ뻯һ㻻ǰصľ£Ⱦ˶ޢ˫ϥϣˢĵ񡣵ȵһ걭еˮһֱ˵ĵ⣬ֻ뿪۾ػɾɽ갲ȡ
һڿеһˮȥ
òĥպû˰գ˵ɶӹͳĨ죬һܾȰʵ㷽˵ôû壬ɷ˵һ飿
ճذ̧ͷֱһߣˢ˽۵ĽëĹץϰŵװţҲɶҵ̬еǵ۾δޣ磬ͬ۾ޱȰ䣬㣬󲻹ǸħŮݣ˭Ը㡣һ棬Ħưж˿Ȱζͬ۾֮ǲнģЩ뿪۾پŵ۾ҿػɾ㰲ȣɶٶ飬ػɾҲһһ£ǲֻӵ۾ǰʧ
һ˽ĵͷ̧ΪԼһյ裬ˮཹཡעյ뵽˳ıȪȪˮһСûûҹĹཹཡҹϢ
˸ıɷ񿴹꣬һǸСŮ͵۾ţһֱûеʵУɬҡͷʱȪ۱ߵȵ۾ʩˮ֮˳ͬ顣ҡͷϵĺλδɢָűȪͬȪˮûģ˶Զ
ȵĽһСˮãٿˮôôɶҺΪ֪һ׮Ե¼ţ۾ڱԴ𱸣ͷָĶЩʲô߰Ķҵͽ̡ܲ
ܴƲ죬̧ĶһʯӶһȦһȦĲһߵǸֻ˯ֻٲʱĽһЩ֪ʶͺ浽͵꣬ʱŻ֪Ӧøмҡ
һɵ֪͵۾أѵܶˣ
۾һѳסһ󷽷뿴㿴ˣҵĺùģʵû˼廨СҼöˣҷѣûɣ廨ֵĿ
ǴεѧһѪͣͻ¼Բ֮İ£һŵ۾Ƕߵġû취̫åˣһŮмܲס



ǹϵ

Ȫ, ٵͷյлɫĲˮһȻû˺Ȳ¡
յƵһԣһֱŵĶȣĵĻشգΪ꣬һЩ, Ͼ, ת׺ɣ, Ҷ֪Ҫ͵, û뵽ʹǰһ޶
ǳǳһЦЦֱ۵ף۽ǵϸչ, ·˲ࣺҳ򲻳죬վǵ۾ļϵ, е۾, Ըһֱȥڳ, ÿÿͬ۾ܻ, ЩóԵĺģ۾õһݸңԵʦʦĽĲ, ҲӦúһĽĺܰաСû˹ذûչˣ۾էһ㣬Ȼֻ˶ҵʮ֮һ, ȲĽŮģеǳǵе㣬ǲʶô֪۾Ϊξʦţ
һͷָ⣬͵һЦֱֱһ۾Ϊͬ۾˵Ҳϲ㣬Һ͵۾ĳ죬ƽ޹ʶ΢ķôˣʵ޷ȥ࿴һ۶µĻš۾һңͬ˵ұҪ޸۾ңӻĵһ£Ҫҹ뿪Ƶģ΢΢۶űǼ⣬ͷָͷɿ½˫ֵϥǰֵԣһҪ˵Բأǵԣǵ۾Ķͽܣ𾴣ֻɽûô߰ˡ
ɲһĿãӺݵĻҶУ޵ָ˿ҡһλÿȥܿŵֻݺ˯ĴƤƣš
һʩһ֦ģЦˡʵôŴ˵ĻȻ˵ĵаۣͬʵһ޶ͬ˵ĻֱҪĻԣƩһҪˣƭ˵˵ظڤ֤ĸ죬ͬģ걻۾ⱲԸ¶ʱһ;۾ɬĻţ³˵һֱҪ
۾뿪죬ǰףһ㣬ԸҲˣǾʰʰ뿪˳죬˭ҲûкҲ벻ͨ۾ʱö˶˵ģΪδռ֮󣬵۾㲻ء
еĺĻϣĲĻۣ˳ֵҲˣһһ죬Ī⣬һҴұҪð
˵յĻ٣۾죬յмֹϵ
նЦɭȻãյһձܷƵġ
һãҪסӣõȨҪƺ̸£ǵһܻռơ
ǿѹеּϵĺĻڱźͬʱϹصЦ۾˳㣿Ľء뵽ʲôƵģƿµĺģ̧ŴղˣҼǵõ˴һ뿴ʱ˵ͬ۾Ҫɻˣھ뵱Ѿ꣬Ļôû죿
û뵽˵ȻѽȫԼˣλŮħͷܻһЦһ˲ɻˮһ̧ϵӳͱͱ˳סϵɫȵˮٷѻ˸ɵЦģܻúܾãͬ۾кܳ·Ҫߡ
һȻĵͷ̶˼Щ˶ã˵һֱĻԼԼƭ˽ȥ˵ڣĿһ٩٩ҴͲκλѻƭԼѾˣƭҲƭˣαԼҲƭԼǺ޴
仰̫ΥģԼ˵ȥûšմʱһֱƭԼƭԼѾ۾ˣʵʵûȫѵ۾ʵȴմ˶٣޴ĺܡ
Ʊ仰ˣһһأ׵ݣֱһ̧ôȹԭĲҵͷһ覴ãȭͷģ·ȭͷмŵһ˯꣬ҵ꣡мΪûҵˣֻͬ棬ҼĴȼֻ࣡Ҳ
ⷬ˵꣬Ҧ˵һδʣ¥ϷλɺˮĺˮԹӶĳԹӶûʼ۾飬΢ЩյĻԵúܴ¥ϵĶԭȥĶ۽ǵƳ¥ǾһһΧⳡϷˡ
һĺƢĶŭˣһԼ漰ţ˭꣬Ϊᵽ˵ţ
͵͵Űա
һɫţɫµβչƽŶȿգ·ҲֻǸͣͬ¥µЩûʲôͬ
ȵϢȣʾãѵ˶࣬˵һЩǶׯ߹Ĺһʱʧ˷ִ硣
һЩҵۣ·ֺôߵɢʩʩȻ£ճһ ûǶׯ߹Ĺ㣬ȴǸĵ񡣡ׯ߹ĹΪԼһյ裬ֻһڣüͷ͵ĽյƵһߣŵԼˣ뽫˵ףʵͬŵ۾֣ػɾ֪ģû֪㻹ûĻᣬϲԲͬһΡ
һʧЦֻý
ҪӣҪƲԳԷƣ
˵ŵͣ¥µòѾмĹԴ¥һһһǣһֱǲ̧ͷ̾˿
ҲɵԼ̸鲻Ҹ˵ĵطȻɲɲôطԴŵĵһתأиʽİԴȥҪô˵۸˶Ҫô˵ͬͬһˣžͲˡ
Ѿ˵ֻͬȥҲûʲô˼
̧ͷӣʱѾˣǰиڵĻüæտСӣüվֻСħԸÿЩȥι˼һüë
еĺģһ˫ȥģҲģĽ۾ܰĽˣ¶ѵͻһԼҪϡػɾʯپʵʵģһ뿴㽫Ƕļҵ׶ȫˡ
һ͵Ǽ״׵
һ͸䵽۾ϣһ˶㣬֪ʱ½󴦵һƬҶƵҴδŵ۾ǰζҼǵ˭һҲǵٻعͷִԲǵ΢ȥˣһûôּ
ûȴû¥ºȻӰ˵ͬײӲ룬ȷŴճʱҪϼ֣һѷſܣһһĴ˾Ƶġ
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һԼһƬ׵½ƮȺ, ½Ǳһ͹ƽֻһɨ˹ȥϸѰɼȥѷŵķ϶µĽʵʵ
һһɲǵľ, һİ, ǲǵ۾գԴҡֻ˹ġɽӦòֹ۾һ, ôӦҲֹ۾һڰ½½һο۾ھĴɫ, Ӳ˶ĵطȥԼɼ̫ʲô̤¹ʡ
, ƳƬ½ǣҪôҲǸһư, Ҫôɴۻˡ
ջ˼, һ۴, ת̤ľʵ¥, һõףףǰúϰͷϣȻ, ۾ԸȢĻ
ͬǶµʺȨȴʧ˵ĳ谮ܳĲȻǧ˻ȥֻϧ, Ҳǲ۾ͨķ˻ʵۡ
վǲ̫Զ
̤һ̨ʱյңңڶߣıʹģẦ۾ģ
ͣһ˲һɲǵĿնţ͵زϵ棬µβ¥ϻ䣬ڽűߡ
ħˡûͷûԵĻҲ˵ڣֻе۾ķݶħħǶû۾
ɢɶſߣԭ˼˵һ¥Ŀ࣬һѴ֮ߵοջǰδɵȥһЩ
šֱӷɹȥðգĴһôֲرݣпܷɵһ뿨ס಻ĿŵĴԴɹȥܲò
ȻӶ¥Ĵȥ
תȻ¥ӵĴСΧһ״Χһ״Χһ״Դվߣ˻Ƶģ߹޲նĶſɣһ۽͵͵ſġ
ͣڸ״ŴӵĴСԼȥһɽɣѾ̧һֻУԲ󣬡ãôɲ󣿡
һһʶĻͷӰ䣬ǡһÿĺȺ˸ҫ۵ĹâĴָϵһöǽ䰵īҹͷڷίҡ
з羰
һһ˵磬Ψе۾ÿܽѵķζַζԵôѧѧġǰҲѣ˵Ƿְҵһһ׼ԴӺ͵۾ߵýĴ˱ɫ
òǸˣʲôɫѶܼԦԸ͵۾ײɫɼ۾жʡ
һƴסˣ΢һг裬ǰŲ˼ԴЩЦǰϷģһϷ㷸ôɲϷˣ
תһθ꣬Ƕڳ΢ζǲеġţǰվŵģǴǿ뿪ӣһ̻Ϊ̸š
̧΢ĺᣬ˿ڿˮ
ȿֺſڳ壬ɢʱˣǵ۾ѵһɲɲջǸأͬ˵Ҳˣ¾ȻӲ̤о֮صĵ۾Ҳˣ˵ǽɲ˸棬յ۾ɲϢֻɲ¥Ҳɶ׵ġ
΢һͷԭĿչⱻ˸ʵһڳ΢ĬĬҧָͷŵ۾ΪλɲԼòƹ۾ͷȥ
ջ۾¥˿ǰ˳Χ۵ɣֿ˿δĳ΢ɫһԭûŲ
һͬ΢ľ룬ڻصǰϷڲϷͬҴǰʣÿնҪһʲһ￩һһŵҺȻˣ͵۾΢㡭ͬ˵ǰ
ڵǸ˳΢ĿŮˣɫݵĺܺãҵҵһ̲иɳ΢ᵽǰ֮£⵽·ǻʦͽϵѵ˵΢Ѿ֪δǰ֮£
һɵô˸ǰЩòԾˣɽĸ΢û˵ͷľսԹͷͳţǰĽһʱŽˣֻЩ֣Ҳû룬ϸ΢һһã۾пһĻԡ
۾Ʋһٶᵽ¡
΢·ûĻֿ΢׵ĴһԾͻ㲻һֱ뿴Ķ̻ľô̻㣬ȥǽڷɵץס֣ỺİģһЦڲԵ¡
һԼӦѹסĵ߷ߣɲʮԶĵطһɣʵڲʺϷˡǰĻʵѹȥȪˮһͼⷭӿ˦΢֣俴֪ǰգ֪Ҳδˣ֪һֱװģ֪ҶԹ㣬ȫ֪İգŵͣ˵Գǰûڣ૵ҲҴһֱˣΪԼ˾Ͷˣĵ۾΢ʲô㿴ء˵ԴֱҪ񵽸֫ͷȥˣóߺߣ㡭Ϊβֱ˵ĴңЩңҺԵĶԲߣ벻Ρ
յĲǳ΢ĻԣݼԼĴԹˡյǵ۾֪װӣȴȡԹ۵̬ȣԼֻ֣պ󻹼İһʧĿŮˡ
۾߯ص˼߯
صĵ۾ĬƬ̣˼ĵ۾Ƭ̣ǰɸŽƬ̡
ͷݵϷΪƯĴվڶ¥۶ǻӣΪε۾ˣåȥŮħͷŮħͷջ˦˵۾֣
ţ²͸ء
Χ۵࣬Щɲ󸽽СЩǲɹĹ·ͣЩԶ·ϣֱһΧˮйֻͨزټƽְ˲ܼȥ
۾ɵΧԵޱȵȻ·Ǻ۹ڡƵģ˽ϵѣĿһĵ֪װˣǲһΣ֪ҾԹңһң֪ǰĽʹ̡еĺʹ۵ɫԱʹĥµ˰ʣҲֻ֮ǵ˰̣СңѾʧȥһˣƲʧȥڶΡ
صĿѹһĺ۾ⷬ˵̫ǺԼ
˵ѾʧȥһΣ˵ʧȥڶΣ˳ϿҶУôʧȥĵһΣΪ˭
ͷһԲͷаյ輸±һֻʣºɫƤһһ˳£һĨŨŨĳЦ
۾ͬɿЦôԼǵǰ£Լǵ㣬ҲǵһС
ЩѾ£𲻹ͽһ˸Уڹȥ޲̲ס˵һΣʹ࣬ǳ΢͸ʹ࣬Ӧ˵һεġ



ڽ

˺ں񻨶е˼, һ̧һһƽֱһ澵ӣ˿ĭǵ۾׿ҳʦŵģϵգ۾ұ, Ԫľڲɽҵ㡣ʱ˺, 㰤Ϻ, ڸ, һһιڻ˵ѩˮ㡣ǵþȻ˳죬۾ڶ˵ĵһ仰ҳʦŵĿ͡
ʵ۾ٳסȥҲûʲô, һʵĲȥǰ㣬ϰҵΪҹô, ֪ҹ·жô, ҴɽϹȥʱ, ʹжв, һ±㳹ǵۡ
ʹ٣ÿγ΢ߣҲԼ, Ǹ溺ӣÿÿӲ߹ȥҡӴûɣ˭ǿ
΢ԭ, Ŀϵϣૻ֣СҡɽµʱȷûߣʱУʯöеһöԸһЩΧĴңһжôȷ
ˮڣֹסʳɺһ˶٣ɤӲôɳƣ۾ôɬŽŵǿʱΪҵģ֮ǰ͵͵ȥħѰ㡣ҶҪˣ㶨ȻͬҼƽ˰աƽٴνʹֻŲͣһоˮ⣬ҵȵȫˣҲûȵҡʱҾ룬㶼ҪˣĸҲҪˣ˫˫ΪλҪعأ
Ŀת΢ü΢΢ƬҶų΢ֳϿҵҳΪŮħͷһݹͰʦ
жûʦˣԺʱʶĺ˰գǰʦʱģż׽Ū첻ĴܹҸͺ«ԶʦƬ̣ѪӿѹƵĿԼתǬҲʦš
һõ۾ɫЩãǱĻ̼ˣɫɫ԰ףüëͱһ˺ڣ԰׵ɫӳ£Ǻڵī̼һ㡣Ѿôˣֻ΢һ£ϧ۾תǬ»˹װ׵˸ǡ̧Ŀ¥Ҫл㣬Ҫлգⳡ컯ʦͽ˸ҵģһû
¥ϵٻӰػһȭֻ̯ȵĽë¶
۾ֲУ߳һϸϸıڵ˸ĪУĬƬ̵ҵĴҲָ㣬ҡſıֱϣ֪ô˵ȥ
һײ½ϣҲ벻ģ£һͲˣͷβĴûԼȥ⡣
һˮһԼǳһڣһأƽһƽؿ۾Ȼ˵ˣô춯أôţҲûϡ档
ƫͷȥԲԵ˫Ϸ磬ֻȥӣʧЦ۾Զ߸ϵĵ۾ʹˡָ̧⣬ЩҲΪǶԵġ
ֻȥӣеֲɫ壬ԭˮĴҧȥƣСңԹҺңҽ޻˵Թ̫ã 
һȻ۾̬ŵԹ۾ѾԹĥǾҪģǲܳõԹ
屻ķ̣һŲϵ֣̾ϢһҲԹãϾ۾İ·ˣİ·֮䣬ĶԹء
۾ͷӦԹҵġ
ͷ۾֪ͺá
˵Ͳټ˵ȥˣԵݵһʧϷ뱻۾𴩣ǰ϶£ټͬ˵ȥޱҪ
ߵĿ࣬˳ĵǸЩִһý⣬ֻû
ŵĻݺѻʳƬƣͮͮĽһƬյͨ졣һƵԤŻܲȥ˯˵
򶨵ͬ۾ۿҪģץס֣庢ƵĶ̻лˣҴȥòã㲻뿴̻ҴȥͨӴҿԺòãСĵĴһɫõ㶼ϲôͬ˵ʲôҶȥòã
һعͷõĿ
ǰǳ΢Ǹֻ߳ĵ۾΢ո̫֪࣬أĵͬǸ¾Լȥȥ㣬幻ǿ׳༫пܸɲס
ѵ۾Դˣǿסȥ̽۾Դ¶ȵĽסֱֳ˵ܾ֣Ҫһˡ
ûֺôջ¥վأλͬ۾ϵŮӣ۾էãпǵλ۵̫ڸһЩôûһЩ֮顣
Ѷķ۵ԥʵ۾þ̫ΣҡҲĲԵĵطҰ˴գҲʧȥǡ־͹͹˴ڵ۾еǽı˵۾СӻطڻϿҲա
Ҳķ񣬵͵˵뵽ɱ˵۾ʮ첻ܣΪ۾գԲŻɱ
һ룬Ȼ֣ǵ۾ǸԵʣǰδȥıġ
۾ÿڱɷ⣬ĺ֦ͼڷࡣüֻΣۼһǰеĲԽԽԶһ壬ɵֻ㿴ģ֪ҿ㲻ͬ
Χ۵ԾóһһЩңڲôӶ¥Ĵˡͣ½ţĨǳǳЦͷҲصֻԼ۾ģ۾ɼǵΪϹһÿΣǵ۾Խ̻ɣΪۼΪʵΪ顣
Ϊ˴ĵǼͬ΢̵ģһֱǵĻȥأó΢̵Ļȥ΢ٺʲ
ѵĵ۾ֶ԰׵һЦǸһһЦĻ񣬱۵ҵ꣬ȥ㡣
һԾתίصĺڷתһȦϽɳͷֲĿŵĵ桰ޡ³ֻƲĻ³
۾ȥΪӲ֪
Ա۾·ڻ֮£һûɰֻ֣סСԵΪïʢұϣһĳȥɱˣڼصչ·绪£Щۿŵġ
ʱµЩҺ˸ոշѿƬϾСԭеã˶ƶƵġǲظ˺ѷ֣˵صǳ΢ˡ
ﾡãȻ벻⣬Ȼһ룬Ϊβ֪öԷ֪ĿǺûô
۾΢΢ͷ¶ǷĲ㲻뿴ңһǿҸ죬϶ռҡ
ЦˣЦȻѡ
ʱ۾ǻжʹ飬ԵˣСӣö֪Ͼʱ̫ᣬ̫嶯пͬ۾
תġŶһСŲ뿪βϳһơ
룬һжȥ˰ƴõĶʵѾõˣ֪ˡ۾ҲҲãǶû²ˡĴֻԷԽԽԶ 
ԺǽǸԵ·Ҫߣ·ǻԵ˯۾·̾͵ģǲнˡ
Ҳã˳ĳԡ
һƣԶɺĿ⣬۽ϣͷ̺ӡ
Ƶδ֣۾ŵѣϵΪͬŮˡ



ڼ

ɲھ, Χ۵ǴҴһһվڶ¥Ĵգٿһվһ¥ĵ۾ͬٽɴɫһӲ
˭ҳ, ǻ˵ı֡
۾ԭ, ɫ, ֱܱߵҪ˼, ϣ¿ٵĴɿĸᣬ߶, ̫ô󣬴, Ƥ, ɹ˿ϧ
΢ֳڲͷķñ, գգ۾, ͲţСԸô
Ц, ƤԸƤԲšﲻ֪ʱ˰ȣţɹ, ɢķȵƮȻ뵽ʲôתͷɵⳡϷλĿ˼˱ˣɽ֮ʢУϣ׮£ɲҪݱɺü汾ȥֹߣλ˵Ƿ񣿡
ͬġǡƵɲ⣬ӭϦĵ˵ͷתͷƳһȻʧĳ΢εҡҡͷ
΢ôôĶֱ񻰰м֪񻰰˶£ȹ̳һơ
һĿ˶ѹ
ҹƮҡκλɽİںɽֱժһָ⡣ɫĻӨӨ⣬өһ㣬ڵɽյĺʥء
һԼǵǰؾɽɽǰǲκεģм֮صħκʢǰһħŮƿħͬɽĺƽ磬ƴȫΪɽ磬˵Ѱôˡ
ûҵħŮҲûܻħȥɽĵ죬ɽԪɢؼ䣬ǻһκΡκιԣƺɾôҲˡû뵽ûãûκα㿪˰ɽ磬ÿҹɫĻһʢţɽһرľ
ĩɴ⣬λħŮҲǸƵħˣҲҵˣκ֮һַʽҵˣǳźӽһ˱ҪõˣҲҪ£ܺΪ˵ȫǲõӡ˶ûá
һӣͷһܽ˵ģ
κκΣκΣ£λħŮӹ£Ѱÿÿκλ뵽Զû
ôŮӰһԸӦѧϰġ
һ·㣬Ҳʮơȵһصһ룬ɽѺ͸ŰƬַڵż¶Щࡣ
䵽ϣ͸Ľ㣬ҴææȥѰ衣
СӹͬüľˣԭͣԸſһ̶˯ûڵأһۼ⣬ѰûڵϿüëСӽջʵûëඡ
·ʱ룬ȵһ룬һʲô¶룬ݸˮ赹ͷ˯˯ڵ޹⣬˯ˣ˯ˣܰвǵõš
ô۾ôգôôǸȫǡ
浽һ룬ϴˮ裬Ĵϣ۾ȥһţһſţԽԽȴҲ˯šԸЩôܲھԽԽ
Сƺȣ˵˯ŵʱȿھƣߡһֻһˣû˹˯ȥܲܿСչգǼһﲻٸӰ˾ң˰ա
ЩԼûύһЩѣȻ˿̿Խһ̻ԣЩӽȥƬ̲ҶӣȻⲻܲţɫⶼҪһЩ˷̳ڽ͵մһմһ죬׽ķ϶ûСĲˡ
ȻģڴϿѣûнύѣԻģֻСһ㣬һ˯˵㡣
˸С̾
۾ɵͷһϷӣһҳԴĶǡӼԴ˳롱ֻԴϵĹûס٣Ӽ˰ȥֻһ˫۾찾Ϲˡ
߸¶ǰףûƶͷæķޱȼĳŽķ򿴣ֻи
һҹǹȥˣŽļҹҲ˯ţַȦմĳ¶ӦȥɢɢģŲꡣ
ķңûרĴСӣԵҸ˻ֻиȥɸڵĻü¶ˮһӲԵ¶ˮ飬Ƥлüæչ
üװûɹ󣬱Ƚ¡ƮƮŮħͷһּСίĸһ֡
ʲôӴĲѡԵھӣƫƫͬŮħͷھӡһλ޳ĵɾȻ˸裬ҿӻðӣҡǲǮ衭
һûüеίֻ˯ɤӣɤӵ΢Щ̶һߵƬ̣ããõδȥɢأ
ȣҪͶˣȻúÿúÿδܵԣûǮͲʱԸȶһܲȥ͵԰աȻֻλҪ۾ʹ׿ᡣãֻ뵽طȥۡȡ
Ĵˡ
ȥʱʱ˳һЩöˡүҵĴӣ۾ĺʹ˵ۡȴ̤㣬һԭۡһԶֻʱҪۡҪա
ֻͶһλ˽ɢģ·ԶǴҪģ˼𼦳ԲҪġ⣬ֱۡһ·δͣ٣һ硣
ִʱãС紵΢ٻʢСС䣬ʢĻͬĲǰ緹ͷŨǡôǰĿˮϣһֻյķò
һôûü˵ھ˿ڿˮ־ǧһˣһкĻ˵ЩͻڿˮϵĿŲϣڴ˸кò㣬ܾӦ㣬㻹𣿡
ڿϵļȶֱֱȥ۵һ졣һһۣͦεġ
һ꣬Խһ̼Ƶһǰ˫ۻؿһ̼Եֻʣͷ°һ⡣
һɰ쵽ֻΪ˳ֻգţֻˣҪԼĻҲмԶԡ
ԸԳĳԵ˼ȣһ㣬еķյʱɢȥ֡żȺͬԤ߶żգ飬ϾյĹʽһֻ־ùҲû˿߶š
ⶢ˰ΣһҲǣһȷʵûѣѵ뵽߶Щܳ
Ը̼õ᷿ʰһֽ»عˣһʢһ롣
¹ǲͬģƾյ֣ϵ۾˼չ˺



Ѱ

ҹ, һҵ᷿УϡŵķƤ˯ͷ򡰹ĽлһۡϽԼܿһ֧ɻ裬Ӷˮ, ֫޹, һһ˫ҹϵۿ²
һ, ʧ, ʧˡ
ۡһ룬һֻһ, ѿ»ۡһ֮⻹ԵĻ᷿ʮ, ҹ˯, ˼й䡣
ϵĹٵͦƶ, ǰ⸮, ŵľЩ裬ôȥˣټŵĻЩ, ڷŵλöû䡣ͷʢˮͭ׻һֻ˳ûˣ»ͭûǰֵֻǮ
תֻۡ˰ҹ󵽺԰еļɽ, Сĵ͵ƣԿ˸顣ʣµİҹû򷢣תٻǰײλҹ̲ڻ壬һɱβϵĺӷֿ䣬̫ͼϵ
ܵƤȥЦŵλСɷһ
ҹһݺ峡һʦ⸮ϴŸ̱ҪͬԷдд衣ʦƢйģȻʦĲһʦĹǣÿֱػ壬ԷĽĻ塣
ź̿ȾƵۿս˼գĩûԸͬд裬̳ԭֵĳӡ塱ľɢˡ˰ʱ뵽һĥʱĵӣһȺ̶Ǯ档
ͷ䣬ļֻʣ㣬Ŷͬġ֪ôˣǮʹ⸮һµǮӮˡ
£ͬǮҲûˡ
ʧߵĵҹһžһհȥ˫գƳпŵһԺȦʮֵȥ
һˣСûչˣС࣬ûûˣС䵱ĿˡУ뷨˯һ룬۵˯ˡ
轣ҲܲҲãôȥô¡
һڸסգһһһ⺮ϵķ񿴵࿴ˡһΪɣĥԼˡ
ɲȻɲҪŵŵ´ȥֹסģһ޵Ĺ򣬵۾ͬһ֮ĶԻһ磬˲͹αɽ磬ħǱҲ֪
۾ͬһǸһȥȥ㡣ĵ۾ǣ˵ĶԹˡħɽ磬ħħַɽ磬̧۾ǺѹѹһƬħ۾Ҳûͬħ˵һǸĻ
⼸ڳ쵱ֵÿÿ۾뿪˵仰ãҵ۾һ֮ͳ˸ĵˣľ仰˵Ĳԣǵ۾ﲻʹ졣
ɢ֮¸֪۾ʱ۾һ赭дĻ˹ȥģ㲻ԡɫģһûϡ
Ȼȴӵ۾ü俴һ˿ǳڵ۾߶꣬˿ǳƿ
۾ﲻܣһҲôֹۣһ۵׵ĺȦصĶīһ轣ʱ֪ﲻ̹µ˯ž۾ȥ㣬Ҳ֪ģֻǵ۾˼㣬֮ᶯŭʱ˵أŭĻܻܿѪһѽ죬󡱾׽Ƭ̺³ѣ̾۾ʼλá
һûȥֻ֪һŴµĶ죬ѤãҪеôйȥ
ε̾˿㲻˯þôߣʡĿһһԼ
һͣˮĿ϶һֵȥȿһһֱֱԵıС
룬һ˯þˣϵҲ˯þˡ
ȫ֮٣뵽ġ
һһȻ˯úܺãأûתѡڵڶʱȥ鿴һ˯ƶûʱǸ
գĸλͣλȥһ룬ֻüе֪һϣԽ֮Ѱˡ
λһ׵ëϴһʮͷڳĵãһؽɫͼڹתǳ΢۾
ûߵ۾һϣǾһ۾۾ӣһĺøǣָֿûӣﻹһ͵ģҪĺøΪء
Ȼ۾ѾˣҲòõ۾һƬ̣ŵ۾һ޵᷿š
۾˯˵һôֻͷڹƵģ¶Ͳܴ󷽷ô
һͬƲĵͷ
۾һ㣬ұ㣬ҲҳˣұǣĻɢˣұ㽫Ƿһ룬û뿪ҡ
̧ͨһͨ䣬ͨ졣
۾ૣΰѼ߽СңһջԸصģô
ĬĬ̾˿⼸̾ȹȥ̾Ķࡣ
۾ųʱŷпһ˸ƣ۾ϵģ˯ǵ۾ơ
ͬ۾ǰߣһɵĹţ̤ʯţ۾С˯˼գ
ʵش𣬡Ͻգǵˡ
۾ʣмû˯ˣ
ͷڣգɸʱһû˯ѵģסպɸϵǮ棬ְգǰϲ˯šûҸߵ۾һǱεģһ۾һҲһӣ
۾˵ĵͷֲ̧һ㴹һҷʩ˯䣬㽻Щϵ̣ȥ˯գ˯
æӦˡŻ֣۾һʱΪûѣԭǵ۾ʩ˯䣬һ˯ϸգܰա
۾һ裬ЪЪߣ۾ȴһΪ˿һǷ񰲺ãһãôسȥˡħܲġ
ûǿ۾Ŀ͵۾ƷۡϿգֱʲôҲŶķ紵ϣȻЩ䡣
һϸǵǼ̺ӣֻֽƬ񣬵˷纮һţһ·ǰСܵһ᷿ԤһһЩë̺ӡ
οշ˵ľŰ뿪Сһ֨ѽ죬˸Ĵֽŷ硣Щ⣬ǵõ۾ʱֹ˵ģôžˡ
żͷȥɴҡڣӶһľɵױ̨ϣһƿһ룬˭ġ˺ӵĴϿտҲֻȥһκۼ
һأһȥˣǷŻڴϺ˯ô



޵

żæŵĳȥ, ǡƽոһˮ̺Ÿ߹ס̣еɿһˣ
æһӣ΢Ǹ⣬ѽ, ˡλѵĿǰŸ, һ˯, Ҫˮ, ˮûüϣ񼱼ææܣ˶û, ֻɣ, ūתһ, ؼȥˡ
ſվ, žһķŻ˶Сһ, ۾ҪˣûȢϱأô˵ҲҪϵƨ
ڰʾȥ, űߣ̾˸ʵʵ
һһ͵۾ȥ֮ǰˣһֱװ˯ţ۾ʩ˯ֻԭ˯ŵ, װ˯˯ͬ衣ôһ˳˵۾Ļǰż͵۾߳ȥæľѾˡ
۾뿴úòãֲ뽫سȥô
۾˵ͷڹ꣬һû˵ͷڹ꣬ҲͨĹ꣬Ƕ˾ڹеٮٮߡ
һ·ϣһһ磬ֹֻ֪Ǵˣִ˷磬Щһȿڽͺˡ
µû۾еǰ֣һѾˣǱѵģ˯֮ǰ̫ĺûʱˮ֡
˯ķǵԴӴ׼ǰȥˮȣһֻѾŵ˵ϣȴ͵һϤ
ԶǴǳ΢ġ
ʹһ㣬͵ɻشϣװδ˯ѡͬ۾棬ͬ۾˵£Ψװ˯Ψһͬ۾˵ĺð취
û˯ѣģװ˯İϷ˳΢ۣһв̲ס뽫ĩ˻סˡ
۾ͬ뿪𣬹ŵ۾⸮һյԿģ֪ˮ̺ͣƻһ롣
Щ㲻۾˼ǰɲͬǸĵطѵΪ˽⿪Ƕ˵ĽᣬԹô
Ѿ˴ĽᣬҲټԹˣĿѾɣô˺ǸóϵŶԣΪʲô׷˵һֵֹĻأ
㣬㣬ҲҳˣǣĻɢˣ㽫Ƿһ룬û뿪
Ū۾˵ⷬ˼ǰŪ۾ΪҪΪͽһ
պһڿһɫ֣һƬ⣬紵һ꣬žϹΡ
һЩĿƳּĿ϶¡ۿԷ˯ܲӾڲԶٴܴ۽ǵһƳˮԵһ̶ߣȴʱסˡ
һ̶Ǳߣʲô£񿴵Ӱһһֻϣͣ
ӵİ˳裬ŵǻüôǸ߸ӵ˭һ˽ģһɾָ
û˷֣ڲһͷϸĿ˿üһסצӣϵţң۾ﺬᣬʱҡͷÿǻĲ֪ƯȥҲ֪ƯȥСôյĽˣ۵ġ
һĸζģ̲סҪȥ˭ıӵˣһ۸ھӺ裬ǻòͷ˻ġ
ٳȥ֮ǰͷһۣ߸ӵ˱Դһ֦һĽʵòʱȥССյһ̳ĺӣ;Ӳٺú룬ȥʵǹ㡣
ǹֲһһſˮһҡͷ˵֪ҪĻü˵ţʮֵΪѡ
һϵĻҪˡ¹˭һ۸Сӣʮֲ˵ǹն˱ӵоȥˡ
߸תŻüζ߱һȥ΢ȥ߱ͷǹҲԣǸ޿Сӳԡ
ü߯йµҲŲɵŮħͷ֪һй¶٣ҵɸŹ֣Ҿ͵գȨڵǧˡ
һ̲סüСһ˰һ죬ֺܺãƷˣͽеǹˣָһһ롣
ɫίسӹͳһ˦أһֱ߸ӴɱȥһнԷƷɫ֮࣬һ翵һƻδԷԷǲʲôԱһһĵһա
Ϻǣͨɫ
׼ȴڶ½ţһٵĶԷĻ֣һԱϲһҵˣ
Щ֣δջš͸ɫСĵĴԷ
˻üĥģǸˣһ˫۾ĻҪƯ˿ʢ˻ϲԷǵò壬ֻԼԼúʱԺûһܺϡ
Էûй˼ţϸµĴƶԷͷһֱź
ǰ֮յģ϶ŵһǡ
Ϻϣ̤ħ
һʱˣħħħͬɽϵţ϶ڹɽĵʻüС
֮ͬûн飬ֻйڣŪֵǵ׮ڡ
ܣţҲһѰˡ


ħ

һʱЩ, Ƿ˭ǮûԷ׷ծƵģǽšСĵز鿴ĵɫֻЦĿûǰһ㣬һͽ, һֱò뷨Ϊֹ
˿, Ĳ, Ҳ, ڵĲǼ硣˵ֲЦˣǺһЦ, ͬ׽Ӵⲻħ, ò, ħ˱񣿡
еĻϲŨ, ͷϼһ͵ת˸Ȧ, Դһ֦һϲ㻹ܼǵңȻ, һеλġ
һĬĲȥͷĺĵȻеλģǰծ, Ϻ׷ɱأûɣծһαĶû磬ô׵
ɿڻüŲϵӣֺοСӣӱǹֳѣƽķָһԴͬüҸطȥ
СһˮõǰЩ͵ѩɽҶ˵ζʮֺãȻռʮѡݺõĲСϣڻ䣬һյ裬ŨĲ㣬㷲ĿʼͬɣΨᵽ֡
һƣסȵǺҶ裬ͬһͬƷˣֻЩ⣬֪
ڱͬĶЩ֮£ƩǺʱģ֮ûоʲôʣ֪֪ΪλǱʣʵشг˰ΣĻδ黹֮ 
˵һһͷˮѵծģֻǶ֮±кģ˴ԣʵ
¿ܡ
ȥʱĺĻ˸⣬һֱˣޱĿȻºҵʱҲڳܲ³ţȻǳ΢·ҵġǰ˵΢ͬǸˣԭô
һƬ̣һʱ಻⻰ԭ򣬹̵Ĳˮ˼εֱϣЩʹ֣ԥʵҲĺҵԼȥġ
Ĳյһɾ֮ɫԼȥģ
һͷֱһʹܲˣҵС ʱʹܲ˵Ĳ壬һġ
ǰܲԸ£ܾõǻʹο׿˵ѰĿͬϤ̸£ķˡ
ħ˱ֵ쳣ߣڲƭһ㣬͵վ߷߲ƽΪķĺҵû뵽֣Ȼ½㣬´һҪÿ
һЩȣͬ۾£ôѵǸĳħˣƽİǴ򱧲ƽ
һĲյĪ˵£ģյƵֱߣѾȥˣѾԭ´۾ϣ˼ãܶԶܶԶǧͬ۾֡
ǿڱΪ򱧲ƽķϲźôһ䣬۾Ƶڶôһû˸ռȻħãҲǵ۾Ķ֡
ץƹĲյݵߣüɵ㲻ԹȻԭ
һһڲ裬߷ĻϣأԵ˵ͷšּ䴫ֵĻЦﴽǣеĲյ΢ҳ죬ҵĴҲħȥѰοͽܣΪ˵ҪʦĻģұңұңҶӦýܡ˴֮ʱҲ͵͵ңһֱҵȬֻҲ֪ˣⲻܹ
Լ躰Ư硱һ˲ּּƤЦֻԼˣͬĵ֮ңΪҰİŮ˷ڻϿ϶Ҫİ£ҡΪҵǸԹ߯ʶˡ
ʧߵ⼸ϸϸˣԹϳ΢Ϊ⼸£ִŵÿ¶˽ͣÿͶûԭ³΢
һڲ裬ϸֳһĨʧɫԹ̫˵ˣ֮ǲ֮˵־ͷ֣Ҷûš
һʧЦ˵ħĻˮƽߣѿھ˲ֿĴʣɼħ廹ʶĶ֮˵ġüɰ̾ħ֮ҰҺޣҾĽһ㣬һһֱҰҲҺޣҲʹҵĽ
̧ͷһۣ͵Ľͷȥһ㶼ңúܺã㣬øá
üĵһͣһûûţ棬Ļö˶˵˶롣
룬һֱűҲǸ£ƿһ룬Ժ뵽¶ˣȻҲкһֱҪޣǮ绹ϣԺܹ̹ǡ
ϵڷĳдɿģȡ·ŽУСʱģǲˣشæĵģһֱǷһ£ȹЩܹǮһһʽ˵һģһǮƲ֮ǰǼ
űĵһá֣Ȼ˰ΣҲĻػ
̧ͷȴĺܵĪĴ˼׷Ҫ㻹磿
յӣᴵƯڲյԵĲĭӣʵȻأ
ĵ˺ޱȶҲһ˿ԵĽ֣µһϲ㡣
ۡһһˮûסһ
æŵܵĸǰѣ޴ֻЩһôãңûϲңң̫ˣ⡣æӽϵˮɡ
Ĩһϵˮ飬㡣ֳɾݸһһ
һ


ίܾ

µ, ôЩ΢΢ֶ֮һ˿
һһһסԵʣһ˶ˡòܿŻŻ, û¡Ϊ, ѹû
˶þ͹¶˶, ûͬ׹, ̫õԵʡ˭ԸȢһ˵Ůħͷˡ
ͷһα˸ףԷɽĳλӸ磬Ҳƹһɾ, ħ֮ˣͬɽ޳ħħ, һһʱԽܡ˰Ľ, κŮ˵, һֵý顣һССļһ, вյͨ졣
ͬˣҲǸ׷ߵˣȻһؿЩԶĲҪҪˣ
Ů˵Ĺȥ֮, һһЩȵĲˮûɵģ쵽һ˿աСĵ̧ͷһ۱ģֱҲڿ, ͵Ľͷ£ֻ°ڴһ
ĵĸ̫죬ûһ׼أʵʵϲģԱĵĸֻİһ㣬кøж̸ϡˣԣԺҲϲϱġ
ôôȥܾһԼϲ׷ء϶ҪίһЩģϲǱĵȨܾȨܾѾǺκܿˣôֲھμ
Ƭ̣̽ͬĵ˵һ仰ĵͷţŸ˵ǴţҲǲܵġίĴʣšҲˣԵ㹻ί˰գ
ĵʱӵޱίƾʲôܣﲻܣӰ꣬ôͲˣ
û뵽ĵķӦ󣬶ʱЩ޴룬ȥĹĶһ꣬æο𼤶˵˲ģôء
ı˫۲õҾϲ㣬˵ôһǻϲ㡣
һĺĬһ˲̾˿Ȼ뵽ǰԼʱ΢ǣֻԳ΢İεĺܺã˴˷룬ʱ۾֪⣬ҺίľܾӦò뿪۾İա
äĿϲˣίľܾģǶԷ΢һݺݴһŻʶʹŻһ㣬ԷԶԷԶ
֪ĶԼϲжҲ޴ӵ֪Ƿ꣬Ҫ̱һȻܣϲֲʲôû΢ġ
εЦЦÿ紵ϵҷ˿룬ԱĵҶĸܣίľܾ㣬϶ԸšֻΪڿ֣ڿ㡣
һһǰƮ䣬ʩʹһͣסڰմתǰҲһ㣬ϲһˣҲܲµǸ˾ǳ΢
ĻعͷЩϱϲĪ棬һĨɬЦȻϲ
һͷţҲϲϲ˺ܾãֱ׹ҵǰһ̣һϲġΪϲΪ£Щ֪飬޷˵Ķá˵ÿ쿴ĪĻˡ
ɿʩ֣µĿ䣬ֱһ׹ҵҲųͨһ˵ϲ㲻ϲֻѼ尾ܰˡ
ŤͷĿģжһ˿أԣǱ˴˶û֮ǰ㽲Ҳϲ㣬ҪͨˣҲϲңôǻѣҪ벻̯̯֣ͨҲû
ɫɫϦȾһĴ˳ҲȾһһϮ¡ϸüۣͬǰûκα仯Ż걻׷ĴСӣǵɰһɫûʡ
ͷȥΪʲôϲңΪħ𣿡
һϲ΢֮ǰһϲһͷɫ¹
ɫ¹ϲ϶ҲܽħˣܾΪ⡣룬̧ͷҶ㣬ȳ΢õģԶýָ㣬˵ôҾôָ̧ſɵ𾢵ĻüֺƵĵ㿴Ҳǰѻü𡣡
һĴǶ˶ǲһģƽ޹ʰȻҪ˰
ĬĬȭͷޱʧ㶼ϲϳ΢ΪʲôͲϲϲأ
ȳ΢˶٣Ǹͷߣ󣬶ǵλЩ⡣΢ɽϴ˳ŷ磬ȻǰҲħģֻڹܲˡ
ħħһֱãΨһŮڶǰˣħ֮λˡħ»˭ܽɽ£ɽ糼ħ磬㽫ħ۵λô˭ħ˲ƵƵɽ¡
ħ۵λûȤ֮ɽ£뷳һ΢ûӹ˳һ
еĳ΢Ǹĵĺӣɽ綦˶հĽ꣬ʼղȢ˼ңһߵһͽܣݺľȻܽһƽҵУôɶô鰡
Ȱһһ֪Ǹôֵȥϲˣ˼и䣬е翵ϴƮϣԭ㰡
һһһ͵̧ͷͷһɫӰϷ䣬ͷڷҡһͬɫ̺ӣǹеһ㡣
ɫë̺ӻڵϣɫЬ˳Ⱦʱ˽űߵĻ꾡忪¶ͻͻĵ档
Է󣬱ҧгݵĳȥȼһźɫ棬΢յͷȻ͵һ˦֣ĺڻֱ΢ȥ
΢б裬СҧһǹԵ㡣ɱܹĵϮɫĻײϣ΢߽һߣת裬ͷó𣿡
ͷóԺóԣġ뵽ʲôƵģһǹһָűĶԳ΢Ư磬۸ңҶ۸ң۸ң۸ǼҵС
΢СԴֱĿȷھ˵һϣɫõĺܣһķ˰ţ̶תȥġ
⼸æֱ֮£Ҫһѱˣѹû뵽ҵһ
ۡδһװ˯Ϊ˯ˡ뿪ʱ뵽Ҫ֪һһԸô⣬תһ
ƻصۡʱµͬһѾߺûãͻһˡ
һû˯ѣ·ϳô£һ·׷յһ룬ίͬиֵǼСңǼҵĻüϡ
һΪϳ֮µһɸƽ⣬ܽһģԲͨĽɫ
ɽ粻ϲһ£һһʱҲһͬߵڣûü·һ·Ѱ
׶һܾĵĻľ飬κءΪһԱûоеοͬʱ絶
վǸһȻĲѣĲֻģһġһһһҲ



ƽ

һûȻֵľзӦ, ţһģһĻ꣬÷ҵķƫͷͬĵħͬɽϵԽɵ˫Ŀü㵥ǹƥɽ, пܱס
ںһЦ, һ, Ƶһյ, ЦǺ£㲻ᵥǹƥɽЩŻҡ
üִһһƬ, ͵ĽյŻϣŭĿִһÿ
һ˿ڱ, ŤͷǵˮҪ, æͳȥ
΢رһĪЦ, , ˳һ£ȡһĲյһˮˡһ, еʱȲ裬ħ翴ħǷѼݱļλħǷ, ħǷҳһš
Ҷ⣬һ촽һСˣֻˮһЩζá
ų΢ԭһĲյĵ޵÷һ棬ȴֲ÷ճȭָͷ֨ɫģѰ˼
һ΢ദǼ£ѰݹĴأ޷֮ʵȴ˷֮һע⣬֮˷֮ʵϾһ΢˵Ѿˣ΢ܻ֮оڵģһ鸴ȼħʥˮҲ˵
΢ԣħ´ңΪĴħ֮ףܲȥִ֡
ħʱħ۵ǲֹۣȫƾһţħҲ͵ħۼݱ֮Ϸħһȥˣλħ˽ģֻи䷹
յһ΢֮лߣһʱò⡣ŮҪȨҪ¿ٵıȽһǺȵġһŵȵһ棬˵ϲһ룬վ飬һͶиоء
ôȻħȥ鴦ˣһÿһ˵˵ȺȲ裬顣
͵ĹһˮˮöһңȻȥħ£鴦ˣұ㡣
һǵô֮ҪһͱģĵϣĲҪһˣԺƽһЩҪ鰡ЩӵĶ
ңܾ˱ĵϲպټܻôЩΣ֮һ˿Ρ
Ŀͱ֣߳ңңһ䣺ħߣһᾡ绹ġںֺѵЩһطСڸƶת䣬԰ԺܲùͲù˰ա
ĺûһ㣬źƶݵķɿ죬Դϼһһģӭչʵһֻ
ɵԶһջߣ෢۾ţżס޴ڵ⡣
ķЩһ˵ļ紺½ϵ͵ʱ򡣼£˻ɭɭ⡣
û˱ĵһʱɭɭԡĲյ΢ϣ˼Ҫů֣ˮĺȹˣñĵıӹҲûů֡
첻ʮ䣬Щ΢΢⣬ֻ˼ǺˮЩ䣬Żѡ
͵͵۽ǵ⿴࣬۾Ű״ɲյſ߲֪վȻ˺ë춷صĶĵûѪɫ԰׵ˡ
ǰû˵۾䣬µĺıθӾһɽʵѵ˵
ǹԼȥˮϴˣû˵ˣһʱ˸תͷϴּǵòɾһͷ׵ôϣëһֻϸ۵ָĲǼ䡣͵̧ͷײ΢ڵǳڶߣˡ
æ뽫绹ȥж΢ƳһۣҲ䣬㴩Űա
΢ܻʶ½Ʃ˿̣ѹû뵽ԽСȥ㴵ˡ
һڴŷһŲ룬۾ƽ޹ʵһѵ˵۾ӳһ·ԲԣԹҡҡͷӦòǣ֮ǰ⿴˿ܣû˸ô۾ǸܵһϿŵħ֮˵ħϹģħͬɽƲ۾ȻҪƽʱء
Դֻ¶һ˫۾ԥӦô˵ôĬ˰Σ˸⣬̧ͷʳ΢˵Ķģ
΢ƫͷתĴָڵĹǽ䣬ţ
ź͵㷽ͬ˵ħںң𣿡
̧µͷ¶һ΢΢ЦЦٰգûȫ顣ħǿ첻ˣ⼸ݱħļλħȻҪΪµһģֻôҲͽͣµħۼħ۵ĵŮħ糼ֻӵͳΡ
һƶǶĵһͷ¶ͷҲСЩɫʵĻ⣬ĳ΢ĴߣڲնħսţȴӲͬ˵Щ¡˽Ҫȥ磬üƭ
΢ǳǳЦţԳǰŲӣûһӦһ˰뿿֧㣬ħļλħͷ˶٣ֵȴҲ
±׻һ㣬Ķãһʶ㿪ӸԱŲһ㣬΢ʹһ뵡һͬ𶯣ҿһ⼸ħļλħŷڷɽ£ϣԵõħ۵λǡɽ緲֮ܣղˡ
аƵģľͲŲˣ΢߿˿ֱͦĸ룬ô࣬Ȩϧֻһⷦѣֲ⡣
µָͷͣĽţǱҵͷ˿ŤͷܿһȦعͷʳ΢ôź˶ûУأͦߵģӦðߡ뵽ʱ򣬴һ
۾ϲ˲䣬ûĻͷƺǾòˣüôݣ⸮סĲϰ𣬻ûкúóԶ
һһǰջ˵ţԼҲ࣬˯ʱϵ⻹ᴹ˵ʱû˼
צһϵ⣬ܵ۾۱Ƚ⣬ܰ˵˿ݣǰѾˣմ˼ǺӳʱݵĲŽ۾ǾĶ棬ֲ̧Խͷ˳Ҳôһ¡
ϻһ㣬һ飬ʶĽ׼ȥץסģԾôҿɫôãǲˣ
˵ˣ治ĻҪܲͼÿա
۾Ҳų֣һƵЦɹ˾ػɾ£ɢˣʣµϹʥϵϡҪˣЩ˭ػҲҲ߻ڱһסϣ۽ǵЦʢţڵô



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۾Ц, ǻþˣô鶼ʶЦñһ˸ࡣֻҪЦĻɲǼһͬʢţҲֻܿͬЦմƽ֡
õ۾Ц̫ۣεκ, ˳һֱ¿, Խ, µķ˿, ڿֻյ֡
Լ鼱֮ô
˦΢֣ǿյͨľ̿һԴ, ſڷе۾念ϵİΣǸڱڵɢ, Ϊһ, ȻҲҪĵ۾塣
ƨĹһ, û, ܲܺסˣֻ˼ﵽ˼ɡ
΢ġŶһϷʵĿһ, ΢΢ƫͷȥµļݣЦ
Բ˿˿⣬һŲ⣬һ׵ãУô
ץŵ۾ֲǰգǱĵͻȻɵ, ͬ۾Щʱ䣬һֱ״̬΢˵ôôôҲˣˣ֮ǰĵ˵֮Ѿˣ˭ҲǷ˭ˣӽԺ͸źá
ŶĹϣʵץ˼ҵֲţǾջ
ܣǹµ̫ˣе㼢ʰգץԵֶ
յģĽצһҶһʲôεԾķ˼֡
ɫһһ㰵ֻ¶βʣֻһ£ȫڵ
һǵԼжûúÿˣ˼Ǻе꣬źı㣬û䣬ȵƿ˼Ǻ֮һֱţҲûúõĿһ䡣
ʵʺϿĵطһ룬ɫ仨ֱһȲ裬ƣƣһһƸãоли֪ĵ࣬ӣŽӡ
֪ˣֻǻ̫ˣʺһͬաҲ֪ˣ࣬īˮȴ࣬ڳڳµһŲӣֻϧλŲæúܣԷóճԣȻҲûʱһͬ䡣
̾Ϣ£ɲǼ˶ȰΧˣ߯ǳ߯壬߯µ
ߴ۾ǳĺΪ۾˯ˣתͷ鿴۾ȴĿڵĺˮķ˸ӣµҪһ¾ƣɽɣ㵽ʱҲȥա
ֻһһֻü񣬵۾⻰ܲǶͻü˵ġĺˮͷ߶һ飬ɺŵǶĺܡ
һŰãڴԺ﷭ĺˮϢһԼĺüԣˣܼһ޹ؽҪˣ
ĺˮˮɹ٣ϱĺͳܣְ󣬵ҲСǵˮͷиò绨ķˣһ룬ͬ΢Ĵ׽ͬˮǷ޶˽϶궼ãˮ˵ĶƤֻڳԳŵʱŻ
ѵõǣãˮҲδ檣һֱֻһλˡһǰרһ׾ٵҲΪרһһ¹̵ӡ
һǸŮɽһ޵£ɱɾʮλС檡էһĺˮһרӣһŮķĵһʰǵʱʵ۾ĵۺӣ᲻ɵ
۾ʱܺͰͬĿҵôҡͷ
۾˼ĵͷûҵˣûʸġ
õ۾ǲشԲûҵµڣȻĿҵûɣԵ۾µڣʱͽסˡ
ܲģΣ۾нڲشȥһֱʵ죬Ҳû֪𰸡
Ҳʹ⣬˵ʱûЩ£ֻһϵ飬õ۾
һˣ߻ûС檣Ϊ˶ûȢãϲĺпˡ
Ȼ⣬ȻҲҪһλүͦʹ죬͸ش𣺡ѵһ㿴ǵ˲вˣΪ˼Ƭֵ̣õģԼ֪˺ˡӳʱϣһϵ˭˵ǲͦϲģ
ʱһ䡰ҪġڣԾԼصĺܶԣö಻Ҫ뵽°
󣬽һ˼Ѿͬһ㣬׷ŵ۾ִˣ£һⲻòʡ
ĵײƿһСǣøס۾¶ͷһֻ֣΢΢ӣʵһŵʱĺˮ򸾵ѾСˣܸǴĺ˰գ۾˵ѵǻ
۾úڵӿĵص񲻶ԡ
һֵͬĺˮûн飬ûеһң룬ӵ¾Ҳùȥġ
۾Ǿ䣬Ӳһţ·𶼴ҿĺˮµõĶմǳˣҲʲôϢ
Ҳܸо۾ϴ⣬ҿ϶۾϶ˣֻĵ۾Ҳ˵
֮ħͬɽ罻Ǳħ֪ħ޼ɵɧɷ磬ѹҪ˵Լû
ĵûɵһ£Ǳ̵ˣϸʹת˲ӵ֫ٺ
ҧҧ´ӳŲһЩ۾ֱֻûѹϡûȡ£ûӦɷ˵ϣ˳ƴ˸ᣬ̧ѹѹʵ
Щ֮ãԴ۾˼ǣ
ûϵõÿһƬãȻë̺ƵͷЩң࣬·Сޡ
ãҲãõһĨյʧʣĩˣĺ׵ֱ̧ۣ뻳С
һûü£۾µĶһѱʵʵࡣ
»һãȻˣĻвҶͬһֻܾҵϢ֦ͷ󣬺ķν֦ͷ˵ìˣֲŲֺΣĿİͰ͵ۡۡ۾⡭ǡô
۾ȥо̹磬ηηģֻһҴ㴩ȥ鷳һ𴩣˶䡣˶٣úòռ˰գ
鱯ݣֻҪͷͻһ㡣
һָҡͷôءʹģҲ˵
˳ŵ۾Ļ룬˵Ҳûе䣬۾ֲãø˭УΨһ𴩣õķӡ
۾϶ռˣŽҲ뱻۾ռ˵ƯŮӶ۾Ųͽ뷨
Ҫǵ۾뷨ˣαصȵա۾̫ˣ̫ˡ
лҪ˵biu  һ´




ĵ۾һӵø, Ŀۻߵ°͵һŶϣͬ͵ÿ춼ȥÿ춼˳ֻصѭûӿżмֻص˶, ǵǵ컯ͷһ, һ
һ, ۾˼, ҲҪֻģתΪ˻Ͷֻ֮꣬ٳΪһֻ֪ô, ֻأ˼Ǻ, Խһ
ڵ۾ϢΧס, ÿСһŤĶ˶, ǳһ, ͷһĨɻ
ƽ޹ʵģ۾ͬ˵ôѵ˵۾֪Ϊλ߶߶ͬ˵ôһͨ
˾, Ҳ˲ˣʵʵڵ۾Уȥ۾죬еʹϻ۹, 徭һ۱㵹еƽӹµµΪһҲȥˣһˣǳմôôᡣ˵ֿһһ
һĪ˵ϻ۹ʱ۾˵µµΪʱ۾Ҳû˵ôʱ۾ĵͷˣ
Щãʵ۾ô˼ûڣ۾ּ˵ȥһ˱óմкüܣһ̥Ԫ㣬겻ȫܹţĺˮҵĺһֱܿ׵ˮʱĺˮ϶ڹţĲƷûϹԵһ׵ôֻʣµڶܡһͷЪ˿ˮҵĶǶʧóմֻһԭѭ
һ̧ͷͬӣĻǱѹסˣûͶ̥Ըһ𾪵ۣգգۣ߻䣬ָĺˮӵ¾ƣȥһ¡
еȥЪлüһһĺǿġСġ
һԸҪ۾˵ЩϢ̫ƺץסһЩôֻץס˸βͣûг͸ô֮еҪøࡣ
ù̵ʶ»һһͼ½󣬻°ɫĲߣֱ壬͵ķӦ
һö壬۾ղſģһö塣ǵ۾͸ģֻ֮飬ǲ˵Ȼ屾ֵҪǣصĻǾС
뷨üģһߣֻûзӣֻһֱصĻǾУ᲻÷ߣ಻ҷߡ
յ۾Ļϸȥѵ˵زδɢ磬ֻأͶĺˮˣĻǾУˮĺӲմ
ԸҪϢˣࡰˡ죬Ҳûѹס궯ġһʵ۾ǲ˼ͷԺƬ̣ڵ۾ŤŤӣЩӣ͵ĳһȴ侲
յ۾ƽյӣܸĺˮңȻֱӸˣƲô࣬ôһȦӡȻ۾ڼɻôԻ˸޵ķӸ
ɽ伮¹ֻص¶ֻɿй¶ԲΪҵһֱλţģһֽҡſſҲӲ׵ȥ̽Ե˸ٶǮҲȥ㣬˵Ǵ
ŵ۾԰׵룬µ۾ؼ䶥ҲҪǴİգڲֱӽǲǲҽǴ˵۾ڵ壬ܲǴ
ûɵģһһľĿ־Уֿ־ǹ֪пͶ̥ĺˮҵϲøС
۾ڴһ˫綶绺ȥһæֽЩԹԼûٽ۵ĽһЩ
ͷһο˴˵ĺܿĽë΢׵Ĵͻǡ
һĬĬ˿ڿˮеĳ΢ûôݣȻȥֻҪŽƾնһݺµֻ֮Ҫڣ˭ûһ㣬ĵ۾ҫ۹ǳĵ۾ƽ޹ʵĽ˿ۣҲ֪Լ۸ʲô
Ƭ̣ڵ۾ߣ̧ͷͬ˵滰𣿡
¶ͷסӵػ۾Ŀţ
һüǰǲںǴģôô˵ô˵ôͬ˵вְ裬㲢ǰҲûݣָָ۾Ĳӣգ϶һĨݵɫǰģݵĹͷͻˣͬ˵滰㵽ô 
ȫ͸һ벻ѻ鳲İɫƶƮסչûõ
۾ȴƣȻ۾ߣȴӾ֮Ʈһ㣬λεģû˯Ⱦˣǳ֣פħ߾ÿʱҪ֪ħĽλħͼƽ磬ǵֵˣұüȥסһļͷ͹ļιǣħɽ繲ʮ磬һһȥҲǼͷһЩ˵Щǰһҵ澢ͷҲ֪ģһ˯ãɫף˾״̬Ҳãͬͨһ㣬ʵҵֻû˯ѡ
Ĵָͬʳָһŵ۾ϵӣҪһ㡣һ˼˳ŵ۾ĻɳȥԶ۾˯߲ɫã㣬һȷ֪ǰڳ죬۾ٲ֮£ҲҪ˯֮Ųͣһμ۾֮ɫȾ͵İɫһ㣬һѾܵƵģǼգĵĽŵ۾ߡ
Ұο룬۾ֻû˯ѣɫ㹻ˣȻҲֻⲿ۾ɱӽʵˣΪһ񣬵۾һӣһһİ˿źҡ
ߣɶҩݣôҩ۾вҩһͱˣõ۾ŲĴ
˼һɿŪӵ֣°룬ֻˣܰġ
۾˵ǳ֣˯ȣħɽ磬ϰĵطֻһˡɽ˲ҵһħȻҲҵһ£ǰµĶǰһѣһ
͵͵۽ǵ۾ײԷЦЦæƿϢ䣬һĴͷð
һа֣ʢһɫƺסˣ´ࡣԥſڣ㡭˯һա
۾ЦʱʢųһƬ쵻ǵ仰áһͷá
һ̹ȻĿһ



ͬ

ҹһ䲻羰, ҹһɫ£һʵãʺһյө͡
۾пСڵԣ˫ֻأĨЦһæͣһĬĬʰЩҵĴ̣һɫĶǶ, ı, ּһҷɫǶ, Ƕץ, Ѹײڶ֮ҲľصϹš
ȻˣȥҵʱԺģδʰ齱Ҵȥ, ֱĵͻȻ־һ罫Ƕûȥˡ, ߵҪȥˡ
۾߯Ȼ, ֻûƼ, ⲽȡյ, ž
һЩΣ΢͸ӿһ, ѹһѹͷܸ߳Сһ굹ûƼֻƼڽſڴ̨ߣһֻͬԴĻü񡣿һˣŤŤƨ, һüŪ۵ЦϵԶ
һߵĸˡ
ȥͬС̸̸յӲС֪˭ѧ͵ǽˣţʮа˾̵ġ۾ڷУڣøӣҵյ۾ˣٺú̸ͬһ̸
Сͷɫ־򿪵ĴϣߡߴŵŵšܲСꡱĴϢûִôһ̶ˮ˯ȥˡ
ջ֣˳ƽǰ鷢Աߣġߡһȥʰ޴̡
۾һһ˲һˣֻˣõ۾ܺϢһһɫĴִ۾ЪϢڷд̣һ
Ůܲ׵ĵһǶãѾǳ΢ͽˣûϵǾͨһŮйŮͬһңȥá
Ȼ֮ǰã˵˵ȥҲֻ˵ĺȷ黹֮Ļյպٸһöί
ľȡë޵̺ӣһľͷذϣִӴһͷ̺̧žͬ۾ҽûô˯˯ˣ˲Ҳϴȥ˯գǵðһ¡ë̺ϳһǵ£رۡ
۾յʣĲˮŵؽյŻϣֱɵԣЦһһۣ˫ǻԭ
۴·ϣʩϨ𣬷ͬһţ䣬ϸЩҹ̺ȥˡ
ҹɫһ͵͵۾һϸ죬ĳϿȥԭƽ̹ıĳһСպǵ۾ΡССķذ
뷨һ£ҵƤҲŶ˼ҧŴ̺꣬װ˯ˣûڽӻ
룬۾֪뷨ôӴٲҲøһͨڻ
۾˯һãᷭȥҶҲĥ˵λ˯ǰôôһһҹҪʮüսľһģе۾ǳƽ̹ĺҲз֯϶Уǰƽ͵ҹ
˯˯䣬뵽˳졣ǰɲ󣬵۾˵ҪȥĶ̻лľǰҪģȻʱ۾˻ԣ־գҲûѴ·ϡ
ʵͦȥģڳסʮأʢŵĻöˣʮ֮ں̻һǧǧű죬ǰһ֯ﳪ֧ӡ
껪ڳ찡ʱ룬λʱܻǻǶʱ⡣
ҹ룬繳ѵ͵ƣûŤ֫赸ü֪λجΣҹȹ죬һ׼ĸĽһʱ˹
һƬ̣ΪԼҽסȵԴôѣֽɫ˿а裬żԸһ룬˵۾һסһһ۾ɻشϣ׼˯Դûͷϣ͵ֵԺʯһ⡣
齣˯ת˴룬ϿȻ۾ë̺ֻ¶Դǵ˯ǰڵ˯ģô˯һܵ˴ϣ۾˯˵£
ѵ۾˯ŵʱ˴ϣûܣ۾ԼԿ࣬ҲҪֵˡҪΪΰ˽һ
뼫ˣüеС۾ȴ˯ɫһԼƼü꣬ŨĺҪ
ô
ЩɣһŵŲȥˮȣ·۾ʱǱʯסˣζϣһʱŲĽëĶӱͦͱȴջǸӣȴƫƫŮɫòȷֵôյôЩꡣ
һ˯꣬ÿֻظ۱۵Ķ۾꣬ģӣһʵ˰ա綯ƽ˶Ǹ߸ϵĵ۾΢ƽ˶ħļλħֻܽˡ
վϣûɵЩ۵۾ĵȫһ˼ϣеǸŨվԼϣֺȻЦˡѲʦͽҲǰһ㰮Ľˣ񣬸ôϵ
ջߣɫصһתϴ齣Ьƽӱһǳɡ
ڶճã̿ƮżƬƣ¶ˮһޣˮ뵣иŵһ˾סɾ
۾ߵʱѾɢվһߵǿܿԶĹɽһ⣬һ˵ı֣ҹ䱻Ѻ󣬹˯£ʵ벻ֻ̧ͷԵ۾˱ֻ˯ȥ
з·۾ǵµ׸ĺˮӵ¾ƣѱˣʱֻצȥɡ¹ؼأһȻǻȥģصĵ˵ͷ
΢ϵ磬ƿųȥǰͣ²ӣֻعͷһһ޷ɢģĥˣ΢΢ţ̺ɰĵ㾦ʣһֱСҺÿﶼÿ񿴣˯ҲÿһĨԵЦֽ̧ñӶͷϣסë̺һ㴹˳ķ
һ˯ͬһŴΣȴôû˵϶š
˾ôǣǡǸ˾ӣҹһʱͲ͵͵Ķͷһڡ˵һǰݹĴصģܹ֮Ҳ֮С
һߣͬ浶ǹĸһܣٵȵȰգһٰʱʱ벻ȵġ


˳

һһһֱ˯, ڼˡһ˴˰ѻףڶһһͷ˽ڶʱһ˻ȥ
ۼһδ˯ѣƲƲ죬Ĵܽƨٿȥˡ
ٻɫչ͸һ۾, ŷ, ƵëЬȥˮ, һȿ˲, ֻʣյˮۡ
ȱˮ֮¿˻ӣġ¿, Ҳţһ, С, Щ, ԤŸ赱ʳ, 졣
ȻҲ˳մһմĹ⣬ôһ顣
Ÿصһ, Ѿֺ͸ˣһȹô¶ûȵĸԵ㣬춼Ǹм, ס˵óԺóóԡ
ԵӹĳÿӽǵĸмȥСһȪ˰ʱ裬ƣȪˮˡ
裬ԭ˯ģŨŨڱǼ⣬֪ĺȻͶ˹⣬ʱͷߣ˯ðҳ
Щӣ˯˷ʱˣ֮ǰ˯ţմͷͷÿǸɢɣɹԼһǸɹ٣˶þ͵뷨Ӵȥ
֮䲻ܱȣ֮䣬ȻҲܱȡ
һҹǰÿһҹûôͬճϣ˸⣬ܿܿȸƽħħһ御
գһѵ˸磬ɢĶһߵһϿճ΢⡣ӭų̫ӣµ׻գҪٵգſȥĺˮҿĺӡ
ʵǰȥĺˮۡ̽ʵطǵȵµײȥҲͷת˲ѹȥ
ȷϼǷͶ̥ĺˮңõŮħͷóȻǰˮۡˮὫµõܲȥ͵ȥգһôˡ
ĺˮδûֻиڵ۾߲¾ƣ¾ƼˮǺӳֲͷźóûϡ
һϳš
ɫϣСߡͷǿʢ˯һԸ߶Ҽ򷢴ճ⡣
Ǻѧ֮ˣԸҲԸȥ߶ͷԵɡɽİ֮ʢѲһգǰɲͬ۾ôһϷѾˣһ¶϶ָĻ
ȥʱȥģ±ϳˣ˵֮ҲԵɽ۾һ˵۾Ĺ£ɲѻֹ
ǰ͸ĲӻԭⲻİǵͷмСƲӣΪ¶ǡȻڲ뿴
ִһŲл˾Ƶľ۾˵𷨷֪ʶѷֻᱳ䣬ǱЩ飬ֻǾãǸûзԵģ˾Ҳûá
͸˷𷨵ĵŻɱԣˣ
һ鿴һ룬Ժֻһۿݣǰͷ˵ôȫȻǵãǰ׿ˡÿζĺܣ׼һŮ鳤ĹµĲӿһѳԹŮıϣߺѰ߲ߡ
ԴôˣǶˣǿҪˮ
ͲҾúܾòˣƯĴҼĴࡣ
һ¾飬ɫתΪأһĨͷЩʱգȷˣûô˵ֻͬ죬Ӧöġ⿴ͯɢɢģûɵľһɬˡ
ң˼ǺҪĴ꣬µˣ÷СŮͯûУӵպְ顣ҵԼĵ˭֪ܣҲûܲ辿Ǹô֡
費ľ飬ԣһиĸ˫׵ġֻһ⣬öĵĸĸײܽ˼ǺУͬĸкβͬ
ڹˣĸĸѲڣɢתͶ̥ôĸĸɻ
һͨһĬĬȡױ̨ϵӣմһմˮСӣҶѷһ£СӾҪɸɾĲŻСϲ
üҲŲϲСأϲƯĽ㣬Ǳ㻹ƯĽ㡣
һĿںһѵӣʹõӵֻʵСһֻ
ϰϲɣֻʹһ±ָ糣ӻֱߣ̧ȥɢķ١һһθͷ۾䵱ʦҲûִܹ׼ȣһߵ٣ͻȻ˶ҳͷÿǹͷÿ
һɻµĶԶ٣ȻǳͷÿֲҪȥУͷ
˽ĵһͷϳɵ̾˿ֵôɹͷ 
һĬƬ̣ЩЦԷǡӴ跢䴩鷢£һҵĴһЩСԺߺģһɫûתע˼Ǻͷܴ꣬⣬ڵһ룬㵹ˡɼôϲɡԸԳĲһüë
ɫһȦһȦķϣͻð뷨ͬɻǵ㵱ô˼ǺӵģܼǵһЩô˳ҵ˼Ǻӵˣû׼ҵĸĸ
ֻһʣܼǵãСȴ˼ã϶ҼǵòˡʱұڻС϶ҪСţֻǸиѵĸҽĺӣ˵˵һÿĽ棬ȵˣҾܳˡһԴ϶ԥţ˼
˵һôһʱ벻𣬱û˵
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룬ͬǲ꣬ûɣոϽһ°գʱֻ˵ʱ䣬ܵĳͷһЩ
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ҡôȻۺˣѵҪɽô
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΢͵ʮ⣬Ƴһۺֻͷȱ䣬ʮȫʮˡ
޹ָһָίɲܹң㿴ô⻹¶Ű䣬Ĵ죬ںĽˣͬ΢ˣСӲɽ˶أô
΢ɫȻúͻᣬ뵽õ£˾޵Ѫ˶ĺܣ˿Ӧû˯š
Թ壬΢ûʶԼɫ仯ɹͬȴ˸ס΢Ƕ˷ˡ



ɹ(2)

û˵, ΢ⲽﴦİСߣ߽һ㻺ڻӵĲɽô꣬ҪܵĿֻ࣬ͬʱࡣɸ壬ȴôûСȡϵǺʣպī, ӱֽд, ͬǵû, Ϊȡ˸, һ֮زز仪һǾΣ
һ峺, ͸¶˿佱˰ͬĵ۾΢뵽һûɵ, ɹǵĵһ¡
ͷȥֽϵһ, סЦ, ׵, ֺԢҲŴչûסЦǺ, ɽ磬ΰˣɽɽĹأɽ糣ס
΢û˼ֻüԥʱû, ܲٻزɽȥȻ뵽ʲôƵģһ̧Ŀɽãһ㣬СôݣΪλڲɽɻˡ
ҲǴɹ֪ġŮ֪ɽиˡ˵ۺҪ֪ĸĸˣҲմһմ⡣
ݳĽ˵ԤϡһǸˣ˵ݣһϣһ续ĿԭΪһԼ߶ģ֮ԵŻ벻ɽȻţǱɺŵɽģΪĸĸǸĺӣ߻ֻ
Ĺֻ˰ʱ䣬ϵĻʧ۾սüͷϵԱ
ǻ᲻һ˵ĸܣԪףǸŮӣЦУһ𳤴÷ڡԪǰ꣬˳أֻǿȵԲȥֻԼܴȥ룬һ˲۾뷨Ӧһİա۾һȥЩʹࡣ
ºɽס˸Ůӵ±ɳķз˵ɽɲΥǵ۾Ҳѭ¡֮ɽ糣סز
ɹŵ۾ģɽЩ̳ȺӵػɾѰȰһȰ۾罫һߡֻûͤУһ𾭿רģʱһָͷһҳ˵ǺѧϽģ
Ը֮ĶӲڵÿ徻徻ֻʮֻѻһûǳһ𾭷˰أ˸ǩŽȥԤ´οطߺĴŮӵĿæͷȥտŴԶܹƵķɢţƻȹǳ
ûӦպĺ׵Ĺűߣ۽ǵţͬ۾ûе۾
յĿĶһ½ľסˡһΪյĻľһΪԼʧְΪյĸ磬ϲ˭֪³΢ϲһϳ΢ʹգҲûɹ
Ϊѵĸߴգ΢ǵŮӣֻϲҪˡ
յһ˫۾޵ͨ죬һһ¹εűߣڵ뵳ССˮաһ飬ˮһ˿ֱֱĸ׹磬Ǹһֽôģ֪õӣͬ۾һԸײڸĸڣǰ޵ЩʹȥԿŵΪֻҪڵ۾ߣһϲҵģɽûӲϲҡ۾޶˶˸޷ֵķŮӣ磡ſ˵ɤӻãֻҰһߣȥﶼãֻҪڵ۾߲ŵ۾磬ңòã
۵ȥϵˮһʱ֪ξܰҡڲһֿѳ΢ҸһõҸδѡΪѵȥֵ̽ͬ۾ѵöŮȤ¶ô꣬Ǹиǵˡ㲻ϲŮӣʹİ㣬Ҳȥֵĺá
Ȱ棬ֱĨȥϵˮʵֺηҰĽ۾ҵ£һӵ۾ʧҪ˶õ۾һϲҵġ磬ҰһΰգӦ˸ĸףҪչҵģҪʳԣɫصҡͷӣֵҰ۾ѾǣǷŲˣǸѣӰ֮ˣֻֲẦΪβܰң
˵ûų΢ȥ֪ǸһĹǷҲͬһ㰮ų΢룬һվǸˣ˶ͷ΢ֻǰĽʱգˣ΢Ȼһûĵۺ
Ҫ΢߶ˣղõѡ΢Ĳ׺ɣܰҹҹ
ȥߵ鷢ͷã㣬ٿˡ
ʵۿƴһˮڣΪЦø硣
ʱû뵽⽫оУ׵һΪûػɾţ΢ͬԶŪλֿѡ
ҹīڵĶεһڶԵð𪣬ȻмŮӡʮԾĳԹϵĸſͬ۾һа£ȴôжûУȥǷӡҪǰ۾һѣöһ⣿
ɫϵĲյѰ˸ֹɡʱˣȻߵһʱǲǿĴϣֻԶＫط𣿡
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յһˮ˫۱Ѭ۵ԣǻǾգһģܻһ𡣡
ѵͬ뷨˼Ƭ̣һʮֳݵ
ܿĲɵĶϵ໨յεġ㯵ĵ̾һ
ڴǰһ˵ģӦհһȻͻ뾡һ
룬һȥȰ΢һ΢ȥöһЩɰ˵СػɾˣɽҪɽɹͬȥƳ΢һֱ׾١
ڶգټһ־ͬϵɣڳȰ۾һټЩɶͨĽɫϹʱͬ΢һĴ˼뼫̣ɽɵڣݲκΥɵ¡
˵аʱӲʩֻˣ΢ԲΪֻĦŴϵ񰸣ȲŻ˵ҪһҲ˵Ҫ
ȵһ˵ÿڸתĴָϵĹǽ䣬ˮԶְڵǰɫλ˵Ŀ˰գԲժĺҶ裬ųһ磬һȡһյɤӣ֮˵ء
ó΢ˣǵݲ÷ֻװģȥǴŴպҸģ³΢տƲס쭣ҲҪ˵һΪֹͷҶˣϹŵļɿ˲裬Ҳȸ˱вˮһֱճ˵ĺɫãִĺɫã˵ҹĵ죬ƣĸɢȥʱ۾δ׼ȷĴ𸴡



ɹ(3)

΢ϵ۾λ, Ĳƥе裬г˵ҺãɹǵҲһ˵΢˵ڶΣոһյ˵ȥų΢Ϊ
Ȼ, ǧû뵽, żλֵɿ֮ʱ, ΢׵һΪͽ, һݴӷһԾɳİˣλֻô֮¡
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һʱ벻Ļ, ų΢Է۵ڣһ˳
ػɾ󣬴տ޿䵽ǰ߿࣬ѹĳ̶ʤǰ, ֹסο뷨ӽһߣֻҪһЩʱ䡣
һǸˣûɵʹ΢Ҳû취ʹá۾Ϊͽ󲻹Ϊ˱סڵȨ֮ƣƫϲ
΢һΪͽһһֱأϸɽɣͷ¶ҲֱһӲ鶴ȥ͵ѭĴȲľһȺɳͷҹϳ죬ԴΪɱȵ۾һʦš
΢µƻͨʮյţȻƵڵҡڡ΢մӿ鶴ʥϾһڴϣ԰׵ǽѪۣ˿ִһɾӣ˵һϵѪۣһˮȾˣ㻽ȥһ裬һֱһ¶ԭɫͣ֡
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æͬɲҡ 
΢ת¾ӣһЦЦı飬ҲǾñ۾
ûͬ˵ʣѹȡ˭۾˭ָ۾ɵʱ󻰶˵һ䣬ڳ΢űߣڳ΢ԣȥ
ʱףֻҪһͱ¨ӣ΢ͲʦšŮ鰮Ϊ֣һһŮӣþԼȥã˵Ļۺûȥ΢ĵ۾άһٶɣҲ޷߸ߡ
еҪһͱһ¨ӣֻе۾ʰ¨ӡǰʱҪȣҪһԼȥͱ¨ӣᣬǲ
һȾ꣬ħɲ֣̫ƽɽ磬һ
ĩħħս΢Լڴɽһս
һսɽʷᣬΪһҵĵ۾˷ϣΣЩȲ
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е飬бһֻۣܺԼͣҪô˵ô˵㵱֮£ֻ˵ɫ̫Ĳ
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ڼһ͵͵ħ°¶˵һ˴ħ磬ͬħıħ̸£ûϵ̸ˣŻᱻ׷ɱ
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۾ʧ죬ѰãɽĻֱ̻̣ڰ磬ɽľ鼾ش˵ĵ۾һص죬ɽĲŰ
׵ȵ΢ѣֱܹһȻѺĳ΢ֲֻյ£ƺһ
Ȼ΢ᣬôֻˡȥҩǰ˸ǧ˲Σȡָ΢һʢ͵ϣûʵ㲻Ϊηû֪һ촩ô·Ϊʧ֮ȥ㣬ǵһʱȥħ磿Ϊ˶Ҳ㣬ȴҵ㣿һжɺϣδҲɺϵĹˡ
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εĳ̾һϲһԸ˵õĻĵ۾ҪΪ롣ȡʳһĸףŽʢ˲ĵȰɽ綼һ˽ȥħ£ֻպ͵͵ȥħ˻ࡣħ֮ɱһɱˡһǶ϶ϲڳˣΪãգܶɵĿʷ
΢ڵĲѸһԲ붨һ㡣
һΣ΢ûȥһˡ˼һһҹڶգɹǻ˯ţջϲصܹͬ۾Ѹ磬һʦˡ
Ŵ绨Ц̣ĶԸɺɸСڲȥʱʱһĴˣȥ⼸꣬ıκʱۡ
룬ûһ۾ܸð߷˰գóÿվ쳤۾ϲġ
Ȼһûת˲ˣһضûСһɽµ۾ʦţӣֻմأδѸ硣
ػɾ·ϣЪ˹Ϊε۾ҪҳʦţһˣҺĵطˣʹ󣬿Һʮʦͽ֣ΪβھյʦͽϣԭһΣ



ɹ(4)

ɹǲ֪շô, ó΢ԥĽʦţΨһãκδﶼ΢ͷûϵģ۾ʦűʦţ㲻ͽǸ, ܺߵĸһЩɼʦͽΪµģ
˳Ļȥ, ʱƽϢŭ, ɫƽˡ
תտһ, ƣıۡԼĻˣ۾˼ûĥ͸һʦ, ְ˴ճʦţѰ, ʦͽֶԸա
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ͬɽ֤ͬһɵħĻ̡̻˷˴ɱ䣬ػɾʫ, ֻڱҪʱ¶档
۾ǰ˵˵õ۾սһˣ԰͡һζЦԣһġĺĴ˯ͼһˣ۾һµĳӺαضԡ
һʦ֮۾ټˣҼ΢һ;úǷƵģͷŹΡ
ȻΣʹôЩһͷ۾ɱһȳգ治룬׹ҵȪµĸĸ׽͡
ձһ°ȥգƤ𴲾һֱܸоô·Լ˳ļλ裬ǰʮֻϲһɴȹЦͬɽʢἴŵ֧۾һϲ۾һˣسˡ
ΪһԳҡĿ㽵ɣίصĺڷƮ
һֱȵڶյ̫ӶҲûȵջԴӱ۾ʦź󣬴ձҹޣʹͬŵ˳죬Ҳ˻һġ
ʶԾæ˳ȥңҴææһ磬˾ʧĸձһסˣţںҵԵķҡϡ
̴ľǣɫ԰׵ǻУһ˲ǰתʱһٲȻɱһ㣬֮Ķڣ˴յڻϣȻûôġ
𼱻ǵһɣ̫ϵ죬ǿƵ۾Ʒһ
۾Žϣƽǰͼתŭ΢΢ǵǵһ죬ðգвȴֺһĨĳ֮⡣
һȺ˾ûһҳġ
΢ЦЦץһԵ½Թӳ߰գҽ½һҵ֮ǰκ˲һָͷ
þҪҪߣĩ˶ĿתɹǣԼ⡣ɹǽȭͷһѾħצ˴գ۾ƽͣʱһɱô죿ѹ˶Ļڴ˿̱Ҳ˲ó΢ˣջֵһȫһֹ߳ģ
ɽΪԵ۾̬Ⱦһ˻æȥĿڣ˵ȥ˽ʾ֭Ϊѣ˵ĺͿˡ
΢ΪȻ̧ۿ˿ЦˣЦұݡԼǶҹǹӦòߵһգҸùġ
ƴɵŭֺһ䣬Ǵսճκ£ұؽһʮ˲ܲٽͶΪˣ
˵̫ݶ۾̧Ŀþһֱȫޣŵ´ȣ³һƮƮ֣á
һ֣ľս֮УٲҼ˵ȥ
һȺֵһɽͷۿһ˴գջһĴɽͷ߳ԤȽջԣ۾ִҪһõ۾עʱһɱˣٽҵУԾ󻼡
۾գɱ˵ö֮Ůħͷһе֮٣һȺɻΪ÷
ûߵҡԣͻ۾ʧֽ½ͱһţĽдһһ˶ǰĺ⾪ˣ۾
׶һҵǰʹ󣬡ҲҪˡ۾ŵĿս֣۾ת۾˺ѷεĻ֣һ
ûӦ۾еһԾֱĺҵУϾǾɫ۱һƳڰߣʼδһۡ
۾뽫һԸһһ˸һã۾һȻԲĵز
һӵ۾߸ߣܹվڵ۾ԣ뽫һôٲֺĳԣﵽˡ
ǧһ֮ʣȸ޸ˮҵ𣬵۾ŵǡ۾һһ˵ʬڹȵףҫĿʬһһĺСҡ
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ݴʹ۾ȥͼԡ븴һ
Ǵ˴ջػɾ͵͵ȥѰ۾Ȼڼǰ۾ʱ۾ѩίصĺڷڽűߣֻһһչڲסϺɪɪ
̵ıͷԻس˼멣ϣɨ㽫ĻѩȫɨһԣŻػɾȥ
ƢŹ֣˸ģĴЩϡŹֵĶҪ󻹲УԸ֣ȻٸߣҲῪšŹƢֻ֪˸ûʵʵڵκ˸
۾ſڹ£ӶûŲڽķˣ˵۾ȥ˱ҹ̸
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΢Ѫ飬ԺԪףҲѧų΢߾ȫȥáϧԪԪݽ߶ǺȻһ飬Ҳûȥ֡
֪۾һһģʱ䲻̣㹻췭ظأ۾Ӳǲĵڼгʾã۾ֻ޶ãһڲ֮£һڿһûչ¶Цա
ϲŭҲһһˡ


ĬĬ˼

κλһƬɽ, ڵҹ˼ȤөɫâԾȻ࣬ڱصĹ飬öʡ
ɹǺԪڰǰȥһɽУĿն, һƻƵġɹǵһ仰Ȼڶ, ٳûɢ, Ϊ۾ôö֪, ۾Ϊģ׮׮ΥɽɵĴ¡Ѻʹ꣬һ˿, ֪۾֮Ѿˣ˭ҲǷ˭, İ·, ǶԶ׮¡
ʱһ, ۾, ôͬĽ
ɹΪѵҡͷһ㣬治֪۾ûи, ȥһӦ֪
ſնӣ˲Ҳ˲ɹǺԪǺʱ뿪, ֪øòŴɹǵĻǵ۾˰¹𣿵۾ԸãбҪҹȥһˣͬ׮£ᱻбڳײʹĥġ
⣬Ʒȣ罫һƵ׵źͷƵٶȼ죬߾ವķżǷɵҹʵġ
ͣϵȣֱСǰֻһѻͭ͵Ĵסҵľţһqqŷ죬Լܿյҡ
ĵһľţЩʧ޵ľãҲûš˳ɣǸµӻûл
վϸѩ׷׵ȣ¿ŵ֣ѩڼͷѻһ˲侹֪úȥδӣޱ޼ʵãĵ׽Ϸӿ
ʧһе˼Դֺģһǧͷգżټӡ
ɹһϯȫ߸֪ǲĻǲš
һӡĵ۾ǲʳ˼̻Ϲ񣬴ֻб˰ĽķݣûλӶøС룬ԼԲҪϻͷһ۶á
һûȵĻĻȥɹǸ۾ܰܰΪɽΪˣΪ˵۾ϣǧȥ
ûôòʳ˼̻ĵ۾΢飬ɹ˵Уϸ΢ĩڶһһϣһʱԼԼˡڣһ֮£⣬ڲڣ֪ȥ˭ܲȥʵ۾˰ա
һ˿ڵҹһյƻ͵̧ͷձĺˮӵˣʱ͵۾һ棬ʵ۾ 
ǵģȥʵ۾˲Թߣֻе۾ľһСѧ¸һЩˣһͷڹ꣬ڵûκοпˣֻԼ⡣
ʵ³һųķһֻ۵İѩͷĻѩŲ䣬æ뿪ȣҴһһȥ
ȻٶĲ壬Ҳõȵռĺˮҵĺ˵֮ǰҪװô֪ӡѾǵ֪һˣ˼ɵ˺£Ʃ裬Ʃ缾ء
һĵ棬ɢ˿˿ƿţСֱ۾ͬ˶ôȥãҶ˯һˣΪϲء۾֣ƾ쵽ô۵Ŀ㲻ôС۸ˣ뻹㶫
ЦЦСԴߵߵյ裬Ųյͻĸĸô
費գգۣôǸĸ
һʱ֧֧ҡ˵ģ㲻֪Ļ㵱û˵աִ˸ĹǷŸɬ۾ͬǻţҴ˯һҹգȥǰûľ鿴ˣЩ˯
췽һ˿ɫʣ񼴽չһžһͷ˿ȡ˻¶棬۾µôҲڲסԲˣ˶ҡ̧ѹѹ
軹˯ţŵϷţ˶ƣֱĺˮۡƶȥ
һ·˺ܶ࣬ƩȻ۾Դ˴ɹһϯԵ۾Ŀз˼ı仯޷֤¼˵۾֮ͬǰһ㵭Ȼദʵױҡ
ƻƵĹչһ䣬ס˸磬š飬һ̧ͷ㿴۾ͣǰԶͷԼм¶ˮƵá
һš־ô
۾ôʱ۾ӦøŶԣ磬Ե쾳ģµʡһˡ
ϣתۼ۾ֽ˼ֱֻ֣ǡ֪۾Ȼڴ˵ԭ򣬵кҪһġͣ򶨵šš飬:۾ô
΢մԾһףӲһ·ż⣬ֻɫǰɸɾûһ˿鷢ίصĺڷһ룬Ե̧ۿһҡɤЩƣûҲܽĺˮۡҹǲȥĺˮҵ·Թһͬȥһ·ƵϣԼĨǣɫ㲣ҹû˯ô̶ֿοһЦ:ŲǸĿԼϵֻѾǵǺ߱ɣʱˣȱʧǲֻǻս
һɫĴͷȥ۾֪ѴӴɹǿֻ֪࣬Ϊǽżص£ɫŻ㲡ǿסĵĲĵһͷš
۾ɫֵ:ȥĺˮۡ·;ңԶҪңĪڰ;߶ˡ
ֲСˣЩȻ֪һȥ¹ؼأθġ۾һǰһӭŽӲӵչ⣬ͻƽȵĳϷɡ



֮(1)

ĺˮۡʮ, ɽײͬһãֱټۡˮйͨӶ᷿᷿ȡľ̿˵ʮ䡰һá
ĺˮ򸾶겻ãȻʮϲֻ˲֪ϲԹ㷢˺ʮ, ɶ˸顣ħͬɽ罻, ֻܽħȥ
ˮԭǴһ, ôǵ۾ͽ, ֵ컯ܽҲһ׮ӵ¡
ǰɲзˮж, һʹΪ۾һܣЩ, ǵ۾Գġ۾ϲһϲ, һʱ, Ѿ۾, ػɾɹǴżҾһͬ¾ƣ, սʱҲִպһΣһƢã˴һʱƲסô, ¾Ʊ첻ȥˡ
ѽһдҳͣ룬ջգɸֽŶֽ¨Уٲ롣
һշãͷŨķ綼Ļ㡣ˮӰٻӸǰ㻨ЩֲģÿĽв֡ɫĻۡǰһֱŵ⣬ĺԱ˹ԭƽۡװͬԴ
մص軨䣬˵һ֮ףˮЦǺǵűߣ洺ӭλɽš˼ⷿɵȻδʱⷿˣֻһ᷿ⷿɼɵ治١
΢ЯһϵʱѵĲˣʣλ·;ʵңԶģ·Ͻţһʱˡ
ƸͣĺˮۡǰһĽŲδվȣԭۡڳԲյϢһ㣬Ҵææߣת˲ѹѹһƬ̧ͷ˿Ũչ⣬ٵͷĶǺɫš
ɵʰڶߣʶҲҪȥϥǸ֣΢ȴץ֣ɷ˵ߣͬʱһ䣬²ڳ죬λ񡣡
Ӧˡ
һһʱסˣĸǰУϵ˺ɫ񻨵Ĵţںĺ̺߳ԶŷӦɫĶָͷͼֳ𾢣۾˼ץ֣ӣɫ촽ͬˮû£
ŤӣˣǰͬһµģҲи׼
΢ƫͷѰ˸徲ĹսԵľһһͬ£еĽһͬ˽һʤ˽Լͬһͬ⣬ն࣬޿κΡ
ÿһ׵ͷ˦һ࣬ϵĲɫ˿ɽ髸⵽ǰ磬һû緹ȳԿɽ髸⿪θٳԵĶ
ѾȺĽڣǸظλãһ͵۾Įģ۽üҵĿߣдŵ֮̽Ρٸб۾ӡǿɲ
һ̧ͷ۾ֵͷɽ髸⣬ҲǣҲǣʮΪѡ
۾Ѿˮһʱסˣɷ׷ԹűߣĲ⡣۾ߵŮӣӦһûδǵǰɰ롣ѵ˵෢һ԰ǵųɸֽӽֽ¨ˣδдȫһ֡ѵΣдһŵݵһ룿
ɫĿһң˵ݵУŶһЩôĲ̣Ҫһȷϲȫ͸
ɽòֵľۻˣһۻɽĸٵ֮ϡѵۣȻҪȸˣžｻ䣬¶Ƚ
۾ӱ˵ģ֪ɲͬ۾һԵôԭ˵ֻ͵۾ЩȤһŷ֮۾˿ɽ髸ôҪһˮ⡣ڷɨһȦδˮ⣬ֻ˶Σ˿ָ۾׵۾ıɻ磬ҲôʳûãȳԿְա 
۾ƴǣнȻ£δζ
һգգۣе˼ȥһ飬ûȷŵǰİ۾ſ죬Ŀӳ֡
һ۽أԶţÿӵ΢΢ЩץסԼ˭һˮԱߵˮ֮˵ĺ󱳣Щˮ̵ĺܡ
ЩϤӦʶˡתͷȥôǺͷ۾֣ŬŬͬԡ
ּһ飬۾ɾֳˣҸ㣬ƽˡһּ飬۾ֳ飬˿ûҪͣ˼Ļϲ²
۾߿ʱͣͣȥ䣬̧ͷô۾ͷڵһף˿鷳⣬žߴӸϣԾԼȥУ̲ɣڴˣ۾Ҳְֳգ
ǰˮ̲סˣߵСЦҿȥˣһ΢ҲһϵĿӣͷҲصȥľͷӲƫеĲĴָʳָ֮䣬һֱƤ⣬֮ա
á ֹסŵЦ
һմһôˣˮѵ¶ӣҪķӵ¾ƣΪ쵱һλˮȻҲ²ֹˣաɹǡϵɽĸЩ˿϶Ҳˡ
΢ûÿӵ֣Ŭȥ֣˰죬ǹšһֵ̯㿴λֽҹҼеģΪʹôһԳ˵ֺõˣҼв˸Ժòã㿴ôԵģңҼи㡣
һ¾ӣɨϵĳʳָԶһҪǸ
۾ͷһཫָĲ˶˹Ųǰһˮײˣ˷µҰ̶ˣԶپͳԶ١
Ծ̧ĿһȻ˿ʧƫġ̫ˣ浽Ϊȥв˸ԣ۾ǺεȸڵӴú˵۹ȥ߷߲ƽȻдУƽİҲˣ
۾ΪΪѣ۵һĨصǡôЦ⣬ͱһͱӵҪһҽĲˣиԣ붯֣ιҲС
һΪԼżв˸Եʱ򣬵ŬȥܼеĲˣ߯ƽˡٺߺĲԶߵϺȻѴҪδȥϯδأٵƬ̣ȿСߡ



֮(2)

һеز׽˴, ʶתͷȥ㻨ߵУһϮӺݻ£Դ⣬촽ǳ⵲·СӵÿĻ͵üëһ, ԭüˡ
仰˵Щ, Ӫ󲻴, ǰ˵Сӱһ, ΨΨŵŵϢŭ
һԼƼ۽ǵһּۣĿ˵۾һۣת˲Ĺѽ۾, еǺŵÿ
ԭδ˴, ȾƵĺȾƳԲ˵ĳԲ, , Ƶɽͣ, һ಻ΪκȻˡǵ·ô£
־һٲҵ, æ·ÿͷʹճȥߡ
պ޺޵ĺһϵƮ, кɲĿ⣬һһߵļΪҪˮҵĵذ
µ̳µĲ۾˿۽һչȥˣֻһڣæµϣȡ˲ˮ͹ڣü𡣡ûԹ۽ҽڳ۽ֱڿտڳ԰ǡ
ЩžĴеȦƮ˻δߵűߵĴնУһͷƴˮ뽫𵽷ĸо嵭ûϵּ˼֣ڹµֽɸʵĵȭͷ
߳͵ĴɹǾյվĨͻЦ͵ðҳ軵ˣ˵ٺЩƣȻͺҷƢˣλĪ֡Ɑƾ͵λǸˣȸΪͷоˮǿЦЦ¡ĿⲻĴһͳ΢ĵطɨϵЦʱ˼֡
ɽԡ˽ǺȾƵ£Թ䣬ԴգǷƢ˶Ȩ
һһյ裬۾̧ΪһյһĨǳǳЦǲʳˮϵĸζЩƫ㳢Ĳ˰ա
ŲյƬ̣ǰڣģеĵ۾۾ǵʳأΪ꣬˵ģû뵽ǵáͷһ˿ͷðԼû֡
²յȡֱһ˫µĿӣ̧Ŀ¿˿ϵĲɫĩĿͣΟhȶϣưư죬˿鼦СζͦģӦˣãҧһڴ㡣
һڿżһ룬ɹ˵Ķԣֻģδ۾ģͬ۾֮δ֪Ľȥ⡣
һֻȿеֻʣ°ֻ۾Ӹ֣ӵĸĶɫһ룬ȥԸӲ֣Ūѣõ۾Ӳա
ӵ۾ϽӹӣĨĨ죬֣ŵһ˽ɿ˷Ϸ ֵĶһ٣ϷŲδϷ仰ô˼
ɫ˽˿ȥֵĶδͣ˵ӦɽСֱɣδմɫɫϲ죬Ӧ
ԱߵǸٵŮɣҲ󣬵ɢһֳζһ鳤ôЩ꣬һζûУӷŵ˳ڻ
ȻźһЦ㵱ɵôɹǷǷֻܺˣ϶Ϻ岻סҡΪɹǲȾƲߵģֻǼõ۾ͬһǣߵġ
һȵġɵֿٵŮۣĶŴɹ˵շ߷ϯȾƵԵʣʵЩšյĻǰװõˮ©ɽ綼Ϊȶׯĵ䷶ȻɹǲȾС¶Ƣ
λٵŮõ۾֮ͬЩǣã۾նͬЩͬ˵ҲΪҪǸǰգ۾ã취ӱܣգȻӦĽ˵۾ĺ⣬۾ι۽Ҳԥˡ
ѵ涼ǲ⣬͵͵һһ۾ѹ۾ô˼ĳϣȻ˵ͬһεģɿɶأ۾ҲЩ
ٵŮЦĻ֦ҲпµǳһСƣʵΪҪ۾ϲ˭ȨԸⰮ˭㰮˭Ը˭ñ˭ãǵ۾ֲǷӣòŽǿ˾ò̹Ϊǻǵŵģõľ£ͻˡ
һ΢΢һ죬ٵƳһ۵۾ԭͬ۾ŵĻУͳ˴ΡĿϵĲãǺ˼ȻӺпǿš
ƺƣЦһ㵹ѵ˵Ļֻǽ˰ԼȥҲǵŵλźһָʱ˼˵ˮķ˸ñǼҹӳ˰գˮʱҲǸʵĲӣ֪Ķӳأ
һȻѹ²ֵӣ˵ĿģΪ˼ģΪ˸۾в˳ԡȻŮ鳤°۾ԶһЩա
ͬǰһסˣԼܿϯ̣δˮ˵ӰҪһܳ
ʱͱһͱ΢ʾСʵǱߵλ˭
۾˳Ŀ⿴ȥǣƬ̣ҡͷ
ƲһƲ죬ȥǰûļȡô뵽ȥʵ۾λŮô˵أҲá۾ܼסģֻԼλ̵ͬߵĽΪ׽ļλɵʱ룬ֲȡģ᲻Ҳǲס
ûܡ
ζǼ⣬ų΢ϵζԵĶӹԲָͷ㣬۾͵񲻹صĻŽǮԻˣ۾͵ȽϹأٳһЩ
ǰͺ봦ײ죬ԥҪҪٳԸΟhȣ۾ͬˮ˱ǺӳˣǰȥϳǼأ͸Ҹһ㽫ͳȥ
ˮ˳ˣ˼ʱعٲȥЩˡ
ЩЩ£һγոǻʱȲɣһΪ¼˵ôţһں¼䣬ҲˡڣǺӲתļءǼأ֪ȥҷüԪľģͬɹǵķһȥҲá
̧Ŀ΢ŵ˵ǼأҸô죿
΢һĵ񣬡ǼأǾһȥãһջȵġ



֮

Ϊȡĺͷ, ӱ߰賤ƴãŴд⡣ˮ˱ĺڳԣδŲת˲㱻Χסˣá
һų΢ϯ, ɵĲӳߡŵ۾һô, Եɿ۾, Ҫóȥ, ʾüԴɾߵˮԡ
ˮԼҷ˺ͺ, ֺǺǵĽλЩ, ˸꺢ĺ, 뿴, ǰһ㡣
ˮ, ܿ۽ǵƣܿϵĻƣĺˮ˵Ķߡ, һǵϴμʱǸٸ˵ϸϸģ˷ƢǰʶЩ, ˵۾òûб仯֮⣬˻ٶˣҲ⡣
ˮ˰ǿӤϵٲһ統ᣬô㣬ĸ׿ǵСԹ˯û
ԭ˯С˶Ȼۣһ˫տ纣񱱺޲ʱǳˮһϲĳµա
ɶʱȻʧɫһͣһ˲Ծ۾ɫģ
ˮ»ӤĶͷ涼ΪĸĴ飬̧ͷЦͬǵأϲ۾ˣҲ֮ͫˣǸ⣬ҲΪΡ˵жһĨǳҴӳû޹һô嶼಻֪ΪΡ
һñЩͨ۾ҲɬܣôҪۿʳϴһ˫ǽڷ֣عͷȥǡײ΢һƬο֮⡣
ڸô¡
ͷתϸϸеӤúܿɰ۷۵İװ׵ģëȻŨܵĺܣȻȵĽëˣСʱɰҲ΢һŮɵϲһ۾룬ǼذǸΪܼһ棬Ը˫˫۵ļأ˵ôӣһϳ
صãڷ磬Ϊһɰ룬Ҫӵزͬɽ磬ɽ˼ֵ£صͫɫ㲻ر֡ͷȥС˶գͬˮ˵ͫǾŻеͫɫأ۾ÿȻǵ컯ľˣһгϢġ
ǻǲȫԵʣȥֻδҲߺߣտȻÿȴһ˿ʣֻĴָû졣
һ۾˿ò޼ĳָףˡջ֣ĿתĿָͷͱһˮҲ֪
˻ǲž쵽˵ϢغȻĴָ۾գҲգĿһĨЦͬӣƬ̣Ȼſ֣Ҫ˱Ķ
һһʱסˣŵץס΢½ǣҪҪȥ
ˮǼһģȻѾȥ꣬Ȼǵһûϵһϲĺӣ˵Щ˺ϲΪĸϲ˿ĺӡһֱһͣ涼ǺͰ׵Цϲأ뱧һ
һקų΢½֧֧ңҲϲ΢һԥƬ̣˫ֽشˮϱűǣűҲǣЩæҵġ
ģССģŹζֻᶢЦڵļءһμڲɽ಻ķѩУһۿտӣԵıʯʱļѳɱĴˣΪ۾ͽܣûˣһֱص׵˿벻һú棬Щ
ż̧ͷ΢Щʣ㿴۾ɫģջҪ
΢ĨЦɫᣬţµգϲġһǳǳЦЦֽ壬ģתĺˮöҽʱʯĥɵģһ飬һڱһСϡձˮӣԳ湫ӡ
ΧһȦɼҽۿ۾ϵ壬ĬĬſˮмҲ˼⡣۾ͷЩ󱲻ûʹǵ۾ݵȻ۾ҲգͽĺˮĶӣɼ۾ж࿴
ˮԭڿһϲıҶӣһģһͽˤȥöŽһЩõһʱŵõ۾Ļæع˫ֽӹ壬𾪵ɣɴл۾л۾񰮣ɶ߾ȫɵ۾
һĽػˮˣ壬ԷڼߣüȻ۾˵ˣһԣҲ˼ˡһСӰաˮഹл룬ЦСӳǵŮӣɽͳȥһöá
䣬ֵһɵʱһһһۣƴ仰ôˮԾɵͷֻǰһƬˣôˡ
۾ΪβԵӣƫƫûһȻ۾һ˼۾ϵöʱʯĥɵģФ˵ǧ𲻻򵽣һһ飬áɴ˿ɼ۾һ˽ˣֻЩΪ˳ӵĻ֪ˡ
ˣǰ۾һ׼ҲֻһϷʱһˣԹصֻ۾ΪӦɵԸֻʹݱһպɵԹƽ룬һ˳Ҳǵ۾һΪ֮֮ģֻе۾ͽ˺һӣһɢĻǴڤо
۾µĺܴ󰡡
ʦү˵ɽЩУǿĺˮκֻҪ˶ߣգܽȥ¸šʦүûˮĶȷˡ
дõķ粦ӣ죬ҡһͷºڷаħħ٬ĳһһЦЦһת뵽仰˵жôѹɺö˶˵æץץͷһͷȥ΢ּһ䣬ȻҲԽö嶼ţպûǮõʱȥǮ۾öֵǮء
ȵ仰Ч΢ŵĻﻹ˵ȥ䣬ֻ˶ͷҡӣϴЦⲻֺ
һûڵҧ촽ٲ˵ֻͷȥСء
ʱˮ˵С˼С˼ͬйءѳһ£˵Ӧøȡˣ룬磬Ŀǰûܵõ۾Դ۾ΪӴôպ˱ضͦͦġ
׼۾磬ԼΪȡ֣Ϲŵ伮ٲһԵ֧ȡһ۾磬۾Ӵ͸
۾Щٸô磬ֻǰЩɽĸٵ֮ʱȥ˸Ϊ۾˷ĿԲûϵõ۾ˣһһһ
̧ͷ˿΢۾鿴ȥһֱŵЦ⣬Ӧ
ֹӣų΢֣صС֮У˵Ӧȡ֣Ȼɲѧǳֲʶһʱ벻õġϹŵ伮ҪһЩʱգȥϹŵ伮ɾǶɾĲʵΪѵúܡһ٣۾ۿֳȴɶ۾ΪСһ۾Ӧʡ
۾ĿһϣĬһ˲뵽ôǰȥеӤ˼أͽмذաһԾĲĿ
ĺˮ΢죬۾ô뵽ˣתһ룬۾ǵ۾ſڱһֻ֣ǲ֪ô塣ֵֹʵ۾ֿкԢ⣿ֵɺö͡
쳤˲ӵȵ۾͡
дУ͵֦Ҷ׺ǵİɫ䣬ľӣŶ۾һվһͷڷֱڽűߣɫĻʤѩؽ࣬ȻԼżˡ
ɵü΢۹һһɨ۾ǳһЦûС
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ҹ

, ·ɶĺɫɢȥͽǽ壬յбһƬɹٸĺˮӣϼֺ¯еĻӳɵϼɫ, ֱܾһȹ⡣
һδͬһͬ뿪, ɫƸԶȥʱ, ĺˮۡߵ¥, һŹһڿʹƶȥЩĲ̣޿κΣֻץһ, ϿĿ
һڼɸǰǸܵߵ, һҡĶŮɳԲ, ұ, ʹ, ֻǼٷŲ򡪡衣
֮ʱһȻһ룬軹ڼе, ȥˣҪߺ󲻿ģСըëѺá
Ȼûһˮ۾ȥտ, ͬˮϲأ㼾һȻһҲҪ߶һˮ˼תһ룬ͦϲģӦҲͦϲ棬һһദĺ졣ԣ
ó΢᲻üأ㼾һԼ˿ͬˮ˵ȴ˵ˡ׵׵Ĳյסôһݣδ¶ֻĬĺŲ衣
ҹߴĺˮֵۡһ˯ʢţ¹»һɴĺܣĿĺܡ
һԡϴ꣬ͷʪķСϺˮŰڿֻյһ·ƽȽȥƬֻ̹յע˲ˮԵΟhЩ̣ʱûô˲žͷεĿʡȲĺȿֻյˮãȥȡֻյ
ȷȷͶĺˮɣֻмصͫɫտģҲĺˮɽ׸ãķҲܺãؽǼңǷġ
ȴһ׮£ֻûޱɣŤһŤƮһ㣬ý
ûôĹԻͣȿȣĹȥһһҪڸֻ궼Ҫ˵û֮ġ⵹ҪģůɽѲκϣѹģ˼ˣͬ۾Ƕιȥ
Ҳ֪Ե۾к뷨˵˰գ־ͷе۾ӰݲͷһֱƮԺУҪ˵û£ȴ־Ѿǰǰ㣬뵽Ŀˡ
ʹ⣬ΪһˣүҵĹƬ̣Ӻһ̧ͷͬҲϾĵûκˡ˵ϲһ˵ʱԶһһ㶼⣬˹㣬Ǿ͸ˣֻһ뵽Ŀھͻ۵ܲˣͬ۲һϸϼ֣Ƚϼ֣ǻ۵ᡣһʮõİ빣һֵȵˣôȥоۣ෴ģһ˿ңѵ磬ûȥóԳԸúȺȣǰôͻָô˴޽ż滹һЦˣܵһ󳹴򡣡
һϵΪͬ˵Щڻ֪˺Ϊһˡ뵽۾ؿڲˣ֮Уһ˿ԸҲ˵ĸо۾һЦʱ
ţķˡҲԹ
Ӱ΢бǷϴ齣ϴ·׺Բ񣬿ſűѵĹͷۡ˯ˮۡӦеͽв֮£û˸Ҷв֮£룬Ϊ˯̹Щȥ۵Ŀӡ
°̿Ѿһ룬Բļ¶أһҲһɫӰشӴķ䣬գ۵ĹȵͣڴǰֺֻײıǼ⣬ʱ
һз̫Ѹ٣һӦӵȻͣסһҲǴˡôһϤƺֹһ㣬ӦüƽϵĲ׮ǷֹӦüƽϵ۾ΪδҹĴķ䡣
ʧУæһԵĽתϹȦֻ¶ԴҹģҪôû뵽۾ḡĵͽӣˮۡҺӰ첻ãԺôķĵ۾
ԴһϮѣ¹Ե䣬¹һɨһۣЦЦ㺰Ҳ޷ҵϣΣ
һ΢΢һ죬˾䣬޳ܡ
겻ÿɷ񣬲֪Ƿˣߵǰת˼΢ͷ䣬紩ˣʵһЩҴȥö
ôҪȥôȥץͷϵ磬俪ɨһԧϷˮͼڵȥô
ʩϨҡҷ𣬳΢߻ش齱ߣصĳЦЦ˾֪ˡʯһϣ˳Ĳӻǰأͣ¶һĶǶͷᶯ˶˼治ѿӿۺãֻ˵ϲͬ˵
һ˳ߵͷĿҺɫĶǶλεǴۡϽǰ΢Ц߳ŭ޳޳޳ܣ
һֱΪ۾Ǹ˾ӣԭȻĿ֮£ڲصһġźǣֻʵԱԻš
ϵ¶ȲҺ¹䣬ϣӲ˼֡Ĵֽϵϣڳ΢߳ĺˮۡ
̤ŵһ˲Ȼ뵽۾˵ĺöô
ҹԲĺˮۡյĻ磬꼻¹էֵ㣬ݱϢ𲻹Ƭ̣һ͡Ȼľ²꼻뿴꼻ʢֻܿһ軨ǣ꼻ǣ꼻ֻһ֡۾Ҫĺöֵ¡
žҹһ˿Ҳޣż紵棬Ҳë޵絲˴룬һ̧ͷ£ЦЦһΣ£Ʃ񹬵ĵطĺˮפص̻ÿԲ̻˷ڣ¹⣬һ˻ʯһڿԲµգⲻˡ
۾һϣתСġһɿ֣˳ǰߣ˵̻Ӧʹ㣬Բˣʹת濴һµô꣬Լˡ
һЩʧʵ۾ᣬҲǰ˵ĻˣȻʱżȻ˵ʺϿĵطĺˮפص̻ٺ¹һֱ˵֮ĺܣҹܵ۾ǰȥţȥ̻
۾ָӣ̻ÿʮԲ̣ȥʱľġĻ̵ĻطЪȥˡգԲ֮ʱ۾ȥѩɽһֻħħѲĺܣƤӰ½һֱսڶ賿Žħ￳ɱƣ뼫ˣس˯һͳ׽֮Ժˣ۾û



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뵽ղ, һޱ߼ʵﳶһǣ˼ĺڷ۵ʱС£۾һˣʱҲ˵ҷ, ͦˡ
Ȼϡ, 쾡һԲµķ, ֻĻһ, ˮ̻ۡƬ̵Ĺ˳ĴźԼţһ㵽ˡһɫ, ̤һƬ̵̱Ĳݵأ۾ͷ, ϲ, Ҳ, ˷Ҳ׮, ʤ߿յģֻü΢µˮ
˷׮£۾Ȼһ˲ͬĸ, ͬһշӽ˹һֱصԷٲҷΪֹ
СĴӻдȥմȾ仨, ̧ͷȥ۾¹µޱ飬üĿϡǾģҲδ仯һԥ˯꣬£ĲĶУ꣬㡭𣿡˵Щͻ˶٣ֵˣɫãֲ࣬ͦʺһЩ¡
õ۾пܻ˵ûúáϾϷӣÿñطʱϷͷСЩ㻹𡱣ʮа˸˻شʣµӲſķǵܺá
¹µĵ۾ΪȻǰôɫ»ôɫңһ۲Զ̻˽ڣƮ˵ǺǻУǸ߸ϵĵ۾ÿ˶ҾңͬҶ죬ͦгɾ͸еġĬһ˲ֵҲȷȤ
һ°ü˼˵ǹúûǹòأ羴ɼΪɵ˻򻰷ģȻ͹úãû˵ˣֻԼ⣬˵ȷȤϣúã㵱Щúðա
չ֫ǰ˵ߴʤߵλôžǵ۾֮λˣλһô꣬ɼİ룬һְܹաκζӵоˣܻ᲻ԾᷳȨҲսǮҲգˣദҲо뵡ĸо
۾Ȼͣҹԣһĺ󱳣ݣֻγѰ̾ϢǰܹˡĬãתǳһЦҶһֵǣҵˣºҲǳȴλǵȣλҲǵȣһ
չ˫ۻ£һ̻ߣĿݵıӰϡܲ죬ҹܴӵ۾ǳЦһ˿Σǽ¹̫۾ûβغãܽ˼ϸƽգȻã۾Ҳûôֵø˵ġ
ڳ˸ЦһΣҺڵ۾֮λ㣬ֻ¶Ųɼ۾ôеôġ
۾бۿһԵû䣬ƨĹ¯࣬˼Ǻа˸ʦ
ƨľڣڶԷܼ֮ȥһе֮⣬Ծ治ɫ˵ʵ֮ԣ۾ϲ㲻ˣα˵ƨ
۾פ㣬һײ֮ǰŲԣֵ
Ŀһ˶Բ£̻ͷ¹սĺӣһƬ¹ں档ҹеİȶɫһĨ˸Ȼʢź꼻꣬żëںϣþƯŲϳ뺣ףֻƯС
Բ֮ҹ̻ȷһ㣬˼飬۾᲻գһ¡һܼ߱ߣһڴźˮζϢתͬ΢˷ܵһʫµӦ˾ɼǰдʫǺ秵ġĿһ£г£Ĺʱ۾˵дʫǲҲ̻Բдʫ䣿
۵׵ӳ۾Ĳ㱳㱳ʫ㵹ͦ
ȥԵһƬëˮȥ΢ЩұЩƿڵĺܣʱһҲǲһΣοܶȴɲңұҲûôëԱˮһȽˮףʱַЩģˮ߿˿һֻȥʫ㲻ͬˣұҲ˼ʶûķ羰ʫƩ緲⣬ҲȥҶʫ֪ããķɳгƬĺЩﶼС
һû񣬲ëĽͣˮУЬ˲䱻ˮʪˣĴת˲ӵż⡣æ뽫վڰߵһȴЩòϾǵվ̫ãˡһۿҪһͷԽίصķһ˸ˮǧһ֮ʣԼ֫һס
̧ͷײ۾ˮŵЩžˮû˵Ҫȥˣڵ񣿡
ӣɫĴһһգ¶Ž׵ݣ꿡ʵɫ±һطˣͬյĶྶͥ
෴ĻҪ˵ڣֻǿҪδ񣬲ǴǰǸ¶ҪƺССˣĵȥˣҲܺܿٺ˰һˣֵ˵
ȻзĻߣһԣԾı䣬Ϳȥ
۾ıˣĿף˼𣿡˫Ŀͷţһ֪ȥôζ
δȵл񣬵۾Ȼֽ֣Ҳգˡ¿ˮŨܵĽëͣڻĺĳǳǳ䣬ĴӡĴϢ˴ֹͣ
ôôҲؼȻһҵƵÿйٶ۵ĽкէȫѪҺԴӿǵһܵγѪ
շת࣬봽ϷĴǱģͷůȣǵûֻı۰ǿվ
ŨŨţţĸš
ˮһԱǵѷ֣ίصķ룬ȷһȥš
ãǵ۾ƿһһƿĵ۾ⶼ޹ؽҪ˵ģ۾ãڻڣֻЩңһͷҳһŵݣ粻֪˺δ
ôˮ۾ǵôûȥˮľõΡ



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, һȥҶʧƺӦϸһ뷽ôԼΪιʹĲȥ
һʱЩΣ۾һƬӣԼЦ, ֪ЦôһٵƳһԷ, еʢ, ߴӵ۾ϴ, ҧŴȥһɫ
̻ĸʢһϢĶ֪̻ԵȻҲ֪̻Զǳ˫ɶԵľ, һһŮһһ, һŮһŮ֮, ̻徻ʱ, ɶԵһץһѡ
۾һĸ, ʱĺˮ磬Ϊ͵İΣ룬Ϊʾ֣, ˮ̻һգκ˽롣
ȻκͷҪ۾һٳȥ۾Ӳκι, ԼĹأΥֱΥˣӲϣһȽϲңǱڲģѹ֪ˮзκ˽̻Ľ
ˣ̻߻һ©ԧ죬ǴиĵطġµĿһͬ۾ⳡ࣬øûرһ£ΪֻѹӶһԿˡ
һϵ¶Ȼû£էڣʱĽŲغԣĬĬ˿ڿˮʵֵε鲢ͬ۾֮Ĵ࣬ŮɫĹƻЩ֮£ͬ۾ֻǴ˸ࣣδ£Ⲣûֵεġֵεģͬ۾ࣵĳ汻İĺֳĦˣжãӦа㣬ǣʱͬ۾ǵѷ֣Ժ࿴ýζ
ǼһǣɫµǶԧҴææˣû߶Զ԰ŮѹǶԾʶҿĽԶ·ģ̻ġ
ɵͷƤ飬С㶼ϵãôϵáͣͣĳһͳ΢վλÿһֵۣ:ȥǸһ𲻾ã񱦱һҶϲ֮飬һʱжֻ̣ͷףǿҶϲġ
һ䱦˼£бۿ΢Ϊվѩɰֱһĵ۾ǵ۾˴棬ССĶԻвˮӹ಻ɵðһԧ첢ûϳҲûϳ۾տ鴫ȥɶ֪ӯŮħͷͬ۾ˣν۹ֻǵ۾ͬɽ͡
ۼ͵ǴࣵԧߵԶֻõɲıԹ࿴Ǹеһۣƾô࿴һۣŮںķ:úÿ࿴һ۶ô
вУֻܿң㻹ҲҪͷȥǸŮˣҲʮֺÿŮЦһ˼ûǸŮɺÿұ˵㲻İĽң˱ҺÿŮӱ㲻Ըˡߣҽͬģ
һһӰʧͷ˵ôûнŮɺãһٶĿҲع첲üƤõһء
ںϵ³˼֣ҪûˮУյĺһƬǳʱˣԼкˮģһŲŲӡ߷Ҷ۾磬ݴû쵽䡣
׶еЬӲںߵʯϣ۾ߵɫԣһë̺ӣڻ£̧°ʵ:߷ԻڿԵһ磬ڻ¿±һζҲա
һƬ̣ͬ۾һĳٱ˿ȥ־÷ࣶˣôüɻģ˽ϵ磬˿һһŲ۾ԣִٵվš۾ڷϵ̺ӣеЦŨҪ죬ӣˡ
µľɫȻж죬͸ŨܵĻ϶£ӰסĲҲ쳣컡Ϣе۾ϵɫڵˮ·йζ
г΢̺˯ȥ˯ĵһƳϣһ롣
ˮĻʯڶߣŵ۾ϸϸ˴ɹ˵ĻһʱЩȻɹǿеĵ۾ͬӡĵ۾кܴĳ룬ɹ˵۾Ϊ£ΪͬɽаҲգҲãһ֪룬֮ǷȱһЩϸµķ˵֮ǷȱģӦеıĪġԵ֡
ͬ۾֮ԵֵĻӦһ˵۾˼ҲҪȵһβŴ˿֪Щ¡Щ⣬Ϊε۾ֱ˵˵⣬ͬ˵ϲ۾ҲϲһļϴӴִĵô
ߣ۾Լ뷨ֻߣɹ˵Ļͷˮ֡
ƵĽüͷɸ֣ûȼĥ۾ֽ̧ӰԴͬ:ң
ͷǷĽë¶ҡͷ°ô
۾˼ף̧ĿɻĿȻңΪҪ
һʱˣԭı֡ٵ˼һ£۾Ȼʶ棬۾˼Ǻϸģ󲻹ԶһЩеΪæŲŲʵжĲ
ٶƺֵ۾Ļģһ͵͵۽⿴һۣϵɻѵȻ޴棬֮һ飬ļΪΣɫ¿ͬһĿĻ
һĿĻԱ߳־ԤŽһֱʵĻʳ:ɹԵǼ٣۾ϲô»Բ۾ãҲãͦʺһЩĳ¡
ԭ˵ǣίУҲУȻ˴˿̣ǰõ˵Ǿһȫǲˡٵһ΢΢ʹͣҲ۾һռŴɹˣػɾǸɹǣյĸ硣
۾ĿƬ̣뵽ôֵЩٳػɾ겻Ҳã飬ɾͱˡ
һܵЦţϰԵȥ壬飬ֻ˴ĺҶᡣ뵽ѱ͸ļءһԭȥǰģ͵̳һƣҵֻһ̳֪·꣬ҵøлɾⳡ꣬һ֪Ҫڹꡣ̧ͷⷢŹκһСɽͷʱ˴ɹǣͬ˵֮£ΪġҲ֪¡



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һײϺʯ, Ȼ֮ǧѩ˲ڻҶɫͷ˻ٴҲϡ
۾һ˫۾ϵɫһգ۾ô
һƲš
۾ȻƵ, ڵ۾, ǰϹͼתһȦ, ΢һЩ, Ϊ㲻ţ
һͳӿ˿飬Ųɫϣв˸ҳ㶼, ڲΪ˰ĲˣҾ, ҡ
۾ЦԷ, , , ҺǼ۽ôҲȥ
һµ룬ҴüǸ۽ѳԵĽ, ݶҪˣҲϲԡеĶǡǡϲԵĶԾ͵ûмС
»ˮӳǵӶʧɫ۾, ãһɬЦΪҲ㡣
һĬȻ˵ĶԣΪţҲȷûŵʱǰǸˣֵ΢󲻹Ǹķ繫ûдպÿƼĳ죬Ǹ۵Сɫõ۾ǲϲġ鱾ͷȸ֦ͷ˵Ĺ£ǲֻǺСĹ£ȸͬ˱֮ȸǴӵģ˾ͱȽˣǴܻġڳʮûŹ¡
۾̧ͷ˿£ɤĪ˸УƳ糿ѩһͷ֪ΪͬҵദѾѧҪװ᣻֪»Ȫ߲ݵؼң֪ڲɽҵĶͷ֪ΪһССңȫ֪ȫǵá緺̶ϵɫ糣ֲ屯ϲҵ꣬Ƿ˼ǺӺұһֱһնɹ֪ڵһǧһٶʮʱһֻ۾һǧʱֻ۾Ҳʱʱ㣬ı仯ȫ֪
ͷһ¶ɵ÷Żᣬɫмɶ֪Թ꣬޷ƽϢԹֻ룬ҵԹлȥôԹҺңǺõġ
һ䣬ǳƺǳĺˮĴʯˣܾ˺¡һԣһļֻ۾ɸɵģɤҲɸɵģޣҲ˵
۾ǸԵˣһŸĻѶȲڵ졣һȴδԸжˣ۾ⷬ˵ĶɬĿ⣬Ҳ֪Լô
ÿˣǵ۾ĬĬô£һֱŲóܵʹ࣬Ǹ߸ϵĵ۾΢Ҫôһ仰£ûҪġ
紵ɫǵĻڵ۾ļͷĬãõ仨ͷѻƣʲô
۾ɫɣشȻҿ٣ĵ۾һͷͷܻͬҼƽЩ
һһ˲Ļɣͬɹ˵ģӹ񱣬ֻҪ˵۾ͷҪԵĶתһ룬ش죬Ǽٵģһ˵ˣҲûҪƭ
ӣԴϥϣ̾Ϣһ㽫ұ·ôҸ֮аգ֮䣬ˡԲµһǣ̧۾ֵΪǷҵģ֪ԭһʼǷࡣɽȵңҵѰҵʬǣȴֻһ
תתôЩ꣬һվǻصԭ㣬ִˣɢĲʣֺ
۾ȴ˼Ļش𣬡ôڸİˡ
գۣԵġ
Ȼ֮Ѿ壬еʧˣҲɹԣİˣòˣܱܹڿڣ۾һֻû뵽İ飬ɵ۾˵
ϥǣЦЦİִ˵ͦ˼ģ̇һɬ۾Ƥ۾һۣ̻ķô󣬴۾ֳ̹ŵվԴպõֵһ֦ɫæԱ˼ҡԴû£Ҳ΢ʱˣɸûȥˣ۾ЩȥЪŰա
һǳһŵĲʯϣĵĳĺˮۡߣǰЩģӦ̫ˣ۾Ż᲻΢ĺСң
ʶͷӦˣİںƮҡ۽üҶ͸׿ڵȣɵķ¡
ϷҪȫףһЦ۾ˣİ֮ǲôĿԷֵģԻһҹϵȽϺõ˶ҡ
겻ÿɷ񣬻ߵǰ˶٣˼һİͬ˵Ұ㣬ô
Ȼ
סԲµڴ˿ɢȥؼָֻһȺⷢųͷϷɹëǡ׹췱ǣҫ۶Ŀ
۾ǳ羪ըڶߣСңҰ㡣
ĺᣬɴƮһַסһɫ֦һֻֽ׽סӵĽ
ĳ棺ʵɫ£۾һѩѣŻһ䡰Ұ㡣һ̣꣬һֱΪ޷ȵһĻֻܱ¶աŮʱһֱȵ񣬽Ҫ֮ǰڵóԸ
һңԶΣͬ۾ݣɱ޹꣬꣬շתֻغڵȵһס
ʹۣ뽫ۿﷺŵɬ֮ȥԴǺȻӿļ̣̌ͷȥ۾ֻҪ̧ͷ֮ǰ۾˵ĻͶɼٵһ㡣
۾˫֣ϹϲǳЦСңɡ
ſȥǰӿ飬ңΪ㲻ͬ˵Щġǰû˵ҵҲû˵ͷ΢΢죬εһֵ㷽˵ģɶģİң
۾ַ̧ϵ鷢ɫҲ㣬Ͳһֱ˵Ļϣ˵̻ұˣ˵뿴Ķ̻֮ұȥ졣һ濴˶٣ֻҪҪģֻҪܸģҶ㡣һЩͬ˵Ұ㣬һˣҲԥСңڿɻԸ
һͷȥĪЩ̣ʺЩĻȻ۾˵ĳϿҶģǸŮӶᱻ򶯣飬ﻹмַ
ɵͷһȻӣͰ͵ҡ㡭ͬһĿˮὫ˵ģ˵ŮħͷӲɾ˾ĵ۾;һڵ㶼ûУ㲻ǵĿˮ𣿡
۾ӵ뻳һĨԵЦȻ˵ȥ˵ˣֻҪһۺʧȥһѾ׷ĪˣʧȥһΣһ
ⷬ˵ȻһȴƷһ˿ɬ˵һʧȥ仰˵Ĳԣûеõֺʧȥ֮˵̧ĿþҲգҪ۾̧һͷ涼ǸοЦ⣬µķ磬ů顣
Ļ۱ס΢΢ЦҲҸͬһһΣǴõ£ٴ˭ҲԵ֡ͬ˵ԵǸĶ˱ûˣץסˣ벻Ķץס
۾šһͷĶͷһǣӵƵѾץסˡ
紵ҹģңĻꡣǰǵ۾׵ǳǳĺһã˿ǳĺˮ˵Ҳ䡣ȵģηϺ
ҹɫʱһһţֻʣһʱһڵ۾ı۰ãˡ
ôͬ۾һȥˣȵӦԾ۾ںһ磬͸ĽߣˮһתĽˮһ㡣ѵֻʣһǶǰŵԧϷˮ£ëƤ΢΢Щ
δԾŮ֮£ôҲǿСģý۾Ҫô
ŵȥ͸ĺˮ磬ԱŲŲӣͼĻѣ˿ġ
۾һסϣֽ⿪Ƕϵᣬ̵Ĳϣǰɤӵ޷лῴ㡣
Ҳǣ۾ýֶǼʶģ˵翴Ϳ϶΢΢ģŤŲӣס֣һѺòã䡣
ѹϵ˶аһЦڵȼһƿֵȻͲˡ
ŲӣҧҵĲӣˣιιιĶأ
̧˸ͷüࡣûٷһ䣬ĵͷסĴеĻֻȥԻһתǧصġ
˭뵽ĺлһ磬ͷһŨŮҹջֻǣûнˡ
ʱ˺ͣͦʺһЩߵ£֮һ֣˱һʰ
лҪ˵


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, һۡ
ȻƵ͸ˮϣһһģвʺӡ˸Ƿƫͷ˯ŵӣ˯ʱȥټϲð亹, һŵһš
ҹķ̫, ۾˯, Ľë, ӣɫĴ΢΢ſźĽһһ£һǾµò, ȻĵӡһĬĬһڿˮֿ˼, ŰߴŲ, ĿȥˮٵĽڡ
˵˾֮, ûȾ, ҲԣҹҹôͿİԼ˳ȥûϣôֱҰ⽻ˡ, ĲǾƣǵ۾Ŀ⡣
յҧ˻ҹͬ۾£˵Щ, Ͼǻûɹ飬ҲûȥݻĴأķޡڻûøȥµ۾ˣĿԣ
ҶʱѴˣȻٿȥѣһὫ۾ѡƬ̣ͷ˿۾续üۣһģӽ½ƿһ档
ΣûȥΣ룬ȹʱգͬ۾ҹ£ȥʱ˵ôţû
ȻĺˮۡԤٿءһ룬´λ֪ôأԳڻܿͶ࿴ۡ
ȥˮʱˮżι̣ˮվһԿţϹ˴ȸЦû׵Ļ˵ڣˮȲͬҹŵͬ˵۾ͬȥ̻ˣôֻˣ۾ȥ
һɲǺƻŤĿһ򶨵Ҳ֪ҿĳˣû̻˸˯ˣô۾Ҳûô
ˮ˼ۺӣЦŵһ˾Ѱˣܵ۾Ȼس˰գҪţ
żտӣҡҡͷۻСȥ棬ֱؿЦ
һǰˮҪأպسô£ԵһֻҪģһ߾ܵȥ
ˮΪݣһ뿪֮ľϣżͬ˵˶˵һǸʮŮħͷҵԣ߯壬߯ȡôص˵͸Ǽؾ͸ǼأǼƽңպ£ԵһȥͼССȥ壬ĿȰĿţĩ˸̾һ䣬ѹֵ۾ϲô꣬ȷֵϲĵط
ˮ¶һЦ̧ȥƽϵ塣
Ȼˮ֪ͬһԨԴ֪ˣžͲô˵ˡ
һŵһʱͷԼƫ֣ɫһͷҫ£ůůĴ⣬ʱ滺
յһ밲Щ֣ƽʱСӸȥץüģֶĻЦͻü˻ߵĽôûˣ
һµʱЩţæߵƽ˯ˮ̶ȥ峺׵ˮ̶ֻ仨㣬裬ϸңԭҲû֡
æƿڵСţչ䣬һֱյϣ̧ĿȥһŰװֵſϣ˯𣬱һһϣ
һ࣬žһ˶һ
һô˯ã˻ûѣΪ˹ˣװһš
ŵŲӱߣԤˮȣĺˮۡϻһ·糾͵ģʵɤЩɡ
Ųﹾ˹˽˺һͨˮĩ˴˸ˮã׼ȥ𻨸ԣһ˶ȺӡһͷƳһš
ǵȥĺˮۡǰϲûŰô˭µģ
šüͷ𿪿ˣĿ֣ռ˴ֽõǲ飬õ飬һ鷨ҵơ
Ӵţ𾴵ΪŪ鷨ףдһⲽԲ£һֽ϶˶۾տ衣ôϳµţͲΪˡ
ӭչ⿴˿ݲ࣬У˼ҹȥ͵ϴ裬ۼʱŻСһҹû˯Ҳһҹû˯ʱͻˣιţ飬˯ˣҲýûȲȥ첻裬ǰ뿪һ롣
⼸ֲƬ̵ĹһңңӺС˯żһͣڻζţζü͸¶ǵĺͯ
һ˾ģպˡ˵ҹȥ͵ϴ裬ں֣Ŷ뵽ȥ͵ϴ裬϶Ҫȥģ֮߸Ǽ衣
߯޳ܣ߯ѧһö
ϵճɸֽӣתӴڶ˳ȥչʱ۾̧ȥڣ˳ʱһ˵ζ
֪ѹʱ۾Ӧѹ˰գ֪۾͵͵˺кֱ֡
»һĨ룺۾˯ȥһԿյģŷȻȥܽţʧ䣬·磬ҴææһѰĺ˵
룬ѾϿʼˣƵʱֳͷ෺⡣û׼۾һֱŷ̵ϵ¶ԽһЩıյȥϴѡ
µ۾ܴܲѰգһӰɫɨȥûƼԵɫɨһۣӵİɫûѡѶǰɫģ벻û㴩һν
ԲԣЩЩ۾һ̾ͻۿĲţ治ͬΪҪ͵͵ߣ
ôشʮȫʮõ۾⣬ԵñȽȡ
һһǰգʼϣܴȥͷ˱۾һܺѧӡȻʱ佥ƣеʧѸǹϣͷһƫϵķҲ¼أʣϣҲʧɵķֺʣ۾ղѰˡ
ҹɫķʱ˯ͱͱӾȵ˶ڵ˭ôôͰ͵ӡ
תͷնҵӣڵˣ
ͱűӣϳɵҪˣһϴϴ˯ˣôôÿͷءƨɴӴرµҪû´ӦڵƯգ
һ֪Сֱ߯ҪĿ࿴ˡ
轾һŤͷȻʶͷֻСںƯã˶Ը㡣Сڻؼ˯ȥˣ϶ڵôֻڵƯˡ
ʣµİţݸ裬˦¼ƫͷŤҲûеҡڵȡȡ˰Ҳû˵յҧס´ʱйðɣ׼ţӦòˡְ̧Դϵӣױϻ΢ЦȻˣұ㲻ˣʱɹȥ˯
ȿţӣ죬ͷáֲСˣ˶ܱ˵ô
һʧЦСˣ˵Ҳûճ˯ǳԷֻкʱŻᶯһԣҲ˵
һ˯ͬôЩͬǵ۾һ׵Ļ˵ĵףζλõɫʡ
˵۾ŲʷѰһϮ±ƶ˵ķ紵Ʈҡίصĺڷů̺ӡվڲʷıͬôֻĿ飬ȴĺ
룬һǾǵ黰



ޱߵȴ

ڶ, ۾ûѰһԣ˵ӣˣһ룬ȥһԱߵϼȴӣҡ
ȥʱ˸󲼴ӣжأװһ, ˳㻹ĸ΢۾ǴϼȻ, 󲼴װ, ½ﶼһӣ, һ·һ·
һЩӣƣСƨɸ˰죬ĩ˽ӣҷֳ, ˵Ҫӣ, һ΢, һ
ľСӱ, ֻôһӣ, δȥ˭һЩûڡ
ҹ, õʱ̳ӣҾϴһƱ͵ˣ˸صĵطΪ˷ֹܣ⽫ǲȥȡ, СӲ֪թNɇNСȥˣȡ궫һѽӣҾˡ
費ΪɶҪң
һصĸͬưܽģܱкӿкӿĻڳͲúˡ
ɫصĵͷӦǱסˡ
գһӣңֱԵݶᵹˣֻܺȿˮ΢ӲһĶҽһ¾͵š
ůӼԴһʱ£˿ˮ˳Ӵ
йµĺӣˮǴԶŵһѩɽģ˵ɽǵ۾ɽǲģ޴ӿȺˮһһΣ¶࣬ǱĺˮҪһЩԣԵĺﶼСӾһļĺܡ
ˮһ㣬ֻмͷѩ㣬ԵĺﶼЩѰࡣѩճ̲ۣʺϳʳãҲʺϲûˮŮʳá
ľûνؼұ١
һͬڼһǰգͷбʱ֣ǰ¨ӼҪˣѩŤһȥԸǰ¨ӣǣֻβһѩ㣬ĲԸ⶯
ȻҲҪ츳ġ
¨Ӱһ룬ͷôһһˣˮƽû̵ĺӸߣʵǶ
һĽ޲˵һ룬ЩģȥסһԵĻü񣬡ôң
ü˶⻬ëתĽɤӣԴҡҪϵһ㡣ʧġŶһͷȥȡ
ڵôأ۾ǰˡһ˵۾ǰµסˣûأҲôҪȻһ˵۾Ҳ£Ӧգû
û۲ۣҲû˵һ㡣
ͷɥ룬۾ˣҲпܣ۾ѹû£ϲûڵ۾Զû²Ҫ
˴нС˰ʱ磬ĥ˵ζ١ĲɵʢһһԵĿˮһص裬һڣ춼û󣬵ʱ˳ɫ˶ǲǰεĴˣ˳˼ҵ̣˿ˮڣԥƬֵ̣صģмûͬ˵˵Եѣȴȥϼȴһӣңҿ㵱ʱͦߵģûƣһӣҡ
һŸ̧ͷԵң
ֵ̯㿴ˣ˵ѣѡ
һǸһЦת˰ˮ뽫ĵһЩ׵ѩ㣬ܲˣټˮһգû׼Ͳˡ
յȷЩ񣬺̻һֱ״̬û̸̶ߵºŮǷͬһʳѰֻǾãǶˣ۾ҲģҪôֻҪߣԵĿɺã˯ÿ㣬˱㹻ˡ
֮䣬ҪһһЩ۾ǲȥǸˡ
ڸ鷽£øȥ˭ȥЦñȥ˳ٳЦһͨ˼ȥ⣬С⻹Ǹأͬû
ԼϹĥҲûãԽĥԽõ۾ԽΪ۾ѽˡЩί־ίί˭
СƴĹˮƸմӻҪˮ֡ɼǰЩˡЩҷûȥ̵Ȼ˿̰Ųˮȵ˻
ѲݵϣƬ̣ͬСӵţ㣬ͬһеģһŮģͬһŮ˼֮ףºû˯ˣ˵˯Ѻ᲻
ݵĲһڣȻҪ
һԾץף᲻
صķ´ӣȻҪ
ЩС㹻İȫУһĵץסһԵĺɫľͷӣеǣΪ֮ǹܵģֻǾЩΣȹЩȥ㣬㻹𣿡
ü˼ҾͲ֪òˡһһͷɫյ˶ͬ˵ĸŮͬ˼֮ףûܵҶȥŲƯһһ춼㣬ǸСһĶûС
һͬͷҲСǲǣ
СȻƯ߯С߯û
һɿץӵ֣Ÿ׻صСԣĽŹס̵ĺӶõ۾ûɼ۾ûǳû˯ѵʱˣ㲻Ϸ˴۾ü첻ѵǵͰ͵ȥô
ȵȣô׵һ٣һת裺㶮ôǼ֮ף
ԴĿİšʵ
Թףһֵ֪˵ǳ΢
գգۣ￴Ҷ˶ˣʢһ룬ҳ̵
գõͷһˮ̵޷ڣʢһ賢̵һڣܳȥˡ
ɻǲش⣬ͷܳȥܡ
ճ΢չһ룬ӴսСɹůģطĿߣᱻյֻۣŲط
һСԣſֲֹش裬ǿա
ͬ۾ǿԵԼǵã˼Ǻӵײܶʱϴʱģʱÿ˵һ仰ǡ˶忴ȥֵͦǮģȥЩǮʹʹʱܶû贵ӵֻۣɵһһ˵һһͼ壬һһ鱻絯ȥ
ǰϵŵļأѾҪ£û뵽귢٣Сۼ⣬Ȼûˣʱɤűʹ󣬿ֶڲһɰѳɰѵ䡣
ԣ֮ǰûͬҲҪޡ
ĸܣԼǵǰϲϵһɺӣǴɫ޹͸һ㷲Ʒ̫أһֱû˼Ҫô۲˰£֮ټ⣬ȻϵɺӲˡʱǾȣæɺȥˣۿ۱ͬ˵Ǵ鰡ϵһһͦÿģϵңһ֮Ҿ˸Ʒ˼ˣôտˣ׷Ҫұת͸ˡ
ؿڻڲֱԼƤûٺһЩûҪ鶼ʹʧһѹҪǿҪôãէһ岻ˣͷȻѹĽ
һͼͬͣͷ㼾ظĻǣҪ㼾ءڳɸɵӣұðϲö壬Щͬ۾ϸһö˺òã



Զ

ѹȥ˵Ļ, ֻŵҲҲܣŪҾͲˣҲҪˡ
һյļﺢӲǺãһۣһ費ˣȻ򲻵, ǱҸͷ²ȥ
Ȼ뵽δܼȥ, һɤ, , ȱſޣʵͬ˵ǰǲȥ͵ϴˣ
һ, еˮʱֹסˣæСס۾, ڵֹһȦ, ߺ, ϶Ҳ񶨡
һҡͷ̾һ˵, ȥ͵ϴģװһ, öһЩ
̽ϽǵļȡһӣѰֽϵͷҲ裬ԾһЩ, ˼һʱһ㣬еڶΣǻ˼ǺӻȥԵôطܲٹ㡣
СӵͷȥƺЩ£ŵŵֻԶԶĿһۣС˵ˣкӲ͵Ůϴ裬ᱻ׷Ŵġ˶٣ֵұ֤´βȥ͵ϴˣ㡭һ˼Ǻӡ
һ˿Źӽ죬Ŀ࣬Щôôĺݣ費Ƿ˸Ҽʱסˣδô˼Ǻвأ
˵ˣһԶ֪ôô͵ϴû˼ҷ֣´͵ϴ豻˷ˣ˵ĲСԼΪδ
תͷȥݺĵΪ㳤ԣպд֮٣һʱǱҪȥģһԿ㣬ɲҪźŪ¡
ƲƲ죬ʵʵվһǿףеһ˼̬Ƕ
ʱãӰ߲Ӱ´£ʱˡͷŨһŲСףִһʫ֣־ֻʫЩ㽫ǰһҲ˳һྐྵһڿʫ̧Ŀ԰и˼Сӣá
СδŲֺһֱٽʱһĽŵʫƿȻΪһ˰ʱ۵ģȻƿֻƬ̣ղвûӦһ߽ǡ
һȻƻٶһλҪôǳ΢۾Ҫôֻ֮ƽٶȿɥĲݡ
һ˼Ƭ̣ѻСԣ̧˿Źӽ졣˭Ľ綼Ƶˣڸϵı߽Ҳ޲侲ƿ˵ǰٿ˭
ûһĹӿ³ּ䴫۲ҵһ̧ĿȥŹһϮü۽ǶЦ⣬߲ʹλƣļԾɺ޳ѾҵƿĽˡô˵
ǵӹ貣ĲķΣǡ
ۣ߲ʹһбĿȥŵţ飬վµŬǸȥ͵ϴСåҷȥ˼ˣٵȸһӲͬ˵
˳߿ʵʵ·վ裬㻹ͦеģǼСҲͦСĿŲϣֵҽյһΪ裬ţǰЩʣµģٷЩӻỵ˳£ɫҽΪ㡣
һ³ӿǣüӴģͦҲ㡣£ȣץӣôң˵һ
һòѵӣէЩŤڻܳܡʫΪ͵͵ҵһƣһ᲻֪̳һڵ겻ֹ軹ѲýǮֵ룬ô
۳ĹӲθڣһű˳ȡСϵڣص㲻Ҳҵѩˮôй˷磬˵컯ķֻ²ùˣҡϲյӣȻ뵽ôһ㣬̧ͷСֲСˣαؿͬҼƽЩȱ˵ЩеûˣҽҪͬ˵
ְ˿Źʣ¶̬ȣҲ֪ͬ΢֮ôˣô㣬㶼ҪһôڣҲȡеĵλ
ƻƮͷϣչȥ֣ǰȻࡣһ̧ĿȥյƣһĨɬЦܣҪҵһšлͷϣַ̧ȥ˲յûʲôùģĵ۾ְλһһǡǰҲΪҳôΣΡһ٣ֵҲͦΡ
ĬƬ̣˼ôΣ˿裬ζҲЩ˵ܾãԵֵÿԼȥʱ־֮仹и˰æǣ߲СЩƫ֮öˣ࣬ǲ㹻ȡ΢ɧӣôϲԼţӲ˵˵̧ͷȥһжһ˿п֮䱾ûôģǹΪŮòֵǶԣվһͼƵġݵλ⣬ôֵּ˵߶ˣҲ͹ȥˡƫ˰ħû׼ĺӶˡƳһЩڵֽŵȻ³΢дô뷨͸ɴͬ˵ˣԥԥãҪңҲΪ顣
һӣͶ顭
۾Сܱ˿һ㣬֪α˵һΣ˺ҵģĿƿָֻ˾ɫ̾Ϣʵ΢飬ǳһ˷һ߷־ǮԲ롣㻹ǵǰЩּ˾Ų¶ô
һε򴽡Ȼǵã龭һΣһϾ˶ͬһȥŲĵͣͷǵüǵãôôҲ֪ô
ժµͷһ֦һָ֮ϣƬ̣ͬʱĻǱ˷磬΢ǰȥѰ㣬иңտšʱȰȥѰ㣬ͬ˵һҲⷬһһһϸͣͣ΢˵Ѿһ²ʧȥ꣬Σûһˡ
Զɽȴһһ󣬶϶һһﰮ˯ΪҪලڣ㽫˯ʱŲŲȻȫĻģ׹뷲ʱ۾ȥҹ
ã۾ȥѰˣΪβ֪
ʻһЦ֪ȻͲ֪
һüһ£ҵʱȷĹƹ̫ӵ¼пǵ۾Ҳֻģδȷѹұ㽫ˡ˵һ룬ܾ̫ʮа˾ǵ۾ġ
Ǹ鷳׻ָӷصɽ磬ûȥڷЩ²ϳ
룬ϳֹһֻ²ֹƹ̫ӣڷǸСѣ˳Ҳǵ۾˼Ұġ϶ǵ۾ġ
ѹɨһۣһֱϵĲյգ۵֪Ϊʱ΢ڱħħԽɽϣΣڵϦһ˿飬ȥա



ɽ

ɶ, ۾ɽһһӦǲš
ħħλΪħ֮£ħҶԵ۾޿κΣƾһħס߳˷ĵ۾ǰ۾ڷϳԹһοǴηʹı, , ñǵ۾Ķ֡ҵ۾˷õļһ, еڶˡ
ϸ, ͼҵЦĺۼȻͷ˰죬һ, ô˵ЦſʼЩţĵʱ, еôʱģ
ԵΪ, Ƥ, ȷ, ǰգն˯ҹŴӴɹǿϢ, ˯һʹæˡ
һĿǰ͵͵ӵ۾ܵգΪ۾, һֱԭԭ۾סˡ
סˣԼʹҲûӹ
ͷĹȫӻСϣ͵վίصķ󣬶ǰ׹ĶȥеĲյŴȻȣ֪סˣΣڵϦ㲻ȥͬ˵Щ
յУ̧ͷɫʱɹͬ˵ģղң˯Ĺ۾ͱȳˡ˳һڲˮ£ģѹû˵Ļȥ
ȵ۾ҪԵȾȻص۾䡣жҪƬʱ䣬һȲˣɴƽ𣬾һһûɳ˻ɵһ׷䣬ͷͬǸס۾ĵطɽ
ãһɳȥԶкյһڲ裬ְ̧˿Źʣȶ˼ĳλ裬˵һǲǱһ˵ȻҪȣ΢ֲңҾûж
ˣûдشΪС͵͵ͬһܣ˵ȥ͵ϴ£Ǳͬ־սѵı֣ͬսѵ˵
ɽλϷһһξ룬˵ԶҲ㲻ýȥһһֱľŵ۾Ƿ񰲺á
ɽɽ˰ǰɽֵ췭ظȺûһҴͷַģ۾ηʮһͬȥ۾סҪ֪ˣƴҲҪȵ۾Ȼ۾գ֪飬ɽȺ˰ܾȳ۾
ȥĳˣ۾ڷˣһҪúͬɽ̸һ̸粻ǵ۾һ˵磬ҪǲŵģɽҪô裬ЩǱˣÿ˳ڵҹ
ļʱһѽٶȷŵ죬ǾЩ޲ֱ˺ǰĿռ䣬̵ɽ۾ӷϾȳ
ֱһɽڲԶһžİһЩûİƬֽ̣ͣɽͷϷɣ۾ѿһɽ۾
ɽˣ۾ɻãƶˣǧײˣηħ֮ˣײ˷趼ʶ˾ͳͳɾ
ɽҸ˲ʮѣһɽֻѰˣһû۾ӰӣĿֻд̵ľżܿǵɫ䣻ڶٿɽ峺ϪԶһ͸״磬λڽУͷڷҡˮ壬ŵһ𣬻ܵͦߣѻյж
һϸ˿겻½˿Ϲûвħĺܣûն޵ɣ½ĽзޱȣͷŴİ㣬ǲŴһԵϪдġ
ΪԵãûѰ˱סĽ겻һʰȻڽһҰһƬ̣۾ӣһ̾ӹͳһСƣγľӣ˼εŵϡ
һĿ࣬Ͻһɻûڲ࣬ûеɽ𺣣Ҳ˵ΣڵϦи͸״ţ۾ΣڵϦ˸еӣ
ЩĽ۾˺ɽɫ羰续ֻһҰ¾ƲˣһĿ羰һСƣůѬϪ紵ϣɡ
һۼ۾ֽһ£Ʊô龪סˣߴӻͷŲб֣úײ۾ȵ
ˡһ¿ˮ棬ˡ
չӣѭſ䣬ûڽǰվȣ۾һʮֲԥüôˣ
Ӧø˵ôΪһüͷأ߯ġһЩ⣬վΣǺҲܹô
ϪůĴϣòŶǰķ˿۾һңת㷭һ棬ʢǺӵӿΣգ䲻ڣҳԲ׼ôʱۻұţ͵ϮһʱѲܻˡ
۾ڵͶһƬӰ һĿȥһĨճյЦһôΣգȻ㱣ңҲȥ㡣ǰ˼ףֱһѿϣΪ񣬲ǴǰǸ¶ҪʰоֵŮˣգ
ϪˮʶƽȺͻ͸ϢĻԶݽߡ΢ľǲɵˮʱˮ֮࣬ͬȽϣȻһֱϵãȷʵЩᷳ
ɫãͷ¹£ˮһ룬ˮһͲᷳˣپҲᷳǼһ˵ЦҲ
һȻӭչ⿴Ŵ󿳵Ů´һ֣Ŀ͸˼ƺÿܲ֡
üɿ켸֣һĨЦῴһ׵ţ˵Һǻϲǰûװ׳㣬֪ͼá㿾ˣһβʡ ýƵһ淭ȥ׵һڻϿ̧ĿɨϪֵǻѡطɽ羰ãϪеҲԴζϴŵǽ꿪һ㣬ζһͬѰ
һԡڵ۾ĿУŴ󿳵ԽȻ£۾磬ֻе۾ڽͷԣҲֻ彣ļӡ½Ϲ񽣣Ϲ񽣿㣬ζ϶ǲͬѰġ˼˸һֵҿÿܲܽ翳ԱȥһЩ˵㡣
ûȳ΢һ£һţһͨСܣֱſֿȥڽĿײϣǡԴȥһϵĺڽ𿳵һƬĩ鶼Ҳ
һķĩסˣãֺ˼˫һʮԵڽϡէ֣Щñʯ󺣣ãβĺۼûСɿ֣ίջͬ΢ô̬簡ÿ˷ĩȥ಻ƣôóһ
űߵĻƼ٣΢ľͶУʩһ磬紵磬֡
һŽһȦͷǶӵģŨӣ뵽ôƵģƫͷףӦסգһõĽ繻ӵˣɵľƿΣ϶ҲƿȻõıһĽ绹Ҫ̬裬ƲôΪβԼ˽



Ȼ

۾һɵȻؿ, ֣ߴһգһЩһͷ˿Ұݴĵ棬ֿ˿ϵѣٵ˼һɵԶժƬҶҰ, ƽ, ¡
ĵط۾ܽ, ֮һ, һЩң磬͸, ǺɫԵĲ͸ɫ㿴۾ˡ
۾˽ڵĺˮϨ, ǽڷˮ, ĿڽϨĻ, ˲Ҳ˲һĲտ, СĸһһģЩߣЩ㡣
۾ĺÿ, ü۾续ŮӶ֪£캰Ҫ޸۾ŮӶൽǶˣܹ, û磬۾ͷ
Ŀ̫ԣ۾̧Ըͬڿô
һڴϣĽƿʳɫҲǸ˶ϲõĶòϣֻܵ֡ɫھĻˮΪǳúÿ׷ǵħŻüҹڲˡҴǰʷ飬ɽ֮䣬ĵѡˣɼɫǰôǿԷġ
۾ſ㿴ú˵
һͷȥÿ࿴
͸۽ǵ⿴۾Цһ£ֻһ£ɫָֻ糣µĿƽϲĻҳȥ㿴Կ㻹ﶼԡ
ﶼԣһĬĬĺͷøˡ
۾ƿ뷨ϵЦԣһƿδܽޡĬƬ̣Ŀ⣬͵͵΢ЩӣᷨӡҪʮգһӡһӡȥ;ͣЪˣӦǴϹŵ鼮зġҵǲ⣬ֻǽҪЩ򡣡˶٣һʰȻɫӦ֪һ׶ˡֻάգգ˻ɱסˣôԶʧѹȥգٹսԶˣȥ粻ܲʱգȵԶɢٳȥ
һȻĵסŶһѹֵ۾ס뷨Ӿֵ֪׶ˣҲ֪۾Ĵ㣬Բȡ˰ķӡɽɲӪȵ۾Ҳǰ˵۾Ŀţŵ˼п
ô˵ĵ۾ΣڵϦĻȻڲ˳õ۾һ˱̫µˣڲ۾˵˵ϵԹ޻ڣӻȥ۾һȷͦµģȻпоƺȣ续ķ羰ͣΪûĵ۾ǹµġ
»һЩ³ס°ͣίһѽ⣬ҲùͷգҾõ۾΢ѷ񣬽⿪
۾ǳЦҾͲ͵ЪϢô
һȻ״۾ⲻȥ磬Ϊñסӣ￴Ǳס˶ãȻٿ۾ͷڹϣ۾Ȼӣ˷Ъգɽ˵ңͷҪСģĵ۾ѹסħң۾ͬǵסˣֻܳȥɽ糣
һ˾۾˼
Ŀһ¶ͷİزϣ΢һðĿ㣬ЦЦҵģ
һűϢϪˮСЩ㡣̻ҲǶ㲢ûңΪˡֱͬ˵㱻סˣҲ֪㲢δҵ۾ĳĻ˭˵û
һԾ̧ͷ
۾ʳָᴥ͸ĽڣһȦȦָ»͵͵˯뱧㣬һȴԼۣҹ˯ߵ˺ûӰӣʧŲᶮָӽƿͷһɫӣæұֱӵһѰȥģһΪβǶǲ˶ˣֻ˵ˡûȵһ룬·ң˵ħħ֮صĽ磬ѾɽˣסֻۻͬöʱһȽ׳Ľ˱գûȥ㡣
һεűӣĿİҡҳû˯Ѿ·ֻǾΣϾϾûɻ顣ͬ˵Ů֮һҪɻ˲Ǽ£ڳɻ֮ǰǼµĻΥ壬ǲϹصġ
۾˼Ƭ̣뵽ôƵ̧һ̧ۣȻ㲻ǵáӣеĿŸ鵽һԣɫͬȹսɢҳȥǱɻ飬ҲһɻʽٴȥݻĴء
һһ飬Ծ
۾ƺıֲ̫⣬ԥô飿ں̧°ͣҲܣۺλÿôЩ꣬иȥˡɽĺ̫ᣬǲԸ޸ӵ˼ңŮִѳɼңʣµûɼҵŮͷֻ㡣
һһϪ紵ҵѣԡڵ۾ˮĿ£ʵʵִ˸顣۾Ǻ֪ɽĺͷŮɰѳɰѵģһܻϲĻȥȻ˵ûԸ
˵ֻʵֺγˣǰ˹¶ϵĴ㣬ֻΪĽӣ߲ȥ
޵˲
۾ˮһһ̽Щ˰գ
۾סһԵ½Ҳϣ㻹ÿô
һü˼Щ˰գ
֪Ұ΢ƮҡˮĴµĸƼů紵ңݵأüһˮ껪۾ĴһĨԵЦҫ۹ɽɫĿչǡõĿһǰһͣˣһԡ
Ŀǰǿĵһ㣬ǵ۾Ļ𣬿õļϹ¡˿㲻ζѾʳָˡһʶİϴգţٴգǹţաֱŵʹıһڣ͵۾Ĭˡ
ǣ͵۾ˣһֻ֣ŵζȴ޷⣬õԲԶȿԵõҪĥˡ
ã۾򴽣̽ͬ㿴ҳԣ



ħ

һС, һˡ
ܿסСߴӿŲִ˸￴򲨹Եĺ棬˳ȥץοƣ
ôһû뵽۾䱻ڽͷ, ˵ĻĶ, ȥץ, ˵Ļȥ, ҲܳԵõˣǶΪȥ
ȵ۾Ӧ, ʵֱһѺ, ӳߡ
ʹֶβô, òݡȼǵϴʹ, ɽһ, ʱͬ۾һͬȥݷӵĺ˳ں񶴸ԾơϯһЩûôԱ, Ӻ񶴸ʱĶǱġ
۾ڴʱ˸Ӻץ˸ԡ
һûù棬, ͷӣ˸ȥʹáһץסÿµķǰͱͱҸо۾ƺͷȥͷڵ۾ֱϣõٴһ£ܸ۾ϴ
Ժûù档
ƣȥ㻹֪ҪòܵȲôãֻּΣյı˵۾֣ǰ¹ʸӰڵ۾ץһԶһЩ˵۾ȫҲȫ
߳ȥԶרĵѰȺĺ棬ûҵߺȻ۾ŵĺСңߣ
¶̧ͷɶΪɶߣŤͷĿǰаӰһûӦ˲䱻ƷɳȥȦ
صˤʯʱһԺƮһ仰ӣݡ
ôɽˣݣͬħ˴򽻵ʶħֻһħġñĳһЩ˴³һЩ⣬ĶãսթҲƶˡһʱЩ˵ħ֮˹ƶ˵ĴŲʵȻпɼһߣôħ磬֮ħΪħĽʺڡ
һԼӦöˣͼֳȻ£ûгɹֵʹ֮ʹӿܳܵס
ûãõһֱԺǣģȥڲƭ۾ʹ۾Щǵɽ֮ǰ¶Ҫ趼ʶںư
ħñǿȴţ۾ǵ۾ҵĽջñ筺ɫӭչתͷµĴһһЦĴò˵ŮԵԴӷų㱻סϢѾǵŮˡŶˣ֪ܲŮ㣬ûߵɽ㽫ǽˡָ°ϣ˼Ůĺܣƺǰطˡת泯ŵ۾Ҳȷòݰ׵ģǸ˶ô˶ϲ
תģ۾Թһ筺ɫۣͿ÷׵īŮӻҪļ֡
һæܶһֻۣȥڶ顣Թ¡ˣħô˶Уƶ˵ħþǸǻʮֳڣܽǻϾúÿ˶ȨȻŲһƳȴַóòڣü۱һ˾ôһħúÿ
ˣЩܲˡ
۾ĶҪãɫǾġ۾ָͷḧֵĽڣΪҲΪ
û뵽۾شɴ࣬һʱˣ
ҫ۵İ׹ӵ۾ָŷǶһţգ۵Ĺӵڣ۾ֻԼƮݵΡ۾ɤڽתҵĵۺȻò״죬һϹŸҥ޳ºȴԼ͸ɱ֮⣬žӦ顣
͸Ľۿɼٶɢ˲Ϣʧøɸɾ۾Ĵ¶һǣ˰׶ЬĽ̤һֻӽ¶չ¡
þĺȻܽ⿪֣
۾ңңһʯһ˰Աƽ˼㷽ŴСһôôһ룬ζءֻ˵ζʹҲڵһǹתĴָϵĹǽ䣬˼һưաܲܽСҰװװĴ򡣡
òɫ¿ˮ̧°͵Ϊһ㣿ȻҵɽȫĶԲߣնһƣħۣù
۾ǳһЦȤЦ뵱ħۣĶһ󣬴ȥһеСң۵ô
һ뵽أ۾ˣ˴ʯֺôˣǻˣûϵӦֻǷ۵̫ͣʹ˴˳ƽ۾Ųϣһѹֵı飬ߺʹۣʮۡ
ÿҧгݣ˫ĵȭͷ
۾ϵЦʱкէ֣ŷûһߣ͵ڴҡǰһҸýȡˡ
ú侲гҳħ֮λɱңǹȻħѣʱħİħѹкֹ
۾ǰ½ʳָָһ˳Žƣ½ϲдĿ㲦ȥ˲Ϣ½½˸۾һνɫ֮ôϻҼɱ㣬㲻ħİħѹֲִɫ˸ǰɱ㣬Ǿħλħڣħңȴڳһɢɳ񿴣㲻ħңħ۵λֲ
õͷ֪ճɿĵȭͷûܣ಻ȷˡ
½Ľһ۾ǰֱվķȥһ·ҰãǧѣһѪڣֻٸҡź
жò۾ִ½ɱˣѵŶȴܽһѽʹó뻯УֻҪִվܴӮһ˷Ĵս
ҲգĶŰ꿴½ڣХų÷ȥۿ͸õӣԵͷκηһЩ֣ʡ͵ĵƣŵ۾ɱҲӣƺ˵ֿѵõ汻۾סˣ϶Ըղӣ
û²ʵ´ĺⲻĴõӣһĺͣһ£׼˿ѪĽѪȳ档⴩ͬһʱ̣úȻԭվλʧţֺ׵ĳ˵۾ɿһֱŵĿȭͷźſٵĳ۾ȥ



ȫʤ

һڴһʹôʽ, Ϊ½ڴˣȴˣ
ͷŵǺɫģûǴֻɺĴصɵǺɫģĴصĶ, Ѱһ±ܶҩһֱѰռĴضζжķ, ѰôЩ޿κ, ռЩҽΪõģ
ƺӦЩ, Ӧõǵ۾İΣŵĴʯûƽվȣ۾Ųæȵ, ӵ˳ƽǰ͵͵ȥ, ֿٵĽһԴϵǰ
һһȳһյڵվ, Ŀȥ, ճ۾, 类ʯ飬ۿҪ͸۾ĹԴϣǧһ֮, ۾ֽһԴϵǰźɫδ͸һϣֽԴϡɫڣԴһһ㱻ʳ߽, ۾ǳ
ͬʱг֣ŵ۾ǷЦָһһǷ񣬽ûбķͬĳ΢۾ԣǵĴ˵߯ˣȻħ硭໣ûȷ˵꣬ĳһϹ񽣣µĺۼƽ͹ѱĥƽȻս΢΢죬Ѫļ֤ϹһУֱõţֻ࣬üһɤӣȻء
ҹκοഺӰνһ֣۾ͷǰ½Ӱʱʧôʱ۾ֽ˼Դϵǰ˫ֽᷨӡٶȱȵֿ࣬ȻڣһʱҲвİȫ
ѪĽѪȳ̫ͻȻһŵôһãæ̧ȥ۾һ־ªħ޶նɱҲܽѪȳ档㽫ָſ˳ָ쳯⿴
һħݵϣǰѪת۱һѵߣ۾ŵģ͸¶һ˿Ŀǲš
ó԰ϣҲ԰ϡԸһϹŵ󷨣дӺĴȡĶΣĿ˵ܵɽƵ۾Ȼ۾֪ĽֻⷨһֱΪ۾סˡԴܱԭ֮һΪжֻ˲ƶ۾һѣûߣⲻ֪۾½ҲλӰ֮ȡʱ۾㽫½һΪ۾ǰ½ĻӰ½۾ڷӡ÷и֮ʱ˦ȥˡ֪ǳǷðܱԭ֮
֮ܶʧ֮Իʧܣ㹻ǿ󣬻㾡ΣǿҪġ
øտʼڵ£ȻѪŵٶ̫죬ûϢһûѲٶˡ
۾һԴϣɫʱסڷᶯæɵһԣּеߡ
һŵĿͷ㴩͸ԴϵĺɫΣٵһ£͸Դϵٶȿܻü
ûһ𣬵۾ͷһ۷ã뵽ôͣüֻһҲģòȱã˼ȱԵƬ̣ٻȥһ
һסӣáᳯһ˦ʱȵֺĲõţ֮ˣҲˡ
۾þȼ˵һͷ̧һŻ磬ٴ׵ϣԾ󻼡
ŷõĲʬյĿԸħĴħԺֻλˡƮƮķƶˣһڵ۾ԣЦֻҪõ˳֣Ǳϼصץõ棬ν
۾ͷһֽǽڷɵĽһֽ۵νֳֻֽסһչȥˣֽô
һɣ۾ֽƽģһֽ׻ƵĳԶȥȶֽһҲһ۽ԶֽףǳЦҩһֱһźĶоҽֽ״ЩɽץŶΡ
һͷҩȷһֱúĴصĶĴصĶҩĵĵҩָ׸ǴСһ̡
۾ָ̧ƶ֮紵ҵͷü㷽׳ʱַܸɴ࣬Ҳ׼ȷСȻܶһˣΪʦο⡣
һ˼Ķ֣ȻܶһˣѲǵң㿴ŮģʵʵˡΪ˼Ǻӵôû𣿡
۾бۿôС㶼ô
һգգۣƫͷۣۣ˯۾ᳰЦڶߣߴյıȥһͼ۾ô³ҩɽв֪ѻɱ˷ãͷˣ۾Ȳͷ¶棬նˣٳ
۾г͵÷ӣд⡣
Ŀԣһ硭ȥһ롭ȥ졣۾ͬʱڣ˵ȴͬĵط
һһʱԸΣȥ죿ǲȥֻʱȥطҲ࣬󰮳ȥˣ۾ѵϾʱ䣬һЩһ롣
ƽȺͻǰɣһ룬۾ŲŲӣһһգǰժһӣңһЩƺȣʣµĽһ̶ˮͬȥһ룬ϴӣҸԣòã
Ũչڵ۾ϣգգۣëͶµİӰƶһ˼Ƭ̣׵Ҳãһһ룬һڳӣңһǳɻˡ
һװûĿȥԵɽӰأǵЦȴôնղס
ٽԼɫϼƣˮīɽͶƬİӰÿƬӰ״Բͬƻƹ¡òúõĿɽķ羰ˣɽͶµİӰﶼһӣΪû;飬ҲΪû;ˡ
;飬Ҳͷ羰ˣһô˳ۣ˿˿ġԤ͵͵һ˵ĲգһֻСĵĿȥȴ׵ײЦЦһĿһæͷʹ·ϵӡ



һ

Ʒɵļ, ʱѵһı߽磬ַ죬ҫ۵ɫâ
Ƽһͬ΢ǣʱֵΪȻԤϵһ㣬ֻ̧Ŀһ, ֵͷȥ, ָʫͬԵ˵˶ٱ, 䲻, ôǻᱳ
輫յץһץСԲĿİ±һ飬Ȼǲԡ
ɸֵ̾Ϣһ
һոĴһɫ, СƤʵɫ߲ʱߺ۵, ҲֻɫʺɵСӵѶһϴ, ʣ¼, Խֻܴ, ƫҲһϮѡһһɫӰ£üۿƾ, ͦԸӵġ
Ҳֻѣ費ĶӡĸʷһȽ˽⣬ͬ۾ͬˣԴʮ, ˵ˣԵӶû
һʫ˰Σһͬ΢С֧Ű裬ǰְʫͯżˮ㴼ˣ棬һ֮⡣
뿪ʱ۾Ųյ˵ͷû߳Сľţ۾ĳ֣һЩ֣۾ΪҪ֣۾ΪҪȥ
軶ϲϲĹˣ۾ԴǺһĨȰЦûĨȰЦʧ۾ķвյ͵ߣٽһƵͷһǳɣŲɷ˵ͷտ輸գҺСһ磬и̵ڰµĺܣô㡣ҺСҹ˶磬ԵȽؼ
΢Ҫ
һڰԣĿɿڴ״۾ߵԣݳʳָں̧°ͣЦͬСҹ˶磬پҲ١
ָͷ°ϣģһ콫ͷұתͼָͷ⴫ίСڣ㲻ϲôԲͬһֻҪشˡǡίĿ޳
۾׷һ°ߣָ̧ȥָ΢һȥԴĿֱ۾
ͷĬƬ̣鲻Ըϲϲϲòˣ˭Ҳϲˣ߰գҴȥѩȥɶѹѩˣ
軶ϲѩô˵𣿸߲ߣײס
ȻƵչСڣһɴ̨Եյвʺ֮εţӳڻʱܵϡԶȥֱҲˡ
۾Ľëչᶶһ۾˲Ҳ˲ʳˮãɿһ°͵ʳָǰסһպˮ۵Ĵ
һʶȥҧͣѴ˵۾Ĵ룬ǽݻͷӣɫĴһʱһĵоѹϵĵ۾Ҳһ¡ƨɵСܲס˵֨һɢˣڲߣһˤȥǰ۾ٵȥȽס
һ㹻ܵסƣٹЩ꣬ϻˣ۾÷ѵȫԵڵ۾ֱϣѵ£۾δֹͣǵһ촭ˡ
ϲִĸо
ҹ䣬ɫˮһë̺ڳ΢ͷȥǾۡ
ʱǰϲ޷˸ĹɫƲסˡϴϺȻ£һߵǿϿǣҹĻϿտһۣ㬵ĺ˴۾ȡ񷽽ͷƿ뷨ͷ󣬳ҹ˸㷱Ȼ֣Ƶ۾ۡ
˵𻨸⣬˳ŵ۾ɵϣƮƮ£һڳԸһǡ
иѶôҪȥ𻨸⣬뿴ܸǣұͬƽûͬм˿𻨸ι۾۾ҧһ룬ʣµһԸ
۾𻨸£˶٣ɫͬųϴʱ£ºʮ³һǸõӣ˼Ȣûиĸ˫ףĸĸ˫ڶǰ׮±Ҷȥ֧ôˡұȥ֯ӣϲӡЩϲ׷硣һţĵͷֻ׮ò⣬Ҫ˼ڳϲ磬һ룿
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ƺЩԥ۾룬ֵط⣬ҿͬɹػɾһãػɾҲ̨ͩ鳡ͦʣط
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Ĺͷ۵ɢһ㣬ˣʮƽҪۣһڱﶯҲҶ, ֻһҹ߯Щڵ۾¡
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ǽڷִӱһ׼ȷڱͨǵ۾ЦЦ
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۾˾ַһ֧ɰʣʱϻߣ򻭸ԲȦϸչ͸ϣһϾĲ͸ż㡣
һ֧˸Сů¯ƣ磬һ˳ԡ仨׷ף˹ȥͨһڻ˺һ仨ĵϡ
۾æϵմƺһĨסЦ̱ţһ㱣һϢڡ
Ϊ۾Ὣ˵ŲСڣԸŵȾѣϾҪ顣Ȼ˼㱼䣬۾ȴĽŲߵСԣӵǰӣ۾ÿǰͷǳǳӡһǡȡϵ飬ȦӵʹϾõȥ顣
һͷһѣ㣬ʶʧǰ۾Եľ͡о˴ϵ΢΢⣬ֺΣĺߺߡ
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һдϹŵ伮࣬еļģСͷ۾ĴڼһԶȥǡ
ͬ۾Ļüޣβٰ죬ûһͦ򵥵Ĳٰһ뼸֪һ֣ɽɲӦ۾ҲӦ޸綥ܲãҲá
һЩΣʶ۾ʱֻǸͨķˣ컯󲻹ҲǸ·ҵĵӣͬϹŴᲢۡ۾ȴǿٵĵһλϹŴѭϹŵ伮ȥųɻˣ޾ϸ涼õλ
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ķȽڣһȥ룬ֻڵ۾ߣȥһµϹŵ伮ⳡȱ
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һɽͷַϹŵ伮һ䣺ôϲֺɫأɫԵģ
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μӵϲ粢ִֻ࣬һùȷǣϲżġвμӹ˭ϲ磿Ӧûаգֻμһ磬Ǽص磬ɫϲ
ûںδϲ۾ѽõʽͼϣԴԲȥˣԽ۾ȥϵӣҳԡ


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ã۾սԵУϲϵðɫҪôưͬ˵֯µʹȥ˵ôôҽġ
۾ڰǰ飬һСӵͷɹ̫Ԥɹϰʱȵ۾ŲȥСͷţ۾ʱʱģһͷһ𻨸ιʱȥˣͷֻһ롣Ϊ˵۾Щ飬ȫȫһȻȻİС
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ůһź̲ڵҧϵһ𻨸⣬Ϊ۾Ƿ⣬Щ棬۾ǸûͷûԵЦ˼
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ԸƬ̣ΪȻ˵ȥҪۺ˻ׯ治Ŀˮ۾ͬ˵ģȣҾ飬εҲøʰ·硣
յϵ̴ڣתĵ۾Ļڵ۾˶ɹ٣ģ۾ΩΩФҧĦ׼ȷ
ˮģҸдԣͬ˵మŮż飬ճԶûСҶˡֻߺҲñɫұýеͶٲ᲻ͬ죬һüͷҶ۵ýʧȥС̫ã¼ûӣէһõһʱһ̶ͬ룬ͲҹҹͬһֻԹ𻨸̲һܡ
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˲˵۾û۾಻Աɱ֣޸ܱĵϲҲΪֲ֡еģΪһԾΪϵ󲻹ǸӼ߰ߵŮħͷʷһһҹܸպ꣬ʵڲֵȥϲ
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һ˵ЩñķſģŵСľźһؽһæŤͷȥ
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۾ץסĽ󲻷ţ˵˵ôԶıǡԺһһΡ½ѹ£°͸ǰ㻹ôʵô
һͷȥʵɫϼ룬ŷˮӿ㵱꣬ΪҪͽܣΪҪҳʦţ
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Ƶһ׷䣬һһڵ϶ѻҹ紵Щ仨ԶȥɽɽУ
۾ͷƣһЦΪûü֣Ѱ㣬ȵҷ֮Ȣҵĵۺֻʣʦһ취ˡ
ܰˣҲħҲգýȫİȵȥƫУÿ˵顣ֻĵ۾
ǲǺʱϲһģ̫ãɫɫŮӣǻĻ崿ٶǧƫƫϲ㲻ģҲܹ崿һ
֮һ֣֮ԵӣȴҲƹԵϾܽŮŮ߳Գá
ǴɹӲͽܵģϹʱħ嶯ңɹѹħۣ飬òδѴյǵ׵ĵӿţΪͽܲʵյģº˼ĹµͽܣҲֻΪ˱꼫һ֮顣۾ĺۡ
룬һ˱ܻסͽԣ˴պͽܣҲṩסóԺúȴǣδ̹ôǵģǵ۾֮ͽóȥ˵ĳƺš
ֱһŶͽͷδ˭ĹԲ֪Ϊĵı֡Ȼһʱĺܿ죬̲סȥ׽뿴Цֵ顣ʱɹһɳһط磬ٳٲͷΪŪԸΪλıֻ֣һʱı֡
ҹ˼ոͽܣ˵ʱͻСһСѧܿ죬ֽһķ˵̳ĺͽܣǼͦгɾ͸е¡һͽܣһɽɣͽܣסڳ죬һҲͽܣӦҲסڳ졣
Ȼʱ֪һĸ飬ȵͨʱһѾˡ
ɽϺ̹ǣһѣȫʧϵİʱԺиֵĲķӣȴһһһЦʶһǺεҪҪ뵽пڲɽҲһĻ֮Сһ˲ϣܴһȥ
ص󣬴ɹǺһ죬һ˼⣬ͷӦˡ룬ͽܵȢһĵۺڿڻὫһûνһӴڸ磬ʦŰգշὫٴġ
һʦǰ뽫е˼Ȩ⣬ѡ˼ڲԡһ򣬵ʱɽɶһԱе⣬һͲʵʵ뷨һὫ˵ȥؽΪʸ֮ģһһϲôȥ֪һɽΪ׼һ뿪ס׼ĶͷףһڶｫһЩʱգɽɵԹƽϢһЩȥٵȼ꣬ɽɲཫ֮ʱὫȢس졣
˳ĵۺ
һֽ˳㳶ֽպīǺֽߣյдȥҹػɾ˲֪Ϊλڷ£ȴ֪һΪηû֪һòһմôѶ֪ȻɽͽɽͽǴա
һ֮䣬λͽܳʦţֻ֪һ˳죬ȴ֪˳졣۾ͽóȥ˵ĳƺţһòҲȥõ
Ȼϣ˵£ȴҲ©ʱ򡣳΢ȫĴ㣬ȴߴһ塣ôȥһɹǵ˼ܣ벻Ҳ
֪һĩϣͬɹǾٱĴǰҡȿѵҾô˷ĲԣȻСдȣͽܣиôƯ˵ͽܣ˵ҹʦˣ˵ҪáҹʦСҴɽϹȥ˴Ǹɽĸüգĸͬ־ҾӦȥȨһʦͽ֡
ԱߣԺ˱оˮɨȥæȥ·Ҵȥ
ɹǾյЦƣ壬Ȼ۾һʦţ㲻ǵ۾ͽܣһʦͽ֮˵
Ҳɹ˸ûȤ಻ã΢յлƾƣ̧۵˵ûҼһʦţͲͬϵɽĸ֮Ǹ߳ϳ־һһȻܴӹŹòҵġ
ɹǵӢɫã£Ȼˡ
û˿վյڷû˷ڰҹ뿪ȥ͵͵̽һһ˵ĳ졣
̬޿صĵزʱһʬ̱ںҵԣ޸ˮҵȴеŨŨ⡣ħ룬һеȢһΪۺ󣬹ζ죬һǷ񲻻ͬһ⣿Բ۾ûһ
ϧתǬ֮ѷȥģֻһһȥ׶֮ʹ
һҼ尾ҹʧߣδ˯Ȼʧʩʹһʢţܣ룬һѹʢŵ֣Ӧû˰գ
ٲ׺ɣɹǵĶӶͬһˣһѹһ㶼ĵȴʹ࣬ԣټһ˵ˡ





΢ңԶĻлι, ǰѪδɺԣһ忿ϣů
ĺ΢һſǻĶ䣬֮Զһ蹵ɵҵ˼, ȴδŪ뷨۾, Ҳǲ, Ϊȴ㣿
۾, û£ǻкܳܳ·Ҫߣһ, Ūҵġο㲢ҪңҶ㹻, ȻұȥԾ, ûűᱻ֪, °
һ, ۾
̧ļ򣬺庢Ƶ, ޣ޾۾ۣ㱧ҽһЩе䡣
һԱ, һһ⡣
˵
̧СĵĿ˵ϲ˻Ůˣ
һûȣؿ£Ѿ֪
ٽһļ紺ҹȴЩ΢ϸ΢˳šƤһֱ͸֫ٺֻǱ̺ȻС
Ƴʱ֣һӹȡ˿ӣ´ϵı̺ӣֽ뿪Ĵȫϣ
۾ףսԸůķһ顣ǰδ۾ͬ齶ߣԲ֪һ˱䣬ǽűñ䡣ϡǵãǰЩӻůģС¯;İ
ʩϨһԼȥůͼϵĺ⡣ɫ࣬Եֲ֣ĥĥĲ˯ȵĴϢĶߡһҶ֣ӣԴǵǰﲻ˵ˣһֻһôȴ
۾һ࣬üû˵ˡ
һץסë̺һǣҲˣҲͷһʮջʣһδ꣬ٶҶֶţΥԼı֡
治סǵһĨЦʢţǽ˵ģԱӽ쿪ʼ㣬ӽ쿪ʼ㣬µһǲδõôھҪµһõ
ܻ֮ˣ߯һΣյÿ֣۾Ϊת˲ִֽÿִÿϣÿϡظΣһڷˡ˼Ƭ̣ԥ˵ãµһΡԺΥԼұ㲻㣬ͬ˵Ȩ㻽ҲӦ
۾ӵĬȻЦˣԺ󣿡
һصͷ԰ҼԺ󡣴ĵۺ󣬳ˣԼɱӡҲٿѪˣ߯ˣҵ໹Ъϼղ
·Ƽ۾Щ񣬲Ƭָֻ̣糣̧Ŀţġ
һƫͷȥֵ߬µë̺ӣЦˡ
շ޺ãһϴΪһͬ۾ĴڽУɹط飬뽫ڵȫţЩ۾¡۾ãͬĽ飬һͬ۾֮ǰӣ졣
չ͸ӵķ϶սڣ۾ͬЩӣͷһ硣ٽ²ȫ㣬۾վҪȥһöⲻ¡
һκڱ۾ĶûѣԼ۾ͬ˵ô̧ȦסĲӣŲ鲻Ըӡ
۾պˮţĶͷԣ˯һ⼸Ҳˣһţæϵұ㵽죬ǰһǴĳء㿴ˣˣ鵱գһİȢس졣ȵĴԶͷƵϣ۾ǳǳĺϣ͸òҵɳƣΣˣ
Ŀܴǲ¶ȣ̰ϵϢǳЦţҵ㣬ҪЩҡһ٣ֵߡ
۾ƺƺЦһֱ۷ҴñǣԴ
ڻʧľŹصϣһգգۣ㷭޵ë̺Ӻ׻䣬һսľ֮С
˵ָо˲ӿģĺĪֻһĻޱȣȫ񾭺ƴһ㣬ûꡣ
ǵͬ˵ŮӶӵĵУ￿ĵУϵзǷ֮Ůӣϵ¼ĵС
ʱףΪУĵһ͵ĽͰͣУšһĸоաƩ˯úúõģȻȫðֻͨҵģпԤеô¡Ҳһȥٻͬϸ˵
Ȼûصϸϸ˵ͬгĵգչͬϵˣ˵ȱģ˷һͨӣԸȥɹǣ뷲ޡ
˵°ϵĺܣ޳ĺܡ⵽ǰ˺ЩӣСϵģĸ鲻޹ԹҲͺˡûӣϵȢ˸ŮϵãҲãɼʧ֪Ǹӡ
һʱڱͷܣֻԵ룬ָо˵ĵаգΪλͻȻָоأѵ˵жԵ۾зǷ֮Ůӳˣ
˸ӽԴסԵ۾зǷ֮ŮӴжϹһһǰͺ̵ġԵ۾మĽ۾۾ϵģ಻ﱡ顣ûôܽǷģ赣ǡ
ʱۣڳ룬ʱڿһЩŨŨʹȥٿ۾ֻһۣͲͬһ㣬ߡ
۾ߺδ
һһգͬһӣѳԵʣ޼˯˯Դһ飬޾ɵģʬһ㡣վһߵһͷճķһ̵۾ƶȥ쿴ĳأˡ
ϰԵӣϰ˵ľܸĵġһʳڣҲãԸҲãֻǳһЦô˵ˡ´˿ߣһֻҪһۣ뵽ȫЦò
ϼڣ⡣۾εٴЦ֮ͬѲ׵۾ȥĶ̻֮ϲɫȴЦղסˣıظͷɡ





, Ȼ۾һҪһʣΪ˵õģҪȥġƿٵĳɣԽɽ, ķ㡣
, ۾ΪǵĴææ, һۻ, ӦǣءԵСƽ, ߯ˡ
¼۾, һ, ٿ, ʵƣ, ΪȴδʵʵĹףͬ۾͵˳ͬɫһнǵ۾ڲ, 󲻹Ǹɵġ
δӣһƬ糺죬ʯ̶ɵľϹɫ䣬˶İ쵵ĵ軨, 쳤ʳۡԾһֱɵڣһ·Ӣͷףǳɫӫ⻨겻ͣڼͷѻת˲ʧǸɵĻþ
һȥӫ⻨ָ꣬ף͸ǳϽˮ顣
ͬ͵ǵ۾ԸģάţǳɫҹΪɫ۾ĲãҸôЩ꣬ͷһοĻĻúĺܡ
ͣڳ쾳ڣһ·Ĵ糺컨۾õĳغ⣬Ǻ⡣Կ˾ľ£ϲѹסĵ׵ļ¶ת⣬۾ںδ
һ˼ȥһʱ򣬵۾ƴ˻Ļ֪˿ȥ뵽ôת濴һ۾ԼȥĶ̻ľôȥ̻￴Ѿȥˡ㵽˺̻ûƼ۾ٶһٰڳңҵ۾һȥ̻Ѱ㡣
һͷҲãұɣҲģûæ꣬æ˵
С̻·ʹСЩСӦϲԲδӣߵĸûΣҡͷԵƸӡ
ʵΣľͬϴδྶͥһǰУ˼Ծ¡¼۾ָͬǵ۾ĿӣһĿӣиԵĿӣô׺ǸסǸֵ˼⣬᲻һİ֣ǵ۾סʮüϼң۾ϼңĸӶѡ
һʹǰ߹һԱáиŹ̵Сͣ˲ӣƺϳǼæ¹̶˸ʵʵĴ񣬡ۺϣһݡΧСԽԾһˢˢˢĿһϣɻ̽ʣ𾪡ת˲Żվŵʹˢˢһء
һ˲ȥԶԹԣʱִܵһصʹԴףһ³ѧŵ۾ƽӣĿİ𡭡ա
СǰŬŬļӶ˳ɤӵλˡ˵ô˶٣ּšȥæɡ
СʹǻϲϲˣһĶ̻ķȥһߣһ˼Ծ¡Ȼ˵۾Ҫͬٴһһɷһּɽպµ͵ˣ˶ϹϾӡͬһܻУӱܴʤ̣Ҫǹֻű̹
̻ǰһִﳯǰ̾һʢŵĶ̻㣬ңң߼ʣ֦ͷ޻׺̻ԭ̵ĻҶ͸ѪʯĻӹڻ֦ϣʯһ㣬羫ɡŻСǰУһ·δ۾ǵͤ޵۾ӰڻѰ飬ûƼ
ƻɢͤĥŵ۾ӦûĶ̻ڳ촦һȡ
ҡҷչǣһһȣǰա
ĺɫãʱɫӰһŤһŤȵýӲԴɫ˿ϣӰǰɫģǵ۾ˡĨϲЦأعͷĿȴҵǵݡ
ôˣۣ߰ԶԶţҲǸɫӰ
˵⼱еѰ˳죬δѰ۾ΪĶ̻ˡȻҷ˽յֵ˵۾δĶ̻ʱңƼ۾ײײϷȥˡұϽ֪ģպȸ۾ұȽ͵˵۾鷿˵˴ĵȻҪ۾鷿и̴ľϻӣǷ˽ģҴ֪ϻͷôҼ㣬̴ľϻӣͷĶԵ
һţɿһֱŵֳ֣ȾѪľͷȫЩͷѪۻʵģǼʱǰȾȥġ鷿ͷתһȦӵ۾еĵյͷûȼոɾľͷѪǳһյģҲǰġ
һӿϵľȡ˾æأⲻǵ۾Ѫ𡣡
ɫصĿҲƭ㣬һȷǵ۾ѪǰЩұ㷢ֵ۾ЩԾ͵͵Լڷżһ£ɫһղһաס֮ǰ״һһЩԴɱ˷ûɫ׵ͷĮ̇ÿÿ鷿ҶŵһɲԵѪζ۾ڷе̴㣬̴ܽѪסұֻԼŴˡ̾˿ҵϣŴˣϻǵ۾ģҲǵ۾õģ˵۾Ը˭ܽ鷿ľѪֽѪľŽϻ
һֹסۿɬ֮⣬ʵǰգҲǰ¹һѪͬ˵Ƿ¹Ƶ֮ʣѾüղˣôѪأ
սϵľɫ֣۾ͬ˵ѪǷ¹Ƶ֮ʣ۾Ѱ˾ɣ˵޴󰭣۾ɣ˵֪Ѫ࣬˲Եءܲ࣬᲻ÿΪġ
紵ź̻ζײһƬԵø죬һͤӣѹȥ
ӦٴϻһЩģ˱׾۾֮ǰõĽסʱѡȽԶʧ֮ǰӣˣ˳ķ÷ֲ嶫ǰҡ۾磬һ˼ɣпʱ費ά磬ǴܵӰ졣һǵãʱ۾˽ɫЩ԰쳣
Ҳ˵ˣǸҪЩϹͼϼصĽ簡޿ƥеĵ۾΢Ҳð˺󣬵۾˲㽫ˣôۣ
ʳת˲ʪһֱĨһᣬſǻϷƶȥ⣬ҪȥһҪһ
֪ΪңУ۾κ£ҡ
׵ȵط꣬׵ȵǰӣ׵ȵΪ£ǻδܹ֣֮û˯ӣʧȥ
һˣôķˡ
Ҫȥķ
Ҫһ



֮

Ϸɽ, ͲƽǼաеĲеֱ鲼еĴݲһһҹȥϵƷ壬µڵɽ, ޾ϸκһ䡣ǰһĻ, ۾ٴ, ٴããؼѰ
һֵ, ǵǸֻ֮Сˣһ֮棬Բ߲ݵһ¡һл, Ե۾ھϵѪúֻ۾ʮ, лƱ˸
ȥ˰, δҵ۾, Ƭɫ鲼ƬɽѰѰ, ǰһ㣬ڲɽֵ۾ӰɽѩŰźɫѰ, һȥ˰۾һһɨȥϺĺ׶һͨδѰõ۾лƲ
֮ڼ, һֹͣĿĵѰҡƶˣ˿ҵ룬۾ֻǳԶţǴӵˣ۾Ӧûϻͬס׿˵ģȢĵۺ˵ѣԣȢġ
鵱ղɣöΰ۾һ᲻εġ
ǰһգһ˳졣Ծߵڣ糺ĻԾĿĲʵɻã۾ĻĻƺ˼֣ƮĻ겻ǰնˡ
һ糾δж£֯ϲСģع۾ǰɴһϲȻѹԼʱգ۾ȡŲ͵һֱѰ۾룬ȻѰ۾ѰۺеͨϲٹͷֵۺĿﲻԣʱһġ
ɫϲɣͷŵ֣ǵĻƸ˸һۿʱһȣæƫͷϲǵ۾ֻģ˼ʻͣһʵ۾ΪȻ֮ͻϲͼֽ۾˼಻̵ʱڻϲҪһЩ˼ʱգ
ܱ˵ʱıȽ϶࣬ԺмӰԹһ˼Ƭ̣ͷ֯ӣϲǰһף𣿡
֯Ϊȣ֪
ȻƵչϣһȻһЦǰȻһס
Ļ˵Ųʱ򣬵۾ȥûڷ翴۾۾ȥֻǻ˵ģǸƹ̫ӣǵ۾աѼ޸ǣȥݹĴأӻѹһΣ˺ĴصķҡʱΪΣƫͷ˯˹ȥЩξͬݹĴˡ
ߺһϲĬáͷݵĿƺ˵ô
ڰͷ૵𡣡
ֹãȥο㲻Ҫ̫ˣ۾ֻѪѣǶ޷ȷǷ屧ܵ۾δˡָ̧⻨ĻƣЩĻǵ۾ģֻЩĻڣ۾㰲糣ͻˡϴϴ˯£յ۾㲲ģûչ˺㡣
һƣЦЦ⳯⻨Ļȥŵǵ۾ģķ羰ǵ۾ģбŵϲǵ۾ģһжĺۼȻҲֻкۼˡ
̧Ŀ⣬ƣＷһ˿أ⣬ٵȵ۾һգȥλ˵һڻˣ۾һ֮·ȥȵ˱
ü˼ڲסô
һ԰ͷӣǶ֪ϲŭ޳۾ǻпܲţ˴۾ǻɡǵ۾׽ɹ٣ȥ֪£ֻ֣а˷ţˡϲӻ£ɤЩ飬ħ¶ɽ绢񣬵۾óûѡˣǲħ֪ʵ飬һձҪһա
ͷҶģ㡭̫࣬˽λȥѰ۾ټһջѰġ
˵̺ĵģһ̵ĳ΢ϢĴŲۡšһ
ڶչ⾰ã͵չҫųķ綼ζɽòͨ͸ĺˡŰʣһ֧񳯷裬ıͿĽζ
׵ǵ۾΢ıͶûĽ䡣еһհ۾ۺˣеΪպţ̸ġŵʹæſαæýŲմء
ĻЦ˿̾ڳ졣
ӳɽһŵһֱδı䣬۾ĴеϢ㱾ã۾ߡ
ĺɫĺϣϲƵıߵĲ룬Ծɶׯţϴŵɫϲδ¡һĳڰ̧ͷȥqqĴ⣬ĸŽ䰵ɫһһĳȥһ˿ұʵķֺʣ
ҹ룬۾ͬЦһϲԲͨһڲɢ۾δ֣ûȥˡ
ⲽͷĿǳ⡣ѵ¶ѹɫοһļ򣬵ϵĵյ΢̫ˣкֱ˵ǣαڵܳȥұضúôô²һ֮㡣
ҡҷȣͶڵϵӰҡڡһƿͷɫͷһ˳зӳĴŴ̧۵ȵˡķѹԴۣժ·ڣҴææܣ۾䣬һɪɪҵø͵硣
æסƫͷ̵һ
תͷƼŵ˵裬ƼҧƼ˱Ǽⷢ⣬ȴûƼ۾
֣һίصķֹһֹᣬ˶Ϸʣ±ûңҪȥһҵġ
֪룬ҲҪͬһ᲻ÿһ̤ϻȪ·
ҹããһȻȻƳšػɾڷϷڷ룬ȥ



ŭ

ʱҹ, ɽֻųżȮ϶ػɾΨһĹհԳˣЩʳ˼ɢԤȶһЩٻȥЪ
գɹ˵۾һҪ׵, յЩѪ, һһ̸ʱ, , ѭѭյһյˣó£ó, Ϊ˸㣬۾Ȣһˡ
Щϲ, Щ, æ, ۾ξͲȢһˣ
ɹ˼ʹ, սȭͷ϶۾첻ˡҵ۾˵ǵ۾Ѫ䲻, Ҳ롭Ҫˡ
ʱ𣿸ǿ˵ģ˵۾ô꣬һ֣֪ⲿֻȥ, ȴû뵽һ˿졣
磬ձ㲻ȥģ۾Ѳˣк塣ʵ뿴һЦԺǵ츰硣
Ȼ۾δڻϣһ಻Ӱڳʱڵ۾޵ĴԿˣһţ
֪۾µĽ֪ಢ˵һڻ۾ȥģԾúʹ졣ûôȿԸѹ˼ˡ
תսǵСԣøڵĳǸ࣬תطЪϢأеӰϢͷɹȥʶ̧ͷȥʵһԲ£Խͷͷɢĺ£ȸǸŮӡ
ö˶˵ģ˲ţŵʹͨϢĴӲŵСϷɹҪô֮£
æʩչ׷ȥƵǰͷס˿ͷɢ˵üĿϡϵãӦ˵Ϥޱȡд˿ұȻͷɢҲڲסɰ룬ҹĿǣŻŵһ
ҹģػɾ
ػɾļңһģʹػɾҲŵʹ֮ͨܽһǰͷ°ҹģϢػɾػɾôɲǲȥ㡣
ӰʣµĻҹʢ廨Ϯ˷θͷɢһ˽ҲĿֻϵһյСϣƺӵı
Щԥֲͬһƽϡ˫ڿҡڼ£ЦЦҵһ¡ǰЩɲ˵һϷģէϷĿЦȻϷ﷢Ҳȫ޿ܣ²һô̧°ͣЦȷˣϲԼİˣٽǰϷ˵Ǻµı֣ûͬİ˹һԸöԷɨأҲԸ۾˰仰û˵֪һ˼
նһĨ鶯һ̧ͷǰݹĴصģĵۺ󡣡
ûգһ˵ǵ۾ĵۺЦֱЦһЦôɽɽĿãȻõۺԾӣǿЦЦ˶֪鵱յ۾δ֣֮δɣкοɽġ
ݹĴΣϻŵϹʣ࣬һɻʱûȥݻĴأֻδɣһ㲻ϵĵۺ
һ»ԲɫһݣбݣҲνһͬڲ˵ЩѹģģѾѹˣô˵ҲֻǺѹҲȥҲɱ㣬಻ɱ˵۾
ӣ۾ϲľӣαȲһˣΪε۾Ȣһ˼ŭʹڴ˿̾ղٿţŸ߹ףŵģ˻ôѹģ㲻ǻĺúõôһӦȥģˣ۾Ͳ
һŭӳԵøƽɫһһƽô˼
ЦҷħΪһͷͷֻܽзֳ˳ӵ֮ô滹Ǽ档۾ԼͬĽ
ǰ֪£֮һΪ۾򱧲ƽ
ЦᶼˣȵģߣԤ׵ģһ˫ֺȻĲӣڰգͷײһ˵˵
Ϣĸо˲ӿһ˺ݣǴҪɱġŽȥָȥһͬоʹʼղɿоԴҪըˣŵȽûһʱһһǣؽڵϡ
̱ڵϣڴںſҧһֻŭġҲҪָ̧һָԶ˻ߵҺ˵˵ǣҺ˵˵ȥȥʼȥǣ۾ôһģ㵱ʱǾȫȫ˺ֻһǶѣ˺ȥѰĻǣֻõ۾ȫԪ۾ҪűΪϧȼԼĲԪԪɢ۾ܻѾ컯ˣץֱߵһһ㺦˵۾Ҳ벻ֻأô֪ô
ݹһͷϣòץ˰Ϊ񣬿ǵĻʮ꣬û˵۾㻹ҵԵӰӣ۾ȴֻʧãã硣ƾôţк䣡
Ǽķ£ָ̧ƽؿڣ޺޵Ķһ룬費һһȥɱģŵһ֮
ҹ紵ңСԵĻݲݣһ˷ͬ磬벻ֻأֻصĵ۾΢ôġȻĲԪ񣬵ֻΪֻŵɻǵңɻΪ
նһЦҽ߲ҽĵβˣɽЩϹŴ縴ˣֵõħɽ绢ٰ̬кã۾Ҳˡ
һƶ˻һ㣬ϵľСȻءմȾַ̧ͷϵĺĲҡ¶˳һĸ߹̬һǰ䣬Կޣ£һҪ߹
ãɫɣһһ˶ʧĻǣ߽ҡҵȷܲ˴ңҴʮ֮һûС̧ͷ֪ںδ
б۶綼Ҳ۾ҵõȵ۾ҷʱǲŻ֪Ĳ֮
һײײˣ룬δػɾԶһֻҹųǰɹȥҹɵĳá
۾ʢģǶԵ۾ĵǣҲۻµ˱ģƺǶһʱյô˹¶³ĳЦ֮⡣
Щ꣬ǵ氮Ľ۾ǷŲĽͬһߵͣ
Ħ֮һĻдɹǹĵĻ˯±ﳳµģ˭㷢ôĻҺһˣ
תЦԴæĴɹǣǰķ磬ˡ˵ҵϲҵӣ𣿡
ȻһЦȻ



֮

ػɾռ, ֣ƵٶԿһЩʱꡣ
һƶˣ־һ·лƣ紵÷۵۸ɺԵĺۼ
۾һһͷ, Ҳ綥ڵ, Ķнɫĺ֦ͼ, üͷ, ֻи˵ʱŻɿĽëŨܣѻĳ, Цʱǳǳģºͷ硣ǵǰһϮ, ǵݶֱͦıӰ, ǵ̺Ӱίī
һһ, ͬ۾˵Ժʱ, ۾ıЩʱʧõ񣬻ʱ֪Ų˶, ŷӶЦ
ȥȥʼȻ˭, ˵۾òԪʱ֪Բ顣
һֱõ۾ǣһ֮ʹƽ⣬ʹħ겻ҽɽ磻ƵÿӶܱ̳һ쵱ŮħͷʵɵǸˣȥˣǰ֮ԻȫܣɵԼĲԪʹͿҲ˾۾ɵ
ǷģϼҲꡣҷˣ뻹ҲûҵǻҷֲûҷҲҪͬһ˭Ҳ˭
лƱڻĨȥ۽ǵһᣬĬĬ˸
룬ȵڶڶѰ۾ڳ졣죬һ棬زѪĿ죬صĿСһЩѪһЩ㹻ʱȵ۾ˡ
۾һϢд棬֪ˣض۾˵Ѳû˸·ʹһȥˡ
δȵڶҹţҴҸɷ˵ʩнߡ
ֱֿЩһڸ·һ΢΢ˣϸĶѰ
涵˶ˣƯͶǲȥûͻԼˣ׽Բضӵġ
һԣͼĽȻ̵ľʹˣǲƶֺȥҲԹҵ۾֮£ȥòã
ΪѰȥǷӣ㿴۾ôˡҪԹұԹˣԹҵҲһҾܾŮڻԹƽ
һһԸһֵɴ䲻ءʹǳ˯⣬һƤ˼£鲻ԸĻ˹ȥ
ڳ죬΢޵ڡ
ŵ˵ǵ۾ϵζѵ˵۾ˣϲķĿеͷվʮλɾ㣬һһȥδӡĵ׵ˡֻ֪Ȼ
ӣյͬһɾλɽĺãȻλѲ۾ұҲˣ۾ȷλʱҪ۾Ϣȥ¶ˡ
һӹյϴĿʮλɾഹĿԼп͵͵ģġ
˷ħɽ磬òŵǣգħӱͬ۾˹ģֻһ죬ħʵһաԱڴлλλɾسŹգħѳӴħ磬գһбת΢ŵ̾Ϣһ۾ǣһ罫°źˣ󣬵ۺУô⺢Ӿһε۾ɽɹͬɲţۺδС˵˴˶٣˿⣬۾˵ۺδУ˼ǺӴС㾫۾ֻء
žડһϵĲյ䣬һشƬ
ĺˮᣬˣһۺɻˣ
ҡͷδɲɵ˼Ƭֵ̣۾´˵뷨޷ȥĦ˼ȥˡ˼ǺӴβС㾫ĸߣССͱйȣ㻯һǸ֮ġ
˵ˣɲ⣬һľԵ
ֵۺѣλɢ˰գϵᶼһڻû޵ʱ򡣡
ɾɢȥټ޵ֻһԵÿյģȥɽˣ۾ڣ۾εɹٱضæµĺܡ
չ͸ڴϣһ֪Լ˯˼գƫͷ⿴۾µĻĻڣӫɫ׷䣬šҺãš
֪ԼԼ¶źˣΪβҲһ£һ̧ƽ̹С̲ס޳
ǵĺĵ۾Ϊβ룬ˣһ˻к˼һνǵĺӸδУҲʧΪһ׮£ǣҡ
һӣһһŵݸͬ΢űŤǻᣬ΢©ҹҹһˣңӣԸȥ㣬ԸȢس졣ü΢΢ЦһȰ΢Ȣس졣ԣһԹԣֻܶ˵á΢Ϊܳŵģû뵽·ɱħãΪ˾㶯һ˿һ˿ʧɹհʱ⣬ǿʱ΢ÿϧͬһߵһֺֻɴ֮񣬿֮ƫƫͲֺ
һƬžãһӹϵӣ˿ϵᣬ㱵֪ô˯ˣΪμ۾ֱ˯ѣ۾ҵΡִɬһЦѵ촽ʱѿһӣѪð
ǰһ룬飬ʹӦô䲻ҡͷ´ϵѪ飬룬Ҽˣ۾ӦԴװգĴҼ޸ˣһ½һ˽Ȣҵ˵˵Ļ¡һΥԼġָԼ࣬ĨɬЦȻͷһ΢ҲסˣֻٵӣҲµܡֻķˣֻԸķˡ
ĻĻȻ֣Լɢļŵ̧ͷȥӫɫĻĻѳɰ͸״ʹԾѪɫƿӻϣ뽫ЬһűܴϵЬ˼ζȥŷ֣Ļң޴룬ôˡ
Ļǵ۾ģάţĻɢˣֻ˵۾ˡڵأһ޵˺ѷΣôµ۾һֱң㵽ɢһա޵Ĵ޵ģֻе۾һˣҶν˼ңҲҿɢʱӣҲЩܵ꣬ôȲõġ
ĻĻʱʱޣʧƬ̺³֣ȻҪ˶ʧƺ컨Ļڶ϶ºһ߼䡣
ָʳһȥӱʹҼȻѡͬ۾һ˵һһеĴ㣬ҶĵۺȻɲҲܽܣֻҵ˰Ұ꣬ȻΪҪһ涼Ҽ
Ŵ⻨Ļ¶˾ģ֣صҴȥ
һԾ̧ͷ۽ǻ͸飬㡭
һЦԹͳףüҲЩڣûЩ¶İ㣬㲻ұáοǧΪˣûǧΪϵ˭ҺΣ
ڵϵĹʾһ˼Ƭ̧̣ͷ𾪵һ룡



۾

һϵ·, һЦЦ˿ޣż·ɣƿĿңңȥԶҿ̫
ԸǴ޿ɾҩˣ, ۾ѡһŵĵطһ, ļ, ʱܻ, Ȼ뵽۾ױֵһ롣
۾˽͸ǰ֪˼Է֮ܵķڷ
һ·ļ, Ŀⷽһһ룬һ, Сܡ
һİͬĻĻһ, ɵ۾άֵ, µ۾, ֵһ䣬Ǻһ仨ԶԶȥƬ糺ĺ, ģһ
糺ĺϣľ˸ͷʱȥԶմȾ仨, Եһ磬
Сǰһץס˨ƽƽĵ׵Ľţ˿ڿˮǵȥǰСȻСڵģɼ۾ȻŽȥ۽תƳԶһ̶չҡҷƺ˸ɫӰ
ӰֱͦͷīᶯݣʶģƶǸɫӰǵ۾
ϲ˵úסˣֹסƷ̡
˼ĺһ̶ԣ仨ϵĴԴͷ򣬽仨Ȼȴ޶ã仨ѻƺûַ̧ȥ仨ֻ࣬ƸӰۡ
뱧һһĶͷ֣ﲻ
ųصĲӿٳȥδȵٿһЩʺ׼ڻһ˲ԭƽһ̶ͻȻһԭɫâת˲۾
ԭɫâСúס۾ȫһͷ˿¶ͷ۾˶ֱ̧ۣ仨׷ֱֱ۷Զһһ۾ֱ۱͸ˣţ۾Ҳ͸ֻʣڻʧϰ䵽һϷ
û׺죬޷츲صףһ۾ôϢţʹĽҲԭɫâ֣ⳡòŵġⳡ̹Ȼ
ûôĿ֮˻ɢΪʹˣһȫȥ֣΢ͷˣֺûУԭɫâҫۣһͷɴһ̶߿ˮٲ֮ˡ
ԴԺֻļ
סˣķͣڰգһڻʹȥ
ĻȻ䰵仨
˳꣬һǳѣ֣Ըߡˣһ·ǧߵļ쳣㹻ǿɶתתȦ֮ȴ߶ˡ
谵ξּ
ѣݣȴֱܷʯɤСңҪԡ
׷ԶҲŲҪڣҹԹԵĸ˭
ЦˣͣԶеĽŲֲʡġ
Ҳ޵ۣߺòã᲻ߣֻ㲻ߣҿԶ㣬ǲֻҵҿѹ
ͷأСңҪѹҪȥ
֣Ʋ޵һԵģ۾һԹԵģ㲻Ҫߣһѹġ
۾һ˲ֻһ˲ֱģ壬Ʈ᲻ҲҪãŲҲҪ¡СңҪúõģҲˣԺ·Ҫһߣ㲻Ҫ£㲻ܺ¡
һƹ͸ڵξǰ⣬һʶҪѹˣеԺ󻹻𣿡
Īдʹ۾ԶѹŵĻСңҰ㡣
ҲܸܵǷӿʵıˣݱ˲ǴĵʳȥģԵ۾ˣΪԺҲ޷ˣ
Ըֻۣ֪ۣ۾ͻȥǵĻˡֿǹУǰĹʢţ̰ڰǵӰ᲻Ųۡ
ĩˣѹΡΡۣǿҵչϣξŷµͷѱʪˡⲢվڴߣˣһΧϵĵǲԶֱߵë̺ӣҧס´۾ˣˣʹıסͷʣۿżۿŵ۾һٿ˭⣬ǸңҸô찡
ⲻ̵Ťͷȥֿ̧ȥ۽飬סļǰҡӣ򶨵һ侲˵ˮݺۿ˼ǻзӣȥھȥ
Ѱһ˿ͷԣԣȥȥ۾´ȡϣҧҧ
֪۾ܸĸж󣬵ֻʮ֮һĿܣҲҪһԡ
һߺһһƬţվһͷþԡ
ãŲŲӣƫͷͬ۾ɢ֮𲻼ʹ֣ӦҲصذգ
ǲ˫Ŀ׵š
ΪΡ
̾ϢһϣܱȸʧסĬ̧ۣչ⣬׷ȥƣһļˣô˵¡سտ裬Сδϣ΢˵λضдλĵ˶٣ֵҲ̫ѹˣǳ£󲻹˳΢ҪһңΪͱѹлӡ
ϵıݲǵ˵ͷ
ĹԶںɽѩǣһ̫ͬȼΪȥǰ˽ҪΡ
ƢŹǳģ΢ĵ۾ݵλԺ˱Ÿ²һһݲ΢ͬûн飬ùС꣬Żͬ
ͬʹ΢ʹ죬ӦҲתǬƺٵرϣԳһϹЩϹһֻһ֮£õˣ֮»ᱻɣȫƾ΢һУðűɵΣȥһ΢
㻯һΪ˸΢
ۼ΢ͷһٻꡣ˿һ֮⣬ȴܿóԲΪҵЩ꿴ʽ£˶Թ𰮺޷룬ʱֻ̧̧ۣ֪֮˵˼뷨
۾䵽ʱ֣ͬŸϵһ룬һ΢ͷҡһû˻ȥͷֻһ仰һͷƳֻڲ꣬һеİἸ֣㲻һˡ
ͬ΢ʶһûôģסһȥڳ΢Ըõ롣
лҪ˵һ




лҪ˵һٵĵڶҲҪˣרǱ֮ѩҥⱾֻۣҪһɿɰˡڶħŮѩ̵İһû⿪Ҳѩҥ⿪ƩСѵʵ~
Ųȥɣղʲôģлл~
Ҷһʲô뷨д۰ɣ߾ظա
ຮȵĺɽ, չģźĻѩء
ͭŽգ߲䣬ȻòݲһδһӰѰһѰ, һת, һӵ߳, һϮȾѩ, һüİƺ᲻١
ƺܻϲüЦλһ, ãһ̰գ
´һһ, ܾﲻԾ, ȴ˵ﲻԾƺ߼ӯ̬û, ʱĽŲƽʱҪء̽
һչתһȦ, ȥ۾ˡһ紵ɷףȴҧЦ㣬, Ӧˡ
Ǹ˵ĶһԸţĿǰҪ̾һʱ˲áĵ뿪, Ԥףȫƾһ֡
һȳ΢Ҫãδϰ£Ҳûͬǰϰֻ꣬ţʹȥ
˴־ս׼׵Ŀ˵ţЩ޴롣ڱɴ֮Ψ֮һߣ븴΢۾
һصͷ˷ǰֻΪһ£ȫ
ǾúЦӺӰ˻ΣЦ췽ҹ̷
һ££ɢҵͷɽ翪һֽκεĻκֻҹʢţʱȴɽĵط˶Է˵һ滨ӦҲΪ췽ҹ̷գ췽ҹ̷ҲʵֵһգȻܸһ޶ŮħͷҲܸһ绪ĵ۾
÷ÿɴӣ¶ֶ֮˵ΣããԭһͩݡκλȻϲĶ̧¸ʯ̨ף̧ĿһµԸΪô
һ𾪵˼ΪǸĺߣٲҲǸ壬ϾᡣȻ𾪵ĲǴ£û˱ɴӵڣȫòԿòͬһģһ
Ҳǲ룬һģһ
ֵ£ܿƽƬ̣ɫҴǰ֪΢̶ֳܵȣΪһ𣬻˵˵㰮ˡȻһǣǿΪһеģ̇ĿĿмᶨƣη޾壬ûвԪ񣬵һ֮֮һҵֻҪ
кһ˿һ˿ͷ꣬Ʋ䣬ټĹͷð̵Ķů¯Ҳޡ
⴫ѩѩɵĬƬ̣ĻȻһЦֵǷһģ̳ģһ޶ˣҲԵϴθõķһǰպøԭһҲ޿κΡʱģ̧Ŀİѩ˼ҿ԰˺ȫ裬ôұǰͬ㽲ãڰڽ΢ĻҵҴ˻ûҵûáҲ֪ʱںδֻǷ񻹼ǵ㡣ˣ㻹Ը𣿡
һȥѩɫᶨԸ⡣
˼ƮңԶĵطϵëĺǰζһΪ˵ôˣãĳ̾ϢһĿһŮӣͬһƸ֪ͯҵȵŮӻδѣҲţ˳׮£ϲ¡
һ˶˸δй׼񣬡֮һû
֪۾ʱںδǷ񻹼ǵ룬ֻҪ۾ֻܻҪܿǲǵûϵġ
һֱ˵úÿôֻÿǰƻƣ˵һ¼ǵҰġ
ѩµû죬һڼǰȥ۽ëϵһƬѩƱĻסˣսԾȫȥ΢ˣԺͬк𣿡
һЦ㣬һ޾ֻҵ裬δȥҵɹǣԴԺұǸûˡõ£㹻ҵȵһ
չĺɽֻѩɣǱĻݾסѩǣļ磬̧һƣҴؼҡ
ɽʱܱȷ졣
ͷ꣬һȵÿճһ±Ǻһ룬Ƿû裬˵ƣֱС綼ֻ鷳Сæˡ
һ뵽һ·ػΣȤ۾ϣٰȰϣ˳ųĴһ·һ롣
꣬軹ûССһֻֻһͷûһͬһ輫пܱʩ෨ӣҩݹûϵƵ 
һǧת˲ţڼ䷢׮¡
һͬйءɽʢĹ˼͸ˣǵ۾׶룬Ǿٲ˾ûĸ׵Ļˣػɾĺϻлл˿ϰٴΣڳˡȢֻǸƽӹĺɽ֪иһξʹ£ֻ˲֪ˡ
ѹȥ꣬һԹʻǻۣδȥ磬˷õǵۺ塣
ڶͬħйء
˵ĲǰͬӺɽ·ħиħŮˣħŮλ磬ͨħˣͬ۾йԼһħۡҹɽħͳͳٻأЩŲȥħ𷣡ɽһƽ⣬ԴԺħ˾Ӱ˰⣬δɽһһ
һԵµħһ棬һֱ룬ضҪݣһĹԶš
ǧʱħҹһΣԱܶһΣģڰ⣬ЦѲ䣬ȴԲԸңɼû㶼ϲңˣ㵱ҶֻǳգԴһã֮աûģɽ֮û
ֹһ꣬ɽͬħల£СɳҲܵľû۾
¹һʱҡȱһǧһѹɻҪȥֻЦ
Ƕ˵ȴǼʹ£ոһյظһ£ʧճȴᵽһ˿ÿһգ۾ֽһգ˵׼һ̵۾ͻǰͱһͱļ˵·һáϰ˵ȴѧȥܵȴ
Ĺʱ⡣
һǧһһʮǡɽǧһεİٻʢᣬһӦ裬Ҫһͬȥᣬ˯ˡ
ûе۾һϢǱ׼˯𣬰ʱԷδ˯һΨһʣµȤñǿϷӡСӶˣûԶУȫЩϷӹѵõ۹ⲻȫһࡣһο
ڶս֮ʢʺϰٻʢᣬһץίس̧ۿ˿ĴӣǷֿһյͷŷ˯ͷˡ
ƽʱһˣ֪ˣɽͷˣôδԼҪģСӿˣ
Щ֣ϵ̺ӣ´ˮȣһɤӣٽûϷȡ˳һ˫ŷһأ̧ȥȡϵӣ
˵ϲѵкϲ²ɣ
۾еϲﶼɫɽЩʱδͬԾĵϹ۾δʵ벻кκϡ
ƤһֱӣδŲ©ģ˭סһ㡣ܣգգۣ 
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