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Ǹʮҹ΢ȣԼٵ
ʣһֿɳġżȻԵġȷԭĸ𣿡
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УУ̵ζվ꼶һĽſڣȺԵ˼䣬ֳʮֲõЦݣ˵ףİʦҽٻ
վ˱ֱӦʦá
ٻЦףҰɡڿأպҵĿΣǰͬѧʶһ㡣
ʦ̧һֻ֣꼶һš
ɲǼ䣬ȫల
ʦһ̤ңЬܽذóһ졣ױ·ûһվ̨߽֮ϡ
ȫͬѧע˰ʦ˫ƣܵǰѧиµתУнס
Ϲʮͬѧʦʮ˵Ŀˢˢڽ׵ϡ
״ǳɫTɫ˶㡣ߡΡȰԽ
ʵ˵ǰ׾ȫ꼶ȫѧУÿ͵ס޵Ĵ
ҽܵҺãҽнףǳĽǡ
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ͬѧϡϡػش𣺡ˣ
ʦɾڰ壬žžĵ̻ҡ
۱ʵĳƮɢڲУÿһ̳˾״
ʦ·ϣͷϣһķ׷ɴѩҲýײԾһС΢Ľ񱡣
ʦȫ࣬ٴιĶǴû緹ʦĻ𣿡
ͬѧø߰ش𣺡ˣ
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תͷԽ˵ˣ㿴λԼһɡҪȻʦѡһ
׳Ƭֱ̣ҵһš˸ղǸŮӵߡûڣŮӾͶ˵ãҽ֪ġ
òػش𣺡ãҽнס
֪Цú𣬡֪нѽ
ȡһɫƤƱʼǱѱʼǱڿϣְس룬׼
֪ĵλڽһŵĽ䡣֪ĽһȲ۳һۣڲߡ
Խ׷ǳ棬ʱʱ͵͵һۣڰˡ
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ʵش𣺡ꡣ
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ô˵ȴ֪ǰ̯ԼѧʼǱÿһҳӢ¼ѧʼǡΪ¼׼TIMSS  PISAѧԵʱֻҵӢĵؽ̲ġѧʼǱȫ Base Conversionת֮ݣҳCalculations with Complex Numbers ()
֪۵й⣬ƺǳģѧ𣿡
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佱ףһǳѧ
ʵϣ¼ѧ꣬꼶ĵһӢѧѧġȫͬеٮٮˮƽ
׾Ͷ¼˽СѧÿѧѸߴ20Ԫҡ2003걱СԼΪһԪÿƽף׵ͿЦ˵һѧѣֵϱһС鷿ˡ
ʱ򣬽׵СѧͬѧҾǸǵĸĸӽҲҲúסܴһȺӱλеһܣԼǻԡ
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׺ϱʼǱ̲סʣ֪ģƽʲô
֪Ľ˫֣ϲѧռоͷʱʶܲܺ磿Ϊ־𣿡
΢΢ͷѹúᣬΪ𵭵Ρ
һָָڽ׵ıʼǱϣףӦòֻǡֻһЩɣ
֪Ĳ֪仰һѵݺ˽׵ĿڣѣѪֱ
ҡһų̂ϵʦʹ֪ģ
ֱ֪壬򿪿α
ʦٴ˺ڰ壺ǰҪڿϽСüɣҪؿüɣҲһԸǽУĸʦǣϾͰЩСͬѧң˿Σɼ½пʧܣϺøУǲ֪ʦ춼ΪǺã
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ʦĿŽ׸һ飬Ȼʣ֪Цʲô
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ҶǾꡢʮСӣʡ桢֮̽˿Ρ
һλƫֵкӿڵףҽܲ壬ǰ档
׿ҵ֣ŵͷ˵á
ܲ˫ֳڽ׵Ŀϡһ޺յԽճһСӡԼĶƤͻȻʣףҺͶѧУſڿְ֣ܳǲǰ˹١
˹١ָع˾µܳƷƣ˾Ӣ׶ء
ܲ꣬׾ͻش𣺡Ұְֽû㿴ˣҼ˾
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ȺһµýЩִٲһ˹١ҳﻹбʱݡˡF1ײ²ԼͬѧǸ롣˵ļҾڰڼ
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·ݣ׸ջؼǼ죬Լļ·
׵ͷ˼΢΢üͷҲ֪
ԼӦ⣬ظһ飺Ҳ֪
㶼֪ܲÿɵӵ
֪ȴʣΪҵķ̫ˣԣֲǲǱ
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ָܲŰһƽͷ˵ιǶ棡ǵİ೤һ׸ף
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꼶һ֮зֻӪ
һӪԶΪģΧҪкӾӶࡣڶӪԽΪģߵŮͬѧӽһһ
ϵźŶܵӡֱۣܣкӶڹЦлԾһĪĿա
˺һðСӡˡðСӡ
վһŵͬѧĴ
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ܲͷܵǰᣬһ鿴ڻ㡣࣬һʼ¡
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֪ʰÿֶԽ˵õѧУǹѧУѧУѧѲ󡭡УѺ΢һ㡣ǣ¼µ˽СѧȣǵĺѧУҪ˶ˡ
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νƬһȫУȤζСϷһϷѧУѾãɸ꼶ѧ꼶ʢȫСѧ
μӡƬϷ֮ǰҪ׼1ԪǮΪʽ
1ԪǮѧУſڵСﹺ40СֽơÿһֽƵı涼ݺύɫƣձ汦ĲͬɫƤ𡢲˱ȡɴѼӡղҶȵȡ
Ϸʼʱλͬѧֱվڿ࣬ԼƣٷϡȻӦ΢΢Ĵ桪˭ֽܰķƾ˭
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Χͬѧ̾λðλúѵã꼶һѧԸ3Ǯһλã
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ܵǿߴѹ뱣侲һϢڷθ֮䡣ſָסӵǣҳƤ𣡡
Ƥ𣡡ͬѧϴλ7Ǯ˼ſƬһƤ𣡶೤ô󷽣
̧ƣѹѹʾΧȺ
˵ һİ೤Ҳ˭󷽣֪ģҪˣ
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ѽײ̵֪պÿƬŮȥ淭ˡ
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ҡҡͷߴ͸ԶգҲѹʤ͸ս塭ػĶջʧȥˣˣƤ𣡡
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ҵ˾ش𣺡СܣˮڳˡҸշ֣͸͵ѧУ
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˾ǲУСܣСÿ춼ڳ壬Ҷ߽Уˡ
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׺ݺһȭӡ
лҪ˵[1] TIMSSȫΪTrends in International Mathematics and Science StudyҲǹѧͿѧо
[2] PISAȫΪProgramme for International Student Assesentѧԡ 

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ײ֪áСܡƺ
ʾ֪ĵΥˡͬѺദ򡱡
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֪¶ãȻı飺ҽСܣǲΪʲôѽ
ϲ֪˵ΪʲôȻ֪ҲҪ⡣ؽ͵ҺͬͬѧСܣҵԱҸ㷢ʣҵǽףӦýҽס
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ֵǣ֪ĵտڲԡ
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Ĳ֪еǱ飬Ϊԭо֮ѧպ÷һҳҳȫĹʽһʽƵͺ˰ֽ
֪ǦϼǱʼǡıʼҲܹŹ֣Ҳܲġ
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׼ᶨΪԼǸĺӡ΢Щҡ
ץһݸָֽǽڶڷס侲ؾܾˡҲѧҲϲѧϰ̡ϲӵĶ㲻
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ڣ֪һΪʲô
׵ĻشĪ⣺ܽ⣬Ӧһ˵Ĵˡ
ܶ˶֣֪鱾֮˲ܽǷǷˣǻûӡӱҪִˡ
׸͵ҲкöСӣڴǰװɵ
֪ıʾ޳ɣѽ֪ȴװ֪֪Ҫװ֪
˵꣬ףأף㵽֪֪ѧƣоӡԭӡӡӡ͵𣿡
ʣ
⽥Ũôõһ죬ȴߡԼһ֪֪ĴѧôֵʡѵѧУʦǽڵѵڵĽѾǿز
׺ܺԼ¼˷걦ʱ⡣
ͷĬ˺þá
һڿΣӢΡ
ӢʦһλմӴѧҵŮʦ֣ͬѧMiss Zheng֣ʦҪڰһ龰Իڹ԰ͬΪλÿһѡһ̨ͬչʾ
֣ʦ˵My dear students, today we are gonna learn how to ask for directions and how to give directions.
н͵װͬѧǣأʦҪŴһѧϰô·ôָ·ǵĹ±ڹ԰̴ҼͣǸ¼ƪĶꡣһÿһѡһͬȫͬѧչʾϿα˯
֣ʦץ۱ʣںڰд͡
ƪĹа˸ʣĸ͡
ϴͬѧھ۾ΡĲɣ֪Ŀ˴⡣һֻȸ֦ͷıˣδлȸڻҶķ϶֮䡣룬ȸ磬ʲôһأ
֪룺ǵģ֪磬ıòҵ˫ֻܱ޵ɫҵϸԶҵĶͳǣЩǿ͹۴ڵġ֮Уҵʶ
ͷʼ˼ʶ
ˡ
֪ĵͷǵģ񡣡
ʲô
֪ſϣ۾Ҿ͸㡣
ͺСɤۣ˫ĿˮֻСӣëŨӰûκ׾Ȼѡ˳ӡ
һӢεĿϱۣ֪Ƶ˵˼Լ𣿵˫ۣܸܲܵԼı壿Ҿ룬ңҾ˭⣬ҺܾѽҲ
ױˡֻܽͰ͵˵㡭㣬һ㡣
֪Ľô໰Ȼ֣ʦע⡣
֣ʦһë˫֡ʮָָ׶Ϳķۺɫһָ˽ףŶλͬѧǰתУɡãͬǴʾôڹ԰·ҿղеˣǰɣ
ûС
ûз
˿̵κʱ򶼸ѡ
Ϊˡ
ȵվǰȫͬѧעĿ
֪ĸڽ׵ıزⲻơΪͷΣսϵʿһţһ
֪ĸ㲻״Ϊײ̫˵ӢΪȳ
Ŷԭ֪Ϊҵ֢ڡ
֪ûȽ׿ڣʣExcuse me SorryI am a little turned around and could you tell me if there is an underground station nearby 
֣ʦΪҷǵ֪ͬѧһI am a little turned around˼·ˡ֪˵·ˣý׸ûеվ
׻ش𣺡Sure. Now you can see we are basically on the corner of the road. Continue going down until you reach the traffic lights and then make a right, you will know where your destination is.
֪Ц˵Many thanks. A few minutes ago I walked across the park but I could not find anyone to help me......
ˣ֣ʦϵôϷһˣѽ֪ͬѧһҪע⣬walk across the park walk through the parkһ˴ӹ԰߹ôacrossthroughʣֱڹ԰ﾳʲôأλͬѧ֪
ԭؾ֡
֣ʦͬף˵
𣺡acrossʣ˵ֱ֪Ӵ԰ûп԰ľɫһthroughá
ԣ֣ʦƵƵͷˣǻλȥɡ
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𣬽׾һһӢ̡ĵһʦӢˡƸλˡһӢС飬רŸ׽ѧ
ô׵ӢѧôԼһ㣬ҲӢʦϽżʽӢӢʽӢı﷽ʽ
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֪ͷģƭѧʹ飬ؼŴƵҿĶֻҪסһֱԶ
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׸̾𣿡
֪һֻס͸¶ʱȥ̣ҽԺѲԡǵʱѡһҵ174ҽ˵ֻǡǶ٣ұ𣿡
׳һݸֽ͵һѸԼ
ǰҵͬѧȫתŽ׵Ϊ
׵ػӦû¡
лҪ˵СܣһҾ꣬Ҹʶţӹúܼѡ

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Ϊģʽ֪ĵ˾ְ֡һҪ󣺡Ҫѧ
ʱһڳ͡
Ⱦ޴شơ⣬嫵ҹɫȾƬƺڵ֦εƴŹʣ׶һֻеˮ貵ƹҫԡ
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࣬룬ĵԳƣϲ
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[1] Arora, C. P. Thermodynamics. Tata McGraw-Hill. 2001: 43. ISBN 0-07-462014-2.

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ѽ֪Ķ˫ۣ㳬죡ģ                        
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[1] The Orion Mystery: Unlocking the Secrets of the Pyramids. 2001

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ѧУĹ쳤ٴ930ų107šڴڼ䣬л˸ĸȥϵȼٵ顣Լųһճ̱ÿ춼ѧΡ
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˵ѱʯǶҾߵĴͳԴ͵Pietre dureǱʯ˼Ҳָ׺ʯļҾߡ
ʵףÿһվ壿
׻ش𣺡˼
ʣ˼ʲô
Чѧϰ׳ʵӦ
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ڽ׵УͰְֺܲһɣԶΪʲôܣһ˼ר٣ΪʷСϯ
죬ף벻ιһµĹҵ԰ǰʽͶĹҵ԰߸ߣְֺܿء
һ裬ʣְֿ¹˾𣿡
ǵǡԵػش𣬡԰๫˾ְֿعɵģҲʺҵʵʹɶһʵʿˣװɣ
ƫͷ壺壬ΪСϯҲҪ
µ˽׵˼һЦˬʵػش𣺡԰ƽҲҪЩͶʡҵѹԶԶûְִ󡣰ְֱʮ꣬ҶࡣҺܵܣûôҪеμڣȥȼ٣Ҿӣôһ룬ҲǸ壬ҲǸõܵ
մմϲš
׳˼Ƭ̣һι۹ҵ԰
һȷʵûǸµ԰öദһѧϵĪġ˹̹˵ɹĵһ
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⣬жȣһס
һֻ֣ɱܣһҪߡ
Գɵǣס9ˣܶ
ΪʲôǰǡСӣȻ̫ҡ
ڻش𣺡ΪǴˡ
ЦŶǰȻҶʮˣͳˣһһͯġΪʲôܰҵѧУС飿ѵãйͬ𣿡
Ҳ֪ƽطܵ
һֶӵԴ㰡治Ҹ׶ӡ˵ҸСʱҲе
ѧУǳáΪԼ⡣
𣿡кܶСѺ𣿡
׾ٳ˾ӣͬ˵õѡӣ׺һ١ô֪ܰĵѡĵͰԼ
Ǻܿŵءۡһѧһ£õѡ治ҵֶӣԵôð
ҵ԰ĽӴԱž䱣һ˶ŽǴһƷŶԽżͶԽ˵һ仰λžǸʮĸŮˣƫݣ¾Խ˵쳧ְְ࣬ƽ٣ˮûͣ
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ι깤ҵ԰׷һֻëСèż׼ת͸֪ġ
糿֪һ̤ҡλ̰ó롣һˮһǳɣֱ׵ؽͣ
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ֻǽת֪ĵģ׼ûж֪˵еĪ߲ѣװ·ӣЩܺõĶ
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ԶԶ֪ģ׶֪˵ףˣúóף
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ãֱայһֻСèżܹ滮һˮ֮áң˺ѣԺͽһȥ۲ָˮ
ΨһǣλȡԸԭ򣬶ÿλͬѧշ76Ԫ
ϣ֪ĻؼҺĵһ¾ҵ裬ԴҪǮ裬꼶ΣҪȥˮݣÿҪ76Ǯʦ˵Źۿۼۣͷѡ裬ܸܲ76Ǯ
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裬裬֪ɤȥˮݡ
账Źǣˮͷϴ֡
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ڻشĻģϳУҪп˻öСѧҲǣ飬ְøǴǮүү̻ϼҵķӷһ顣үү̼ҵھӶ·ˣõĶǺשˮඥ
ﻹжǮ֪ĺȻʣǿԳ𣿡
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Ҳ֪֪ػش𣬡裬裬ĺȥ
һ쵽ֹ
ƮһǺ˵ζ֪Ĵ˸磬ָ߬ΧȹͬѧȥΪʲôҲȥ
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֪ίǿ᣺ѧУ֯Σֻһ㣬ΪʲôҾͳ˽ˣȥͲȥҲû˵һҪȥ
ڹóҵײ豳֪ģ֪76Ǯٲ綼ڳ壬ҪӪļţ̡ⶼܶϡȥˮһ죬76Ǯͻˣ𣿡 
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ֻ˵ѧУȫһСѧ쵼һİ壬˲ѧͥľ76ǮҲǳҾ᲻˷ˡǼҲֻһˣҪΪ˿ǣҪ˶Χתж˽𣿡
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֪ķǳãȻԼķ룺ԭҵĿǽڽǮϵġо嶼ᳫһ˱ܡ
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Բǹ֪ͣĿŮϵġ޶
ν޶Ůϵһźǡ
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ģһӲԷ𣿡Ϊ˵㼸䣬裿
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ȥݣǾȥɡǸ鲻ã㷢ˡ
֪һ߳ԣһ߿ޣΪʲôҪңǷһңҾ;㲻ϲҡҵÿһ仰Ҷҵļ֣Ƕû˶ңûҡҺѹ衭
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վڽǰ76Ǯηѡ
״һֻDunhillƤСٲʶDunhillӣһۿƤп϶ˡƤϱɫǽӲӵģɫһ𣬾ȻܲгС
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ٰϴ֪Ŀ˴װǮٴߴٵηѣ76Ǯ
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һΪʲôȥ
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Ҿѧ

ʵ֪Ŀ˵ʵ
ԶԽ˵ģʡǮʡǮҲǴҪҪ賳ˡûȥ׼ˡ
ͨܽᡶ۲ռǡݣ֪ķ֣󲿷˶޷Լ뵽Ǵδۺͯǳˣػλ˼֪ԼҲ
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ϣ֪оݵ˵ʽҴйѧԺϵͳѧоһƪ￴ġ
ǡôԼ𾪡
ּһֱ֧ʡ֪ĵĸֱʣֱ֧֪гĹʽ·һߣ۵
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СѧģĿü򵥡Ҳ֪Ĵнӹֱʣȥﶼѧͬѣѡ
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׿αĿתƵ˱ĵطں˵Ĵȷʵ˵ԡ
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ʦҪߵ꼶һſڣɿ֪ĵ衣
֪ĵ贩ţп㡢޳пˣһɫסԶԶʦæʦð֪ĵ衣ҽ糿ǸŮǮˣǸ76ǮηѡѧУ˵ҴʮӾ͵ߡʦˣھͰǮϡ
ʦһȻĵӡŶһЦŴӦ֪ĵļҳӡӡ󡣡
༶ųʦߵ飬٣٣ǰ
ſڵһź͵ڶŵͬѧǷ·μһǷ׷ŤͷŰ༶ڲ£٣ʦ㣡٣ʦ㣡
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֪ĵ跭ڴó76顪һ50һ20һ5飬һöӲң಻ٸոպãҲҪǮ
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[1] ѩ, . йҹķǾ[J]. ϵͳʵ, 1997, 17(9): 10-15.

¼Ԥ棺ˮһΣ벩ʿŵǳ֪ĵʦŶӣ

V֣152۷лĶЯͽֽڵĳɳʷ

ǰ͸ڿܻգ֪ĿҪˡ10ϳУ13У14ѧ19õʿѧλ10͸һȺʿͲʿѧˡ
ȻСҲСʵҲǿСܸտʼҲĵСƵƵͷʾͬ

ڴŮ֪ĵİ׸ѧ㡣ѧ㴿䣬㣬ֻŮˡ۹ܸߣߵ죬Ҷûȡ

ǵ趨ϣĶ죡

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[2] Myrcha, Andrzej, et al. Polish Por Research
[3] A finite volume, inpressible okes model for studies of the o on parallel puters. 1997.
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ͬѧȻۣԸԵļҾ˽⣬ðβԴԭ򡣰мͽʱһִů
мͽ׵ľףһֺõ飬೤涼Ҫ˼С
Ȼ֪ĺȻ˵мԼ׼һʼǱ̽桷ϵеԻƪ¡ǣҪߵĹ±һԣ㲻ƻڵ
ԻڶͬѧΪ֮һǷǳмΪԻµ±硣ϾмԻԼˡ
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΢ɡ֪ӣ˵ԵĻĬرͬ
мƬûеһոµƤƱʼǱҳдϡ̽Ի߸֪֡ĵָ㣬ڱʼǱĵһҳдԼ裺мԻŵġ
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ȥҽԺʱܿϵˣƶˮƿĲˣɫҴҡŲɿҽҽԺһĽ㣬ǽ뼲ĶԱģ뵽޷͵ѧ⡣
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֪ĻĿְ֣ҲȥҽԺڼ 
ְֵģյ39ˣո¡ҩûȥԽԽءⲻеģģǱȥҽԺ
ְȫ˵ˡ
֪Ȱ˰ְ֪֡Щ鷳Ƕ㲻ġ
ڰСſһ⳵ְֱ֪ںţҲ˹û߸磬˾˵ʦȥʡҽԺ
ʡҽԺжԶ
֪Ŀ򳵴⣬ֵӳʮɫ·ͨ˴ĦðεضԶ¥¥ӣķ羰ߡ
ѧͻȻ˵һûоѧ
Աߵӻܲʵʵţôࡣ
֪Ĵ˸Ƿ磿
ش𣺡ʲô
֪һִֻļͷڷ39.4ȡҴԿհף˼·겻
һ٣֪ķŸļ򣬻˵ǰǲáǲԸҽ⣬ǶװͰ͵ġڣҲˡյ39.4ȵңǶôơ
֪ġͷ
˵Ц⣬ȴ˵ô³ʮ㣺㲻ֻܱὲ
Ҫóܡ ְֵƣ
ԭλ˫ֱۣڳһص̬
ûãǵִʡҽԺ
һ˳⳵14Ǯ֪һ᲻ãǰְ趼û˵ʲôְȥʡҽԺļ¥˹ҺšŶӡҽһϵ̣ҽȥѪ顣
֪ĶʱסʣѪ
ҽûѪ𣿡
֪˫ۣҽĿɫˮһ⣬ƴ
λҽںģº͵ʿֹѪѪܣ̾ͳѪ
֪Ѫܡʱ·ϣ̲סС裬裬ҲѪҺú¡
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̧ͷ裬۽մ飬ͷӦõġ
ѹǳɰ
豧Ķٶ࣬ǸСӡ
֪ʮظŻʿȥѪΪϺˮȡŹǺͰݮ֪չ˼ǿ־õ
˵ԼҪˮҲһüͷԤˡ
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ҹŵ룬֪ҽԺĲϣƽؽ˵İš
ҺƿڴߵĵļϣҺһһεע֪ĵľ
֪ĵֱͷҿԼ֣Ĭ˼ӣ˯˯ţġ硣
没̶ڿ飬˵ʲôС
֪Ľ磬Һġɻɡ
νɻָйŴһоܿһ˵ʫʹסһʫʣбĳһָ֡
ѵǣǸֱλơ
ǳϷСٴΣٴΡļȫ޷֪Ტۡ
磡ҿʼѡ֣֪²˵ƴʫ˵һסʦ㡷дʱؿãˮ磬ֵˡ
˼Ƭ̣ӵһЦ硣
֪ķɿػش𣺡粻ɰá
˫ȣַϥϣҲˣ벻ˡ䡣
磬Ǽɣ֪дֵʫʸ踳ԡ
Ը⿪ڣºʱˣ֪١
֪ƴʫܵһס䣺Сͥɨضϡ
һֳ治֪δȥһЦ硣
ʫոսˣ֪ĺָ㲻ٽˡ
λֱĶô鷳ĹأܸܲһЩͨ˵Ϸ
桭оˮ䰴ӢֵϷɡѧУͬѧϲϷҴûвΪ֪ûܴҡ֪ĳʵ¶
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֪Ľӵ磬ӡ
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ӣ˵ࡣͷչŮҵķ˿סߡ
ﲢ֪˵ʲôִٵֱͦ󱳣ٹ꣬Һ֪Ķ᳤󡣡
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ְָ֪ߴıӰʧڿſڡſӣҧһϺˮȣĺúóѽΪʲôϻϺˮôóԵĶ
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֪ĵĳȻ෴ưɨʳķ֪ĵ˳һã컹𣿡
û֪ļŽպףȫˣܽˬ
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ϣһƬ
ѻڵƬ
ǰ֪ںˮѻںĲʿŶӡ
ʱλʿ֪˵ӭ绰ڣʱι۴ѧУ԰
˵֪ڽʮ·ݾõڵϵʽӦµڡǻæ2004³ġӺʡоģͰڵƬʱŵһߡ
磬֪ĹʹͲĵһ绰롣
֪ĸоԼɳһ㡣ݵסԺø
ڵ绰Աߣӣһιã˭
ãѻʦ֪ļԵʮѮںˮʦѧǡ
λ㾪ȵ˵㣡ðСáҽܣҼǵ㣬ʦѧҲڳ
֪˼Ƭ̣㣬֣ǲ濣ʦĿǰֻһŮʿֽ濡ڴѧĹҵϡ
˵㡱ֻá㡱ֱ̫ˡ
һû˽ظʦʦȥˣܻؼҡ
֪ʣҿԲιǵʵ𣿡
Ȼԣ˵ʦǴкˡúҳһ̫СҪ໤ͬġ
֪Գɣʣ˼໤֮⣬ҿɲԡٴҵͬѧ
ԥͬͬѧҲǾСѣ
ԣ֪ĸˮݣҲˡʦƬ
ˬʵشӦаѧУɡʦҪѧУϡʦͦһ棬Ȥѧ⡣
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ͬСŰݷģϵУĳСͬδѧУ԰





, ֪ûϿΡ
׵У԰һɫͻ
֪ĵλˡЦĿμϷ, ġ۲ռǡ, ȫʧӰ١
֪ڼ, Ѷ׿ʼǲǳʲô¡յ, ׸绰, û˽ӡ
׵ĸĸӲİ˵硣׻֪ĵļҲֹء
, ѧ֮󣬽׾ȥһ˰С
, ɫ, Ϧ׹ϼڻƻĺɫС
Сųˡ
϶硰ش, ǹ׺Χͷβް, ·ƾȻյ
˫ִ·ڴ, һȺѧؼҵѧ߽˰Сᳵ·ҵּҵĳСϣĳлӪҵ
һ׿֪ġ
֪Ĵëº˶㣬һ˫ۺɫЬ˫ְ̨ϣͷ˵
ش𣺡绹ûѧء¸³ѧУľҪѡһѧ뿼, ÿ춼ѧУСʱǰϵʦ⡣
Ͷʡһеĳһ꼶Űࡣ
ʡһʡõѧв͸вȫеļԼȫۺʦ
ʡһеĳвְ༶ࡢŰࡢͨࡢʰࡣ
һֱȥࡣ
һֱûϡ
ȥ࣬Ϊʲôأ֪ɻʣҲԸѧѽ
Ц˵ȥ
֪ĵͷ˵裬ĩȥѧǡ裬ҿȥѻͬҲιǵʵҡ
軹ûش֪һɨȻƳ˽ס
׺֪ĶƬ̣¸ҵ̤˳дš
֪ôˣ
Űݷõɡ̳һԾҵ֪ģûϿΣʦҵ
֪ĵȻͬѧģ
֪Ľͷǵģҵͬ
֪ĵİְҲӲֿܳˡ
ְֺ趼ڴס
վñֱһʽ֪ĵĸĸ֪ĵĸĸһӡҽʮϸǽס£תѧʵСѧҵĿమǡӾѧ⡣֪ѧڵͬ
֪Ļؽӻԣ׺Ѿĸµͬ
ĸ£ְ־̾ѡ
ڽ׳֮ǰ˵ĸˣ֪ܺͬСѶǲڵġ
֪ĵİְӵҳ硣λҳֱ׵Ȱ˵Ϊ֪ĵİְ֣úõعһŮŮҪڰ˵һЩ߰ĻӰ˱˼ҵС
֪ĵİְΪ˶е߷߲ƽ
Ǹ˵С׷ĵ˼·ôĵĴأ
죬֪ĵİְҲǵһһСкҽʱơమѧ⡱ЩȻرĺӣ֪йͬԡ
ְʵСͬѧص֪ҵ𣿡
֪ûѧҲûڰ
ĵ绰ִͨ뵽ˡŰݷáӡ
νҵֻǸڡ
׹עǾֵȫ
֪ûˣࡣ˳ˮ۵˵ţҵҵˣˡ֪ġ
ſڶѷϣŵĻϰ˸ʽƷذһһĵɫשɣǽǴĴשѿѣ¶ббķ϶дƬƴͼǳӡ
׸עЩϸڡ̤ڴשϣԼֲһ顣
Բ֪ĺļǰʧ
֪ĺȻסף
֪ĵҲ˵ģõ㶫ȥô죬ѧУһˣΪ˸ҵҪǵлл
Ҳ֪ϲʲô֪ĺš
ֱ˵ѯʣףϲʲô
ױ֪ġһֻ֣Ҫſڵʱλ˿ͣһ°ޡ
ʱ䣬֪ļĳҲһЩˮƻ㽶ӡӵȵȡվڻǰ𣬽ƹǣߵ֪ĵߡ
֪ĵĸĸƾܵлл尢̣Ҷ
һ£ھܾ˵ʱҪҵǡɣͲöԷѿҲܹȫԼ档
ܿ죬һ˵ǣ֪ѧУѧϰҸҵͶұ
֪Ȼش𣺡糿һ̽֡ۡĸɣǿԴӾά˹˳ʱ뷽ĳռңĵʱ뷽Ķʮάռҡ㻹ǵòɫӺͷӵĶѧӷΪɫӺͷӡѧƵʮάռķʹһַʽȦʮάȿռĲɫʹһַʽȦͬάռķҺͲɫӽγɵĶҿ淶ã۵ļ[1]糿һ㽲øϸ˳ϲѧƵ
һʱȻؼˣ
˵꣬תߣͷţء
֪ĸı󣺡ף㵽Сſڰɡ
ȴ˵ŪЬ
֪Ĵһ˫۵ЬеĽֵлҳ۹
οǶ죬ҹĻڳһƬҲۣС·ֻˡ̨ף֪æȵңһؼȥһ˫˶Ьһ£Ҫ˵
ʲô£
ױԼĺۣʵʵվ̨ǰ˴ӣ֪ľһӳ
Ц˵õˣ
ʣʲô£
ģ֪ĸ㻹ǵѻʮѮںˮݼĸʿ
ʵһֱ֪ĳ
û֪Ůӡڼõʱ̲סˡŵ֣ͯߵŶ붼붼ҪƳ档
һԵذѰ˼֪ԹԵ˵磬ҸڵһѧǸ濣Ҹ濴˵绰濸ң磬ҿԲιǵʵң֪𣬽ףҺÿģ
׽ŵصһͷȥϴѧ𣿡
ûѽ֪ͣסŲҲžꡣҲҪϴѧ
Ĳ鲻Ըؽﻰϴѧˡ
֪ҡͷ粦˹ģھͺɣܿ֡
ʵףп糿ŵȥѧҪпյĻǿһιѧķʵңȫһʵң
ڹְڱʡõĴѧѧȫǰ塣
׵ѧҽҲѧУѡ
սԭļƻգӦһѧΣһøٿΡ磬ڼٰһᣬʡʡһЩѶϯ
׼еĿγ̶ƵǸûʲôĶᣬҲνβμӡ
֪Ѿ˳ϿҵԼλᡪ˺֪һι۴ѧʵҵĻᡭ
ԶԶ˦
ǵȻԸľ档
Ԥһĳ磬֪Ŀܻڡ۲ռǡв䣺ҵͬΪһĵᣬѻڵѧʵҡ⣬ͨ˼άԡ
׳Լļ룬Цһǣһͻͨ˼άԣȷǵľ
һ˼ײſ˵пա
̶֣ı
֪Ӧش𣺡̫ˣ˵ôϼ໤ˣΪͶ̫Сˡ
û⡣ײ˼سŵ
ʱ֪;һյ·ơ
ƹ⼸ůɫղ϶ҹ
֪Ĵ˸硣׼ǰ췢˸գŸȬҪٸðˣζ϶ܲܡ
׶˵ϿؼҰɣҵ˾ڵҡ
С֮⣬ͣһעĿİ˹˾Ž֣˹
˾ǿ׳ɡ׵ǰҪлˣ˾˵߰ɣСܡ 
֪Цף
ҹɪƹ䡣ǰͷҲأΪӰ
ʵϣڽ׸պ˾һ·ñӾͱסˡĺ·Դ˺޲֪ĵĽǶȿ׾һǡ
Ȼվվ࣬࣬·ʱֱͦȽڵģʵںܻ֪̲ס͵͵ЦˣҲ
һ˼ˡ
֪ԶԶĿͽϽγ
Ʒֹɫİ˹ҹĻǰһ·ۣʻԶ
ΪʲôҪҵأ
֪ĿʼĦ׵⡣
Ӧ֪֪дֳ졣ҵֻҪʮӡʮ֮ڣһܲҵ
Ϊҵ
Ϊ
û
֪İѽ׿ѣ׹ȻҲ֪ĵͬ顣
ڡ̽桷ϵ֪ĺͽԶֿԻϱ˺εȹܷƣ۵ѡĸϵ֪ĺͽԶǻֵͬ顣
뵽֪ĻؼҵĽŲࡣ
̽桷ϵĵһѾᡣ֪ľϣҪ̽桷ϵĵڶýһǻ⡣
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֪һжǿŮӡ
һ磬ҳԼѹ׵ıʼǱȥ궬죬ѧУٰġСѧٿ֪ʶϻõĽƷ
ʼǱܺʵֽҳϸƽī
Ҫǣÿһҳû
̫ʺϻˣ
֪ıһʼǱϲȥѧУϿΡ
糿ߵʮң֪߽꼶һĽң׻û֡
ֵڴɨңͶίԱΰͬѧæǰܺ󣬻Ӻꡣ֪Ļһ֪ģüûϿΰɣ
֪˵ֻ졣
ΰָָλ㲻Ҫ롣ʦ˵̵⼸꼶ĽңҪа༶һȼСǰ࣬ҪСİˣʦᷢ𡣡
С족һϵҫ
ÿµµף̵ζŴӳжӳ༶״ڹƽԭ£ΪЩ༶֡ߣȫ꼶еһ桰С족
꼶һİʦֶΣзռšС족
˵꼶һĴԷ⣬ذ˳Ⱦڰ༶ͶίԱͷҪɾ
ʦȷҪͬѧ뱣ÿ춼ԼӲһ顣
֪ûѧУȻࡣ
֪Ҳʰӡ
ľߺУڱʼǱķд̽桷ϵڶ
֪д̻֮ܣȷû˷ľٶ͸һȹĲǡÿ״ȡ꼶һĽš
ĵһ仰ǣи壬Ұְֵĵܵܡϣȥѧǡ
̫ٹ죬Ǿһι۴ѧʵˣ֪һ߻һߺͽ졣
ײ֪ڱд̽桷ڡ
֪ĸƽʼǱĵһҳⶨ⡶̽ڶ£ս漣
Ž׵棬󷽷дԻĻرаݻ֮󣬵ƮѰһĿꡣսľ޴ʧȫԱ˺ƽҪԡ
ṩһµľ˼·֪Իĸش֡
֪ĵͷ¼һΪģBetelgeuseĺ쳬ǣ˽׺֪ĵĹעڼͣҪըˣ
׾ȻЩҪըˣ֪Ļ𣿡
ܣ֪ȴƣԻһźǡݻĩڻᷢըǿҵĵŷ䣬ɢҫ۵ĹâԻȻͻһųǣ֪뿴һ³ǵγɹ̡
״ҳԼĸֱʣ֪ĵıʼǱհ״дǿҵĵŷ䣬᲻ƺˣ֪ܡ
֪ġЦˡ
ĵظ̾ףҺϷʱҾúܿġ
սֱʣдҲе㿪ġ
ʱûü˼ȫ
д꣬Ȼ򡭡дʲô
ȥܻʧȥĳġ֪Ļһͨѡҡһ
Զ֪
·
֮ʣ֪ڡġǵͼ·ʽд¼µܶȱͺѹǿʽ볬Ǳը̬̮̿ͳĴ[2]
Ȼ֪˽ڣ㣬׷֣ɴҪչռԾǨˮƽ
֪Ļûдָ꣬һ⣺һµ׼ͳ
ѽ֪ƵƵͷ
һԣôó
׵Ȼԣ֪ŤͷһЦΪҲ׳
׵Ժˡһ·ʲô͵ըˡ
һ׶֪˵Ҳ׳
۽ֱʵıñȻſϣ˱䡣
һĿףڵĲ֪Ŀ飬ֻĶ͸ˡ
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ذͣ˼ײιۺʵңջһԴ

һÿǧ֣¾ǶһļӸˣҹӪҺ2ллңĿҪСѧҵ

[1] Green, M.B.,  Schwarz, J.H. and  Witten, E., 1987. Superstring Theory. Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics 
[2] , , Ҧ and Ω, 1990. ̬볬Ǳ.

ֹ¸ǰ152۷л


Ԥģ

һֱԼܵõֵϿɡ
֪һû, Ҳûв˼ֱ˵, 
, ͻȻ, ̵档
׻һʱ䣬Ŭƽľ
Լ, ֪Ŀ޵Ĳǽױ, ǡ̽桷ϵĵ졪Ǹסָǧ, ´ġ
ڲܷʵСʱ򣬻ΪȰѡģ°˫ֽ, װԼܷ漤ߡ
, ǶôĲ졢ǡ
ڣˣҲһЩ
֪, Ҫ˵, Ŭ
Ϊ˸̵֪ӡ, ǰ׼ˡѧĶ͸ѻڽ귢ƪġ
ĴӡװɲᣬŽ͸ļ࣬ļٲȻͬһλ˵Ŀ˲š
彭٩治ҵֶӣСС, ϲѧ
̧ͷ壺Ҳϲѧ𣿡
Ȼϲ
ѧͻһĨڡ
ΪŵСϯı׷ֻȱ䷳ϰ༼ɣʱҲԼ
С٣óٺ١
ôŵ㣬ڸѧͷʹС覴á
Խ˵С죬ûĻְֻļͥʦ߱ι۴ѧǡҽ̸ʣôһûоãңֱȫõ壡
ֻš
׵ĸָ̡ųԿף潭߽ͣ
죬Լĳˡһƽƽıʱݿ硣
׿ϳáֱǰһ̣Ŷ¶ʵ飺ˡҡҵͬͬ˳ҡ
ʲôȼˡ
׻ҵͬꡣţ174ϣ׼
ڿ𣿡ٴηɡ
ظ壺ûѡҵ˼
Ȼױֳһƶӣǣǲֶ̫ӵⷬ
174ʲô
ͨ˵һ㶼90110֮䣬140ˡ174ǻ
룬νġͬžǸӦ΢е졢ԴȽϴСӡ
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֪ӵӴԨ֪ʶԸ񻹶ǾСӡǿҵĶԱȺͷΧеʵҹԱԳ档
ֱ֮ǰ֪һΪʮѧγ顣ⱾǻʦѧĽڣ2002꣬˶ʮ͵ѧչʷӦʷ
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͸˽˼룬ӦIch ler zwei Jahresch.
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ϵӣյôůģ²ս೤䲻ðһ䣺ѧڿѧǾͼ֪ĺͽ׸ˡ
ͬκٽҡͷ̾ϢҴˣҪˣҲûж˵֮ء
೤ٵı˸һЩ֪ġҲŷܿɰ
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ұģһƣģҿˡŤͷȥףһףǻѣԺȥģ
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˵Ƕ˲ͬĵ·δ֪治̽δΣ꼶һͬѧԶᣬԶ־ᶨ
ǡ̽桷Ľ֣ҲһϿɵĽ֡
лҪ˵ĺСܺôСѧҵˣ

¼Ԥ棺ƪ𺽣ҿĻΪС׼ʮ


һ꼶¼

200591, ʡһʽѧ
ĩпȡ
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ڻͷҰ, ֪, 㰲һ, вУûͣ
ΪʲôҪְΪʲôܽڴϣֲڽ֪оݵط
һ·ݡٹ£ʮˡ֪ĸ˲٣˵еѾ
ɴ֪ģȥѧУԺ󣬲ܸ߱硣
Ϊʲô֪ķڵʡ
ֵöרУĶô⣿ûΪʲôѧУﺰ, ͽɡ
֪Ĺĵ˵Һһ𳤴ġҵİְ裬Ҳİְ裬ΪʲôҲѧУﺰ㣿ѵ˳УǾͲ𣿡
ﵥб˫ִڿӿڴӰӶԵ޳ֱ̬䵭֪ģʮˣܲңҺܷ
ʵС˵ܶΡҡ
һΣ֪ĺˡ
Ҳˡ˵
򹫽վƣһûûͷһۡ
糿ߵ㣬ֵͨ߷ڣɽ˺˿ǰ֪ĺòײż˳š
ϳڳһվλãקַס֪ĵļ
˵ʲôȴ֪Ҫοڡ
ӵĳ˽˿ռ䱻ѹˡ
ϣͬͬѧһ۾ķεĴǰȥѧ
ϲгǣ֪ĲϲΪչãֻһȥѧУ
֪Ѿֽˡ漰֪ĵ⣬һѡ񲻻ش
۾Ѿǧ࣬ߣҵд𣿡
дˣĵ˵ҵҵ볭ҵ
ǰϵѧδɼ㣬Ըʣֺ˧ΨһȱǴӲκ˳ҵ
۾õ֮еĻش̧Ƹ۾ʣѧڲμ2004ѡεĽô
ôʵ˵ûϡ
λͬѧʱ֪Ĵ첲ȥܵ˱ĵط̻ͷҪȥĶ
Ҫܡ֪Ļش
֪β裬Űɫ޶ǳɫţж̿㡣ϳʱܿĵظ߸磬ǳˡڣԸｲ
λ۾ע⵽֪ģ̲סʵ˭ĸСŮ
һģĪһѧá
羹ȻáһѧáԼ֪еŭԽԽҡ֪ΪʲôͻȻôų֮ѪԵϵҪˡ
ȻѾսô֪Ĳ׸ġ
תǴ˸кλѧãǽһ
沿鷢˱仯ü΢Ʈڳ⡣
ƽȵʻţľɫϽ任·ߵеɿغˣԶʡһеı־Խ
ϵĹ㲥ʼվλ˿ͣãʡһУվˡ
һ˲Ťͷȥ֪ġԶˡһѳ͸ĶһʡһеУš
û׷
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׸ոշһҳֽͲ֪ʵĹףԼԺѾľİ
ţִ˺ɫݮؿؿڲҲӡ˲ݮɼ֪ĶԲݮִж
úɫԲںؿдףףʮտ֣֪ʶһˡûתʵСѧʱ¿ξȥұ棬Ǻ档תԺҵĿμϷͻζö˶ˡ̽桷ϵҴ˺֣ܶҲʲôԶĺѡףϣ㽡ģѧҵ˳Ըÿ춼кԸڴһδõķչףǵ쳤ؾá֪ġ
֪дһֺ֡һַǳ壬һպؿϣԵϡ
ллװѺؿнʼǱǳл֪ġ
֪ĺˬ󷽵˵
׻طֽҳһƬıʼ淶ͼζ𶯡ѡ֡ĸøɸɾֻʣ֪ģд˶ã
һ٣ÿʱ䣬֪ģȽ鷳֪Ľ˫֡
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Ȿʼǣȹʢʱ⡣
Խ˵ȥʡͼݣҵоϰĴ𰸣աȽϼ򵥵ķʽдȫܽᡣԵıʾһ飬ֻҪ㰴Ŀ¼׼۳ô㣬㶼ȵؿ߷֡
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ţ֪Ҳͷ
˵һıʼǣıؼײѴ֮ӵӦ÷ǳǳ˲ŶԡȻʵϣ׵ĵӿһ˿⡣ľѧܻøߵķ֪ľͲûһٵʱΪ©ȱ
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֪һµĺð취
ѱŽ䣬һҹڶٰѱóѻˮȻˮһֻСϣõȶˮ񴵡ˬУһ򶨵ض顢Ϸ
󲻵֪ĵ죬游ĸȥ˳ɽȼ١ڶȼɽׯﻬѩѧ
ԼóһµС
ɽزݮɡܵ
ҵ𣿡֪
㻹˭װ
֪ЩɣչܶණˡףҾ̫á
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һ˵һ߰ѱʼǱؿдȫս
һʮߣ⣬ȻһŲ
ʦظϵſڡ
ʦԼʮ꣬һصĽ̰ݸߣ۾첽ԾϽ̨ھ˵λͬѧǺãǳһʮߣİΡҵۡһᾡʶÿһͬѧסǵֺͳࡣ
ǰŵĶԴͷơ
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ȫش𣺡סˣ
֪ĵ˵ףʦǵúȫ档ȰѧŽȰѧҪѹ
ĵǣλ𣿡
׵΢еǰŵͬѧˣʦҲˡ
ͨ͸İ༶룬ڰ÷⡣ʦһӰںڰϣȫͬѧ˵Ҹεʱ򣬾ѧҳҴ绰Ұǵĺӵĳλϡǰһʮˣôλƽңһ취
˵꣬ʦһųɼ
ǳһʮߣķְ࿼Գɼʦһָֽ
֪ѾµʦҪʲôˡŵ˫ְס˿ԸһҪͽͬ
ʦ˵Ƕȥվ棬ҰճɼϵΣǽǽ˽ңͰԼϲãȥѡλѡֻͬҪǰéǿķƽĲб׼
΢һüͷ
ڰھšλеˡ
֪ķ߷߲ƽʦղŻ˵ҲҪѹѳɼôأѧôûѹѽ
Ϊˡ룬ȻվͨѧĽǶȣǿǡѧϰѹֶ
ʦһ£һʮߣѧߵ˽֮⡣
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Դռ
ʦڶѣԡ
һſҡźɫ䣬źɫû˿ԥ֪ġ֪ĵӣ˵վøҪԱߡ
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Ҳãֱ˵Ҳͬ
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ҲںΡ֪Ļش
οԺͽ׵ѧϰɼûκ
ѧԷΪԣһԡڶαԵѶȼߣﵽ˸аƥѧˮƽϸؿѧǵʡ󲿷ͬѧһ̯࣬Ҳ⡣
֪ΪԲóЦףͼͬ
˵ˣԣͽ״ˣ㻹ǵҪʦɲԶš
ԼǵǸԼǸпԼӡһԺл֮ȥһ٣ʹ̸֪͡
ţ֪һʱͬѧϰһЩ飬һѩǰܡ̬ŵøͣ㲻ǻӣ֪ģѧϰܿ̿ɣÿҹɣ㣬֪ģҺͬһˡ
֪ȴ˵㲻ǡ
վƿһ顣
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ʦվڽǰͬѧǣҪסÿζοҶһɼѡλһλãһͬûãְûãֻܿԼʮ߰İ磡
ʦԭǹͬѧǷǰУ÷ԽԽߡ
Ȼ֪ĵСԴðһ뷨²˵ףףҿſһΡ磬ҿԿڰǾһˣ´οҶ⣬ǾͲһˡ
־ΥġִĳУ˽סȻǲӦ÷ɣӦ÷ɵɽȼ٣¡ѩȤҪļֵ
ǰվſڣŶԽӽ֪ģȻһһʵĵط༶λҫʵ
ԼСĿꡪԡ
̨ϣʦɲȷɲķʽҲܼ򵥣ǰճɼһһ֪ǰ೤ڶѧδƣ׾ͳΪʷδ
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̵֪ͷ
ʦץס̰ǵ̤ҡ
ʮλͬѧԾڸ֮䣬ؽҽܡܿ죬ͬѧյ֪ĵߣ̽ʵ֪𣿿Էߵȫһ
ҡ֪ĳϵ
һͬѧ̬˽ף㡭ѧУҿҵĳ
˹֪İش
׾·ԽҰ
һһǿλȻƫƧĽȴ޿ɱȫͬѧĿ⡣
Ҳվ˽׵λ󷽡
ѵܳɼȫڶҲһ׾ӡһͷβĺߡΨ²ҵغԣʦСһս֪ģҪڽ̨ϾϹʦԣڽݽҵǰͽ״ġǶˣҿû
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺սľʮ߰ʮ˰ĵһξƴѪöԸӶԸͬѧů紺У԰ս

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ǿѧһ, һʮߣĴ󲿷ͬѧȽ֡
ȻѲͬѧ֮, ˺˶Ե߲, ¶ѿľء
ԲԸжԼ, Ϊһõƭӡְյ촽ƣ˸߹ͷ­, ڳݲغʦ
, ˵, 㽲̫С˰ɣβ£ʦСĵһս, ɤŲܴܲ
ܾ, һ֮ɫֱͦ󱳣ʦʦʦ
ΧͬѧûӦ԰ܳ˽ҡ̫ܵ, ӵ̫, һ, ˤڽſڡ
ΪʲôԵķӦôң
Լֵúܸ˰
֪һͷתҲʦʦʦ
 ƺȺ棬ܱʾ𾴡ģ¶Եûеһ˿һ߳, °Ȼضס˽ס
ȴܿõӡã֪ʱʤĸ֪ûΪʲôʦһĻŭŵӡ
ΧͬѧƳ˶ߣȻһƣף֪ģϵܺð
λһۿͬѧкٶƤԺڣ˸ƽĴͷҵڱеʤСѧСѧͬͬѧ
ѹס˺ļЦ˵ף֪ģǰֻŸʮɣ
״λվȺС꣬Ѿ˺
úеɡΪױߣԣĿУ׾ͬˣҪѽ׵Сѧ꼶ĵܵܡ
ͽ׹߰ɣף˳棿
ûκɣûκ̵棬סкӺȻദǢǽȥУ԰羰ɱųһ¥Ĳٳ֪ͬԤϵȥˡ
ٳɳӡܵ˫ܻ򳡡Ѻͺܵ׷֣úܾˡҲ˵ܡȣȫٱܣһӰȥٵļ硣
ڽ׵ǰ棬ͷ𣺡ףԹһǧпҪһǧף
׵ǿѡڲٳӣ۵ͷðͣ½Ųܿͻָˡ
տ浴
֪վڽѧ¥¥Ⱦͷ˫ַˣĿԶٳ۵סٳ೤һȦïʢİɸҶķ϶ضǳһĽɫߡ
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˺֪ġ
֪Ťͷţ
֪ļһŮӡλŮ֪ĵͬͬѧ١
ٵѧԳɼȫڰˣպñȽ׸һ㡣Ҳ֪ͬǣ׺֪Ĺϵǳֻܴͷ
ڣ֪˵룺֪ģΧ𣿡
֪¶طʣΧ壿
ǵ֪ĵ֣ѽ֪ģǶ˵رΧҸոշ֣ǰСװΧ̺ӣұһôĽСѧΧСѧ鼾
֪ǣ˽ҡ
ָףϸ֣Щ̡
ô˵֪ĶСꡣ֪ףֺܺÿĿҲܴ棬ȻǸûϵСײʲôĺˣοһ
ȴҪһΧıԣȥ֪̽ĵļ˼άݳ̶ȡ
ٻԥ֪ķߴٵ㣡ǿȥ̣
ˣָŰϵĵӣϾҪϿˡ
֪˫ƣ٣½ڿɣ½ڿεĿμ䣬ʮӣ϶һˣ
ð˳ڴӦ
֪Ľʱ򣬶ԸպôԱ߾
Ѿָƽ״̬ؿ̨ϵ˶Ħɳɳٺ֪ĵ̸ݣ۵Ƥһæ١
ҲҵʦСͶͬһУѡ
Ȼ̤ʡһеУţľȻʦСһս񡱵ĳƺ˲֪˲ÿκ棬չʾӦеءҲܽϵĹء֮ڶԿһˡ
֪߻λס٣ι㲻֪ܺ棬ܺΧ塣
ǳں⡣
ϧٲʶ̧٣ԣǰ𣬹ܵôƫҪ档
˫ֱۣӸι㻹֪ˣʦС
ѵλڸ䲻ؽһ䣺ԣҵ㣬ôʦ
Ѷ̶һ仰ش˶ԵʹŤܳңϿȴȻ죬ʦһԾ߽˳һʮߣĽҡ
ʦվڽ̨ϣӣδڽ֪ŷӦɤظߺȫ
ʮλͬѧˢˢվʦã
ʦϹ񣺡λͬѧã
Ծַȫͬѧĸɾڰִ۱ʣ˵עⰡڸǶһαԵľӣžϣߵѡ⣬ĵ⣬⣬һ⡣ҲǿЦⶫø꼶ľѧʮӣ͸ø㶨ˡ
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˵ʮ˰࣬ʦһҪ¡
̷֪ͨҲˣÿǾĵۿΣǺʮ˰ѧҪȥݽ꼶Ľ̵Σҽܾáࡢѵʽ̵εĿΣʮ߰ʮ˰໹һ˵СһѧǻῴĸͬѧʵӦѸ١
ѧ֣ʱ
ʦһ䳡滰ǲҪѹڲ룬һڶ
糿ĵһÿϣʦ̬ʮ߰ʮ˰ֵܰ༶
˵ֵҲ衣
ûʼʮ߰඼ڴڿεĿκ󣬰ֿһӿȵİسˮ棬ﵽһʢĸ߷ڡ
ȴܴƽ84ֵѧԾšˮյ衣磬вҶƯյ˵ʮ˰䶨ˡ
֪ƫͷôȷ𣿡
װƷ裬˵Ƕǻһ֪
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Ҷѧٻ۰Ȼ̧ͷ
㿴ˣʵ
ٻеֽţ׼ȷӽԱߵ¨׷׵֪ģÿһ鶼ܿ
֪ܰһ㶼ռϢǵ˼άհҾ̺ܿ֡ȻЩﴫĶҲǺס
ٻ۴ֱۣ˫ƽ졣û֪ĴкŤͷ߻ʮ˰ࡣ
֪سס׵ӡǶҲʮ߰ĽҡʦΪұһϡǾĽѧƻ顣
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ʮʮߵſڡЩ֪Ҳؼҵ·ڹϱ˹ˡԱҪСҲһܵܺƭӡ
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֪ĳֹ裬㲻Ҫ׸磬һ֤ˡҺ͸ԱߣҺ͸졣
⻹ǽ׵⡣
Ϊ֪ṩһİ취׽飬֪ĺ﹵ͨʱüĳ֤һҪôʣչĶ
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ŭδƽõһѧģûﵽҲˣôѧУ۸áôС㲻㻮ޣ
һѹ֣Ҳйڡ
磡֪Ķ档
ڳҪʲô
֪ĻΪ˵ҡ
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Ȼǰøᡣ׵Ľ̫ˣ֪ǰôû뵽أ
ұ㹵ͨ硣֪ñֱĿһ˲עϡ
ĺ󱳿ӡ
֪ļ˵ѧУװʶңжж϶ܵغصӰ졭
ѧûȤĮشõĻ
ȴ˵úúýҽٴΣǸ磬ļҵĸˣ
֪վסֱۣͨķΧҪ裬ƽȵ̬ѭѧָ
Ůĺ󱳡֪ĵϣҲվ˵ҵȥֿˣְһڿ꣬æ緹ˣϡʲôʱˣȥԷҺˣְ費뿴ǳܣֱ⣬ֵúˣҸ϶˯ţ绹Ҫȥг
輴뿪ң֪㲻裬衭
֪ؽ裬ȻһʯĳִӺŮ¶Ŀռ䣬Լȥһεìܺͳͻ
ȥԼҳС
ֻʣ֪ĺˡ
֪ʧȥɽҲǹ״ġ
㾿˵ʲô쳤˫ȣɢϡ
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֪Ǻ㲻Ҫ̫֡
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֪ǿ򶨣ʵֻҵԭΪʲôҪҶϾѪԵϵϸҿֽֽһүүһҪͶӶϾϵΪĶӾĲƼݡСԼûѶá
˵֪⣺ûжĲƼݡΥ£ƾʲôҶϾϵ
һ㶣ûϾϵ
У֪ն˵㲻ҽ磡
վѧУţôжС
Ϊʲô֪ĵ֪һ˲䱬ˣΪʲôΪʲôΪʲô
ҷţµģ㷳ûոϹȥԷ
˷һιͨĻᣡ
֪ŭͷ𣬶򵨱磬Ǽһȣǰְʱõȡ㲻ҾԭҾʹȥѧУİ༶ſڴ磬ȫУͬѧʦҵ
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Ű֣΢΢˲
ĴһƬհף˫ԣֱ
Ϊʲôܿجеĳ
ٳجηʵ
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һ֪ľУ԰ϵͻƶ˵䣬ϵΪϵгǡ
ſһ죬̤һͻȻת߻֪ĵǰ֪ģҪǴȥѧУҾ͵ǱֽϾѪԵϵ
Ǳֽɣҵţ֪ľȻ˵ðְ迴ᱻšںɪɪõ˯ŵµŶ
һ̸ҳߡһ룬֪ĵ̬ȺȻΪʲô磬Һ󰡣ǰ˵㲻ΪҵĴڶеѹôҶáǲǲǵԼ˵ĻһǵãԱںʹǰҾúѹѹ飬Ҷûа취ǡ
֪ڴߣˮžžµëϡ
ﱧС죬˫ָ׼ⶼ΢΢ס
ҡĿһѶ۵εѪҺ˳õ˿ӿ˫һƣڵϡ
˵֪ģⲻ⡣ҡҿξ࣬ûгɹ֮Ļ
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֪Ķ׵ߣҡļ򣺡磡
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кӣȻθ, ֪ģǸŮӣֻܺŮ棡Ůб, ⻹Ҫ㣿
֪û뵽ĸֻעһ㡣
ܺú, Ҫɫ, ҪܣڻìתƵ׵ͷϣ
֪Сë, ˵, Ů, ҺҲŮбҲ㽲ˡ
ķŭٽֵ磡СӴĶðģ
Ҫ, ֪Դ, ҺѧУﻹǺѣҺѧУﲻá
С죬ŤͷҪȥ
̧, Խļ, ֱӰСˡ
ֻë߸߸ߵؾٹͷ, ֪ż⣬ȥôҲšһװ˵ߣ֪ʵ̫ˡ
Сɼ֪߬½ǣңңÿ϶Ҫ˯㣡ҸӵĿʱ䣡
ӦңһŮõѣҾͰ㡣Ҳֻ졣ʮ̵ֿ
ϣ֪ȷѡ
²⣬Ǹ֪ĿеĵλȲֻ졣
û֪ĵĻش֪ŭ, ڵˤŶ
Ƭ̺һܻһѼӡ
֪Ĺڵأŵϡռĵ׼棬ãϣûвҡᱻв㲻С컹ңҾͰϲƣѡ
ļһȶͷ˫ַС졣
֪ھȳëߡԸԹּһ㡣һϵΪȡ֣ʮˣΪʲôֵСѣ
Դԥ֪ĵͷůƸ֪ĵͷָḧķ˿ڸһֻС˳ë
֪ƽҶˣԷڹС
ĥ䣬ȥԷ߳ң˺ռȡ
ռȣ֪һһԾ˲
ϰڷڵһռȡ֭ӡƹϣһɢ˵֪һɨ⡣ĵ룬һֻСҨȵ֭İ׷ϡ
֪ҧһڼȣϸϸƷζϣĻŭŵĺռóˡ
ּӣס׷һСһСڵسԷ
Ȼ˵֪ģŮһ㶮ҵ˼𣿡
ΪʲôҪʱ⣿֪ÿ˼⣬׷
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֪˼֪Щ
ܣüͷҲẦ㡣
֪ĺһůġ̬֮ƽࡣҲ״̬µӱ嶯ŭĲɵر磬㶮ЩҲΣ٣۶ԷŮ϶ռơһֱעұһ۲ͬѧʦı飬²ǵжǷж⡭ģ磡ϣҾҶܴ󡣡
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ѽ֪ƵƵͷ
ȷҲ˾ࣿ
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ϵɫĪ⡣װӣһֻռ롣ĬشףеʳûԼһƬ
ʳġʱ򣬿н˿ҪС
ȥ꣬ĴȻɳ࣬Ȼ治ɫ̽Ƭ
֪Ŀһ̬ĸ磬˼ǳ⾺ࡣô˵ʮɹʡһеľ࣬᲻˶еأ
֪Űο磬ŰҲһ˵ͨǱȽϴģ㲻ҪԼ̫ѹҽʶʮ˰һŮͬѧнٻۡҾýٻ۸ԼѹͺܴھҲ֡
ȻһԲ
֪רĽʳ
ϴˢɵڴϣıӣﱧС죬׼˯״̬
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ߺ𴲣𴲣
ŵһ飬Ȼ˫ۡ
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죬Լļ¼
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Ÿ˹վơ˫޳һٶȱö࣬羭ͣ
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ﳯһ֣ȥĽҰɡ
֪ĸ߸˵شӦѧһؼҡ
̤һһͬѧʵöܿϾ࣬Ϊʲôϰ
ûлػ֪ôһ졣ԼجоΣҲ׼һʧӦԴʩ
ĿһЦǸͬѧ˵ڽʲôϻ˸
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ػӦҸ翼ĴΣҲŬ֤Ŀ꣬ûʲôЦġѵûʧܹʲô£һγɹʵȫһ𣿡
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ΪһĹڽס
Դˣǫرʾǹͨúãûϵ
йϵ֪ƫ˵ҵͻƿڣлл㣡ס
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յʱֻʼǱǳ󡭡˵ֹǱʼǱһд顣
֮󣬽׽֪ĵĳ̶ȣкǵͱ任ɰǧ㼯ྫտĽ⼼ɡ֪ʱƺҲԼ˼·һЩĸдڲ
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֪ĸɴóһµıʼǱΪѧϰеĽ͸򡱣֪뽭סͳ˹ͬ¼ռǡ
֪͸׵ƺرòࡣ2005924һֲ֪ĵʮա
лҪ˵ĵʮջҪһСQAQ

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2005924, 칫
һ͵
֪ס, ίѯ, , ͬѧҳȥ棬ܲؼҳԷˡܳ𣿡
˭ȥ氡ʵ
֪ϸõѡҵСѧͬͬѧ, Ҳҵĳͬͬѧ
һ߲û, һֺͰʵȥ棿
ʡһУ֪ĵǳ, 裬Ǹвӭ½ڣѧѧ׼˺ܶĿҺԼУſڼ, ҴѧУʳóԷ
ʡһоѧŵеٮٮߡ֪ӵڲͬ, ҲҪͬ˵飬ȷʵӦúĺѡ
ο֪ĺѶڱ˴ϤУ԰ˣ, ȫϵȻһЩ֪ľסСʡһкܽ, ֻҪվ·
貢δԥ, ˬشӦУȥɣģѵ绰ϣ¾͸Ǵ绰
õģ֪һûӰ
Լķ䣬ϲǳɫTɫţп㡣ӷʼ෢ȽͷΪൽƽλ, òݮֻ˫β
෢ļɼΪ߳ɡҲҪһ䣺ĽɰƯ
֪ԽġСϲ
軹˵ǼĳˣһøƯǻò档趼ĵȱ㡣
ţ֪Դɬصͷ
ôԱ߾õĶԻΪȻЦһ֪ģ𽾰㲻֪Спܳ
֪ļųţûպ͸糳ܡɿضŶǰ˦һ䣺磬Ҫǳˣ϶ҸңΪ㲻ʧȥòǻ۶û̵
类ҭ
ܳ벽·Ȼ˻Ǹвӭ½ڣҪȥѧУĿ磬㲻ȥ𣿡
Ҳȥ̬ȼᶨػش𣬡ڼ︴ϰԡ¸µ11žҪοˣ֪ģ㲻ϰǾÿܶвԡ
ÿζȫһѽ־ҵķ֪͸¶
Ȼ˵־ҵķĻ
ٴƿԡ
֪᲻ɽѰǿ𶯡ӶǸᣬУգ׿϶׼
ʲôأϰ⡢ʼǱǹɣ
һ֣֪ĶȻܡ
ʵȴ
ʡһеУſײף׵ݸһµԿסԿ׺ָһѧĵ˷ţ׶˵Կܿ
ʲô֪ľʵ
ױܶϵףԸտ֣֪ġ
֪תһȦףǰǲǲѧУҪǾ񡶶ᱦ˹һѰұأ
ָ̧֣ǰ֪ģŻ쿪ʼˡغԿףߡ
ˣ֪ĳסӡ
У԰С·˰͹ƽĶʯïڵ·࣬ˬ紵֪ĵգɣ⣬ںͽһ
вӭ»ȻؾšУһտĳ֣ŵԱڳֵĽֱ֧̯ӣᡣ
һƬïʢĹھµﾰʢţƮζǳֺܺţ֪һ̾Թŷﱯȣʤƴʫġʡ𣿡
׻ûػվԱߵһλѧͻȻ˹λѧãѧ㿴ᰡղһʫȤ˽лͳʫĻ𣿡
֪ĺͽ˫˫פ㡣
ѧĽͣʡһеĹŵѧ磡ǵŷáࡢƽáɻѡÿһε糤͸糤
û˵֪꣬ľϲɻ
ԣѧ̧˫֣һ죬¡ؽܵҽ߶ǵ糤ϸһǸһ꼶ŰӣҲǸһ꼶ļӣͬѧӣӣ糤
ӣ
ֺر
̧֪ͷȥһλʮŮӡȻǡŵѧ硱糤˵еӣѧ㡣
ӣڡŵѧ硱Ƶ࣬һɫĳȹĸ첲ϣһеѩֱ֧°ͣȫĿⶼ֪ĵϡ
֪ɤغӣѧá
ӣ΢΢һЦðǳвѧ𣿡
ǵġڳһ꼶ѧࡣ֪ĳϵ
ӣݸһ᣺ϳҲܼǵšСѧãʲô֣
ҽ֪ģ֪ĳʵ˵ֵ֣֪֪ġ
̫ˣӣ۵
ΧвٸԴԴϵӿŵѧ磬ͬɳ̲ǰ̵˻ӣˡɻսȺһ㣬ӣѧһа٣ն°ܽ
ӣ֪ģɻ𣿡
֪Ҫش𣬽״ϵ¡гYe-Yo汬ըģ͡
Ye-Yo汬ըģ֪֮͡
ŵѧ磬硣
糤һӣ·ڶͬѧܡγɼ˵糤һصĺڿ۾һͷĶ̷䷳߹·ĸλУѰһư簡ʱչ˺ʱʱտԴϢ
֪ľʣ˵ϢǲǺӾйأӢѧΪquantum error corre code
԰糤¶΢ı顣ǧɽˮ̬ټ֪
糤ֿףǶҪλѧܣ˽Ϣ𣿡
׵͵طдϵݣ˹̶ʱպNάʱµӳۡ
Դӽ׳Լ֪ĵѹϵÿϵ˯ǰӡѧˡӼ㡷ļҽŶҲʦλʦΪɽ
ԣ˽һЩʡ
֪ļǰߡ
糤׺֪׵Ժ
λͥ糤ֻԶԶѧܺѧõıӰ
֪Ļʽףףоӳۣ
ûУ׺ţֻǿһ顣
㿴𣿡֪ʡ
ͣһ룬ʵ˵ûС
֪ġЦ˫ؿ˳ԣǽ׵ڶŵ֮һη壬ڳԣʵҵһοҲҲҪӻʼѧһȫµѧƣұȥĻۺ͵֪ʶ
ż⣬̯ƽƣһһһһ㽨ģҺͽ׶ὨԼĽ
׵˫ִ·ڴ¶ϵڵ΢΢սȭͷȣ˶Գڴţ֮ĳһ죬֪Ķʵǵְҵĵߵ㡣
ױ֪øԶ
ֻ֪ע⵽ǰš
ŵĳޱʢȦһ鷽ε򣬰ں·ͬѧࡪҪţ߱һֹס
ʽ٣ǰһʽ٣֪ǣ׵ӣףҴû㵯٣Һ
֪ľֱ׵ر뷨ദʱȫʲôСί΢е㲻˼Ͼûڴ֮ͥͷ¶ص١
ǣ뵽һ֪֮ľͻʵеسվ˸ٵǰ
ﻹЩų⣬ڰ˼Ӧõ͵żָѾ˺ڰ׽ټָԾ
ᡢн࣬֯ٴ죬ÿһСڶôڵҡ
֪ĵĽǶȿ׵ָǳտǸˣܲµһС˶ʦָ㡣
ΧԱͣͷĹ·ѧѧԷΧһȦȻسΪĿĽ㡣Ӧһڲ֮ͬûб·˵ľ̾Ӱ졣Ȼֺꡢһδıĳġ
ٽβʱֵ糤ͷΪơ糤˵֣ãããѧܣĸ꼶飿ǩ㲻ýѣҰ㽻
Ȼ׺糤һл˵һˣͱ֪Զȥ
ֵ糤ľվԭءʡһжͬѧǧټҪţȫؾܾһѧ֦ȴֻõһ䡰ˡ
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֪Ŀĵй䣬ߵһֵĽβ
βһ
˸ʽУ԰ͨ档һɫֽƬŵ˷ţԼһѧļʽ𰸣ָֽƬʾһȶķ;γȡ
عͷͽ߽㡣
ǸطǲѧУԱߵķꣿ֪̽
׸Լֱʮһʮ
ó緹𣿡֪ԳɡһȻײûӦ
ʡһеУŸһҵμߵķ꣬ʮ¡ҷ֮⣬վλװӭԱһվ·˷ڲƽˮ׼
֪ıڷ̨ǰԽ˵ףҽʮǮܵ㻨ǮȥʡһеʳóԷϲԷҿ벻𡭡Ҳֻ벻ΪҲʮ꣬ӶͯǷġԺǮˣߵҽ꿪ʼμӾ˽Էɡ
֪ĺغͽĿ峺ˮһ˿ʣ޷ӡ
⡢ǡĪ˵İͣҼҵķꡣ
Ĭڿвӳ׽ʵ飺辭Ӫꡣ1999ʡǿܵ꣬Ϻзֵꡣ
֪һͷ
ĴþѾ߳˲תšŹȹһ˫ɫ߸ЬòؽӴ֪ĺͽףλ
׸̹ϣİѾˣҶġ˵գף취
壿֪ظ
ӡһֲ©תҾѵ񣬾ܵд㣬ΪѧĽס
֪˳λ߼дңҵѣΪѧĽף
ô˵ġײ塣
ڷþָ£һȣ߽һİᡣƿ֪֮ķ֣ļλСѧͬѧ桢ҡκٽܡ٣ټ֪ĺͽףһλСѡ
һ֪ģˣˣλͬѧͰǸոǸ
վһɳ֮ǰ˫־ٸߡɫׯأ̬һ˿·ͻȻάҲɡΪһרҵ֪ʶḻָԱ
Թ߿ܻΪҪָһ׸ӵıҽʵϣֻ֯ݳһסտָ衷
ڶһٲ֮£ڳļλͬѧ֪ˣȫ質ףտ֣ףտ֣ףտ֪֡Զ֣
ãסʮ⡣
һ§ס˽׵ļ򣺡ҿˣף֪ѧУô֪ģ㻹꼶һ𣿡
೤ٽӻ⻹֪Ŀ϶꼶һɡ
֪ĵ󣺡֪ģ𣿡
ͦõģ֪ʹͷҡҡ
һ仰룬ʵǻ𣿡
κٽ˫ֱϸɲһⲽ֪ģף꼶һûǣ϶ķΧȴǰ
κٽܣÿ춼кܶͬѧҽ顣
˫ִ䣬ң컨壺֪ģͽ׶ˡѧһܣ꼶׿ԣ꼶һ˶ѧϰίԱǰһû꼶ǰ
Ҫ˵淢ͳ΢źҪ֪ĺͽǵǣ
̫ˣ֪Ц΢΢۾ҲЦ⡣ʱƫͷע⵽һϵĲݮ͵⡣áǸ⣬Ϊһ㣬ÿһ㶼һȦʲݮֱ֪ĵꡣ
öݮ֪˾ݮĵط
þΪǷ񣬸ֲʽҲԱ̶֪Ϊһǳˣ׻ڷǰ
𣿡֪
Ȼ֣ص˵ʮգһμ䡣
Ҷ֪ЦⰻȻ͵ǿ֡лл㣬ףĺܿģμ䣬һǳϧرԺ
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ؿ鵽СܵĽ

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֪˵, Լ¡
츳Ǻǻײ̫ȷϣĻлЦߵɳǰ, ƿ輸, ֪Ĳŷֲ輸Ĳװ˰װµ
, Ȳĸλͬѧ, 
Ҵʣ棡֪Ļϲ͵Ķ𣿡
̧һֻ, صضڵϡ, վ˽Ÿ㲻ҪģңҶΪ೤, ϶ôʧ
˫űպ, һֹ͸֪ĵǰԿó֪ҳԿף̽ףָһת, ͱˡ
֪ɵ˺еİװֽ, ѺѵһֺСǮޡèצ̨ơСżһͬѧ¼
͵Ȿͬѧ¼͵ģ֪ģͽͻȻ, Ϊ೤ûüǾٰһͻᣡ
ͬκٽܲԵģ֪ģ㲻֪ȫͬѧÿ˶дһҳͬѧ¼
˵溱ִͬ
ֱ׳زôգͬѧѡεİ೤ҹİÿλͬѧ㽭׺֪ȥʡһУҲ꼶һˣ
֪ķͬѧ¼ĵһҳһҳǶԡ
Ϊд֪, ʵСѧ꣬ǰȡҺͶİ೤ܣֻҪһ֣İ೤̧ͷҶһӣǰҲ˵תԺҸˣ֪ΪʲôΪҲǿ
֪ĹЦ
ڶҳֿκٽܵ֪ģ࣬ὲɽк档׸һģһףھѧϰ˳ͬκٽܡ
֪ûпꡣͬѧ¼ؼңͷβϸһ顣
ﻹʣһֻδľС
֪ľеıԵžડһۡ
ڳļλͬѧ鲻Խطһۡľ
ֻװһֻɴģ͡Ȼǽ׵ֱʡôҾ̾ǣɴĴβš֪ġ֡
ֺûҷɴһƬ
֪ĻûѾۺ᣺ҿŵľ٣㿴֪쵼ɴ
ҵģɴĲƿٶ׵輸Աߣмʶ
֪ıһҷɴģͣСƶţڲĳ¶˵С
֪͵̧ͷŽףлл㣬ǳлף
֪Զ캽Ա˫ִվһԣһعӡ
֪Ŭȥװôණɴĳߴسꡣ
ǳ극һؼҡ㲻˶࣬ЯƷҷɴ󣬴ڲĲſ𡣡
֪濼ǣͷ˵õģ
֪ߣڶͬѧһò͡Աпݮ͵⣬ÿ˶ֵһݡǵĿڸкüˣŴζŨݮڳݼ䣬ֽĶøС
ϻн֭㡢Ϻѡѩȵ֪ĴûĲʽȻԣķȽСûһͳԱˡ
֪ӣ˼͵͵ףҸȥյʱͬѧѧУʳóԷҹգҲӦͣԲԣ
ԡ׷֪ĵ˵
֪̣ﲻأ
׵ǰָһâ֭Ųػش𣺡ٷǼһ֣ļ֤
𣿡֪ɻ
Ȼƶ
֪Ĳɡĵ˵ף֪ģҼס鲻ŵ
ײɵúӡ˵ʮյһ죬һΪ׼ľϲұ֤
Ϊʲôʮꣿ׷ʵ
֪Ԥ⣺ʱ˴ѧ˼ά죬ʶӦûøǮУʮǳˡǻһͬѧһ߻֯ͬͬѧףա
ץסص㣺֪ģǽһֱͬѧ
ţ֪ķǳ˵ǡ
֪֮ıĹҵһɴģͣ˽׼Ľγ
ؼ·ϣ֪е㷸ƫͷֱĴ˸Ƿֳ֪ģûбμѵӪ
˵ġѵӪָʡһгвѧѵӪֻҪͨ˺ټѵõʡһȽϣõѧУڲƼѧУμȫѧ
֪һ𺮼ټѵͿʼˣÿ꺮٣ְ趼ҪҺ͸ϼҡ
ϼңϼ
֪ĳʵ˵¡
ϸż˺ܶදιιһǽǵСүүһȺɽۼСڶ컹һѩر䣬Ȧ¶ȺܵͣҺ͸綼Сᱻþ·СĸؽУܲҡ
ĸ֣˽׵֪Χ֪ĵĻĸ֪ǱС𣿡
֪֪ر϶˵ҷǳȷţĳЩ˼ά൱ӡ
ϣ֪ƻĻ⣺ұμѵӪҰְ趼ϼңҼûˡ
ȰûϵҪμѵӪ
һѧ֪Ը̾
׽εĺ󱳣Ȼؼңһʰְ裬ҲǲûϼҹꡣǰϿֽֽ˵궬䡣
е֪͸¶ңҲ̫ϲϼҡ
ײĿ㲻ϰ
֪ҡͷ̶ҺҸڼ̾üŮӸɵĻҵĴڣ˸
׺֪ĵĹϵԽԽãﻰⶼȽƫ̻֪ġίرԼĿﾭӦϰߡ
֪һֳסδӦ
罥ֹټľﲻٺˣγͣ˰Сſڡ
֪ţתԽ׻֣һ
Ӧһ
뽭׸֪֮˫ֱסɴģͣ·񱼻ؼҡСһţŸ绹ķѧϰ֪Լңɴص˹ø翴ҷɴ϶Ҫ̸ŮӲܰкӵѡ⡣
֪ĽƷȫաֳһ춯ſڣӸµιĶŪЩ
ͬѧ͵ʮ֪һֻèצ̨ƣŮͬѧҵġ
̵Ҫǵûռ˱ˡ
֪ĹɵشӦţ˵öԣһ
ߵǰһСӡһװһֻ˶ֱ
ְѡ˵
Լأ̧֪ͷûһʾ𣬸磿
ƴԴϣ֪ģҪǺܲòڼҲעòǸ˵ʱ򡣡
֪ķŭŤͷҸ㣬Ҫַڱ˵ͷǸòƢãôǻ㣡
ͷȻһָСè˳ë̬ȡ֪ĵ𽥸ı䡣Ŀ׶غݺݵ۾ֱ峺ˮ
ʮտ֡˵
֪֡
·ڴͳһϣǵ䡷֪ĵġ
һؼңѧУſڰ̯Ȿų£û˷ûܿͦʺ㣿˵
֪ĹȻϲһҳϣ̫˵ԣ̫˸ɫ֮ɫаϣﶨΪٷ֮һ
ҽЩҲɢɢ
֪غҳˣ磬꺮ҲϼңҪμѧУļѵ
֪Ĳûͬ⡣ֻڸ֪¡ְܵǰоݵزԼļ⡣
˵Ȼ˾࣬ҪѭĹأȡôѧУսĻᣬμȫʡıʡڵļһ¡
ְܿһҪѵ𣿡
Ҫѵ֪ϵ˵ͲǧСԳɽΪѵ򵥣Ļᡣ
ʵ֪ĿǸѵӪ͡Ρһ͵Ļ
οʡһеľѵӪһǮֻҪѧƾʵȡѵѧУһѧӷá
ʡһã
ٶܼͬѧѣ֪Ҳȥ¹̡꣬˾˺ͱ磬ֱϲĴڡ
ְֺһְֻԥѾ괺ڲȥˡģǶڼһĿһ꣬òã
̫֪˫ơ
һѧʱ֪Ȳظ׷ϲѶ
׳ˢСһµͻѵĽ˼·ߡÿһλҽʦӵзḻľ飬ʰߣ׾һƬȼյҰ־ҪʡһеУ԰
μȥٳܣ˼ѧ͡
ĿԶţëһСһ󿼣ÿһεĶο֮ءΪʦҪݶοĳɼȫλ׷ģһöǰ档
ʮѮһοʼ֮ǰԻڿ֪Ĵʣ֪ģҪǿȫڶܸܲͬ
֪Ĳп飺ܡ
ܴŲѵǰʵѣҪǿȫͬô
Цůûš
յɪУɫ¶ЦݣҪȫһǸʲ𡣡
ײ廰Ρ
׶ˮվڽ֮⣬ȴڵļ࿼ʦ峡׵·ڡǳס̡ī֮ĳ촿ɫټñȽϸߣʱȽϳڣȻԴһͬ˵ľѹ
ôأ
ױȶС꣬ɼҲȶԲһ絽׵ǰйѹֵŭףʲôʸҿ񣿡
ԣƾĽʦʲôʸʦ񣿡
ǶԻѱЦ
߳ŭɫúдϣò׳ۡ׿ӣվ˵ײĴשХĳ紵½ǣľͷ˵ףϴθҴģ֪ġ㱾˻ǸӡҺ㽭ʦΪ֪ĵֳܷңûҡٻѵ㣿
֪Ҫȥס׶Զ˵ζοֱܷͣһںѵӪĵһ죬ͬѧ棬Ϊʦ
ʦû˼΢̧ͷýңԱ£Ϲһ㣬˭Ҫشңҵ£ôˣҲհ죬¡
һϢѽôѧУĺѵӪг꼶ʦʦ㣬еͬѧ룬һٶ˵Ŀϣһ£ǸӽˮһѼˡ
šֻŶԣԡ
Ժͽ׻Ϊġ
ȷ𷴻ڣԡ
ԱˣЦףˣҾӽѧ¥һ¥¥ѧУҶᷴڡ
ڵļ࿼ʦѾһҡʦվſڣͬѧ̱տڲԣȻ֮ڡ
׵ĿλڵһĵһšλŶģſͨ紦һͷưس̧üɮһ㾲شλϡ
࿼ʦһѲֽԾοԵһѧӹʮҳĿӣˣڽѧ㣬δе˿Ľš
ͬѧǣɰ࿼ʦʼץ⣬ǧС
׽ӵԾοñȫĵͶ뵽ⳡսС
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺٣´ƪƣʮ߰ຮѵӪļѵಢ棡֪һ˵Ŀ֣˵ࣩ

ֹ¸ǰ152۷л

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ս, ÿһⶼһλУ˵ĳǳع, ס˾Ĵ󲿷ͬѧ׸дԾĵһҳ, λ󷽴һ̾
ѵӪޡζο֮ǰ, ʦͺʹ˵ܳɼȫ꼶ǰʮͬѧʸμӺټѵ
ʮ߰ͬѧΪѵ˳ֵ׼ǰҹƴˢ, ڿҿҲи, ˭û뵽һζοľӻѳӣ
ѧѧ, ˵Ļ棬˿һȺ޴Ӧߡ
ڴ, ճ, ״ѹ˶Եͷһס˼⡣
һƼ򵥵ļ⣬һ۷˳õ塣, Ϊͨⷨ龰, һʱ벻Լʲô취
ǡ, ֪ľڶԵֱߡ
Ե۽ƫҲࡪһۣ˺ܾãҲе̡֪ѾдԾĵڰҳ
֪Ĳݸ塣һ֧ʣĿһ£ҵ˼·ڴֽݱɡ
ڰҳ͵ھҳѧ֤⣬֪ĹԼٶȣд÷ǳϸ̧ͷ, Ž׵λȥаΪͣһҪñȶԸߣ
ײ˵עӡһƳ֪Ŀԡ
û뵽֪ĿԵʱ򻹸ֱض֪ĺܵһⶼдʵڽԾҳĿ
ع滮ʱ䣬һ˿ش⣬Сʱһζţ㲥ﴫ࿼ʦͬѧͣʰдˡڶǸɫ·˵ľ㣡ѱʷ£ҪҼְ
࿼ʦŵλͬѧǶԡ
һžʮ棬Եıʼͣ˵ʮ档
һ˲䣬Ե·ͣһ˲ӢûϵԼˤ񷨹·ʮûϵԼᱻնףԵ⻬¬ҡҡλεشλվԿտҲǱѧˡ
ΨһԸǡ׿ñ
ߵ׵λ
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ܲµӵѶȣ׿֪ġ
֪˫ַסԵʱ򣬺ö˶̾ˡ
ΪʲôεľӣҪôѣ̲סʡΪ˾ڿдͷɥͬѧ֮һ
˵ǵĲࡣ
ƽشĦ˵ͼ⸱ӣ˻رáһ˾ףԴ𰸰ɣһѡ⡢⡢ǰĵ⣬дú˳
ˬػش𣺡ȴӴ⿪ʼĵ⣬Ǿŷ֮ߣ𣿡
ǡüͷסֵؽڣ֧Լ°ͣ˼Ǻüӣ˵Ĵʮ߷֮򵥵Ĳʽ⣬Ҳ
ѵ˶ԡ
Ը͵ʮ߷֮Ҳѣ
ѲͷǾ£Ҹ
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Ц˵԰
ΪԼˡһ飬ֻһ䣺԰
һָָѣ£˵
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Ȼһݮǣ֪˫һظݮǣ
һ߹۲ѵı飬һڻӦԣ֪ģÿ͡
û˵꣬סһվ׵˺Ȼ˵ÿǣݲá֪ĺ᳤ܻͬܿȣݡ
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ңǰ֪Ŀ϶ײΡôô죿
ͲˣʵСѧųȫУ׸Сѧͬѧ׸˵кüҽ̡
һɲԤС
ѧɼһ죬һ¿ξȥ洵硣λѳɼ˺ڰԱߣȫͬѧһ
ζοİ༶нϴı䶯֪Ȼ״򲻶ĵһһο֡׽еûѰҶԵ֣˴ˣȷŶһȥ̼Աܴġ
֪ĵеֻҪںѵӪһױˣôѽƽڼ￴ʲôӾ
֪ŶЦһ˿©ش˶ԵĶ䡣
վڽſڣҲǣҲǣֱٲά衣¶ԼǼ죬ڼտ˫ȷʵܵ˵ӾӰ죬ҲΪʵ۱һӢ
Ȼʵ̫пᡣ
ʱ仹ոһյţѧϰѧͬѧ֮ϵԽܣ֪ĵİ೤Ҳչʮ˳ƾĿԷϼͬѧչֳĵ𾴡֪ߵ༶ĸ깺ͬΧ˺ְ೤
ְ೤ʮ߰Ľ
Ծѣٱְ̬೤ʧܡ
ѵӪʼ֮ǰѧѧ˵֪ĵĴ
¡ʱڣϸһδĻѩУ԰캮ضХ꼶λѧ㲻ηգ͵֪ġ
֪ĸպڴߡμϢʱڡ۲ռǡдˣѩˣ2006Ľʲô仯ˮƽȲѧĻҲһ֪Ȼڿ˼һ򵥵֤⣬ڽ졭
֪ĲĿƳһ۽ףֻдһ⡱֣ǣ֪İֽҳϡ족ֻĳˡꡱ
仰ͱɣڽ꣬д
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ʦ˴ϻ۶£ɵõ˵ͷõģʦ˵ˣǾĺӣ¾ʦԼʦǼǿĺܡˣȻؼҰɣ·עⰲȫ
λѧӦá
ĻѺڣ¹ǳ֪ĺͬѧǽ߳У԰ѧУſڷֵ
ٻֻ֪˵һټͷҲص򹫽վƣȲҪѣҲҪ顣ƺ˶ིһ仰˷ѱʱ䡣
ңٻ۵ıӰһ¼վ·ߣһS۽γĳţϸʻλã溰һ֪ģҰְֿˣҪ˳ؼң
֪æ˵ˣԼؼң
ѻ˻֣۽γ棬ʻ˻谵ҹɫ
սһСѩѩ׷Ʈʱ΢ɼ
ѩ·һг֪ĵǰҪ֪˵ʲôκνһֱ׵ͬǧյƣյΣ޷ĵĸлƤٺҲܵŽ׵˵֪ģлл㣬Ǹˡ
԰ﻰڣ׾ͻһЦһֻܷ߳ԭĴ㣬ǵ˵֪ģǸð೤
֪ĵͷְ೤
ȣгĳãְ೤˵꣬ЬŽ̤壬һ֮ٻ˷ǻ˿·ˤ
⼸λͬѧ½뿪ˡҲһγƬ̣ſ˵֪ģؼңˣǿڳۼδ⡣
·ůɫĹâҹɫеѩ΢΢׵ΧֻԼһӰӡתŷ֪һ˴·վڶĹվƴŽ׻˻֡
ĵ˵
Ц÷ǳոպλͬѧʱû¶ôõЦݡԡٻۡѡڴ뽭׵ļ档
ҲһЦ
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֪Ķԣټѵһηǳֵӡÿһ壬ܼͬѧգȥѧͼݳʵԼ濽رãߣȷе˵ʶвʿǶرãȻ֡áǰһ׵СѣȫƽȵϢ
ֻҪ֪ڳ˶עԼĴʣ칫ҵķΧҲׯضЩԺϵĲʿǴذ֪ĵڵŮദ͸ӵĿ֪ףҪΪ̫Сˡ
ߵ縴Ӷ䣬˻᲻һ׹̶ı׼ȥһأףû˼⣿
СѧĿϣ͵͵ס
׿źڰ壬Ӧ¿ٽ
֪ƵƵͷԹԱ졣
ټѵһܵĿԽ֮󣬵ʦݿԷ˿ࡣ֪Ȼ˵һˮ׼ܷ˳꼶ѧѧͽסѡٻۡԶǳһص㱣󡣵ʦԿ࣬ǵܽ
ʦĽѧǳḻóʩ̣ܻѧ״̬¿ҽٻ̸䣬ýٻ۲һˢ⡣ٻÿˢʱı鶼չһЩ
ʦĿγݾʡĿϴӲ֪죬ȵ¿죬ײŻ뿪ѧ磬̸֪ȤĻ⡣
֪˫߸˵˵ףô棬ҲǺܿˣ
ʱûĴ㡣ÿճ̶ŵÿ˵룬ڴϣһӾ˯ˡҪڰ˵֮˯ɳȱ˯ߣҲʹﲻ1.88ˡ
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׷ǳԼߡ
˵Ϊҡ档
׿ڳԼԽ׶ԣѾǼս
֪ĳĵذοûϵÿһ˶в֪ʶϣԭΪ˻ȡϢģ۾ӡһдй٣ϢԴ
ڿϣϢ𣿡
ܣ֪Ļش𣬡óѧı׼ʦĿƫѣЩĿΣһԲȦһ뵽ΣȻռ䡣
ռ䡱ĸ֣ͺߵѧ׶ûһ˽⣬ıʼǱϣֻгоļ⡣ĬĬغ˱ʼǱƬ̺ʣʶĲʿÿ춼ʲô
ǶԼ˼֪Ҫģʵ飬ҳµ㡭ΪʶĶǻѧͼϵĲʿҾǵճȽϹ¶ûô֡
ָһ٣תһ¸ֱʡȷʵУʿѧУʱÿ춼Ҫѧ⣬ӹ÷ǳ֣һٸ֪Ĵ絽Χһ
֪ȴԽ˵ѧѡĳҪԼ˼˼ζŰ͹¶˼ܺͱ˽
תͷߵ·
ѽ֪Ļش𣬡Һˡ
֪ĺһ죬Ҳڳӡ̣ԿҲһ˿֮顣
֪ĺµ˼ףҲ𣿡
СҪ֪뵽׾ûвηֻסеáĵְ˵ӺҲ޷¼ˡ
׾ص˼ǣż̵ظ֪ģǺ롣
Ϊ֪ĻȰ˼ȰȰѧͶСȻ֪ĵķӦԤϡ֪С˵ÿ˶Լѡͷ֮
״ϵҽܺһоѧ
Ҳһǽף֪ģ֪ĺӣ˵Ƕһ޶Ľס
û
Ƕһ޶Ľס
ֻ֪ڲʵѡ
׵Ķ΢ȣһ㷺졣ͬѧǷ֡
ڣ׶׶ñӡϣץñӣסԼͷڿǽλãӰֱּʦǰһ䣺ףڽñӣ䰡Ұѿյ¶ٵһ㣿
ˣлл״רעؼǱʼǡ
ٳһ¡˴ڷż죬ĩ˫֮⣬ʱ䣬Ĵ󲿷ͬѧڲμӼѵ׶ԼǸ߱׼Ҫ󡣾һٵļѵСѧľгɹӱʦԽ׵۷ǳߡ
ѵӪ֮󣬵ʦΪÿͬѧдһ
ʦ׵ǣͬѧڷϽѧʦΪһھȡúΡֻһ⣬¿ξñӣðˣ㼰ʱ㱨ѧϰǵһλǵһλ
ᵽʦĹкչˡΡ浭պͳɼ
ճصСʰʱͻȻķ䣬Сȥϰݳ£ûк尡
׾ؿȴ˵ûС
ĵĶ岻š
׽͵Ҳβһ£æ
ȥʮ£ȥ˰ĴǺ
ϰֵõļķɫƺɹһ㣬Ҳںժף¶һ˫覵֣ӹ춼չʾԳƣĴǵݳۻˣǵٺãǶԼ١ˣСְ˵㺮ĶûȥزΣڷܣ̫ˡʮʱÿ٣ְֱҵڷŵرҵ
廹û˵꣬׵İְҲˡ
׺һְ֡
Ťͷź硣
ְߵ׵ǰһϡע⵽׷ϵĳɼӲȥý׵ĶֻƳһۣ׾Ͱѳɼؽ
ְЦˣòã
׳Ƭְ̣ѳɼݸ塣
򿪳ɼһȣףһʮߣ࣬ټѵѧܷ֣A+꼶ǰٷ֮塣
ܺãְ˵ˮƽ
帽һ䣺ԣǼˮƽ
ְִסεķ֡һʯĻеʾ˵ǰʱΪߵ룬ְѵٹһСʱȥ˯ˡ
׵ͷš
ְ΢º͵ʵûбĻҪ˵𣿡
˵ϡһĵֱ̺ͦˣҲСлҪֱ˵
̹ϵμʡȫʰƥ˾
ְֵһͷܺã־Զ󡣡
״λվſҲμӱΪ˻һΪһȽŶҵĶѺǿҲϺȡ
ְֺĿԣٶѧϰûɹҺ΢ЩģмᶨĿ꣬ڿĽ
ְֳ֣׾ͺͰְ˸֡Ǹ׹һַʽСֻҪѣ͸¶һ˿ߣ׾ͻ֣ͣӡ
Ҳִ˹ְȴ˵˫Ϲգǧ𣬻ˡͽ֡
ǳ𾪣ǧ˵ʲôһССС֡
ְֻ˵ⲻС֣һʴ֡ںǰҪǮǮ׽ȥͶʳӦעչܿء
׻ش𣺡ǵģ޳ɰְֵĻ
ûͰְ̧ܡܿЭȷʵ˵öԣǼҵ˼ʽҲ޳ɡʵףǵıʲôʱʼ
ʵ˵¿ʼ³¾Ŷǹʱ⼸οòһͬѧӣμӹ
ĸͬѧزǲ֪ģ
ְһ¾Ͳ׽ص㣺֪ģ
׻ûش֪޲޲ؽܵ磬Ҹ˵װиͬѧ֪ġ֪ıͽһʵСѧ꼶ȥһѻʵңҪʡһеĳоࡣ磬Ҫʣֻ֪һʮСôܺСһأѲҲһȺѧӢҽ̣
״ϵûʲôýġ
ְȴ˵Ҳл˽ͬѧ彲һҲá
ز֪ûмҽ̡ļܶϵʵ¥ѻһȺʿһһ㶵ģҲסˡҵһμôСŮӣôϲѧЩӵĸˮƽҲ ٻὲӢ磬֪ģҵĵˮƽԼ֪ĵĵ֪ĺ͵¹õճӦû⡣׸˵֪ĵ̲174174磬ϸ룬СȻҲȲ174СŮС174ͬѧѣѧܶණ
ĻзǳǿҵĵԣְȴûӰ졣ְ꣬ӣףΪҪ׷λͬѧĽŲ
׷ϵǡ
ְûзְֻǿȴԼɡ
ڽ˼֮Żش𣺡ľ֪ҲͬҺദͦѹϵǾ̸ѧ⡣
̸ۡʣõò׼ȷ
ʱ򣬻֪ĵظסҲϰ֪ĵĸ
ѧУ֪ĵĵ㲦ڼʦǵĽ̵ˣѧĽԳƵ١
ְ¶ۣǴѾ·ߵˡҪ;ۣʱԷø174ͬѧȽϡ
׵ͷӦá
Ȼʼڴ·ݵĳ
ְѧñ֤Լ
лҪ˵Ҷеʱ򣬰ͬѧȥʦ칫͵ԾȻ󱻷ˣҼǲôˣֻǵʦļҳϱҳȶ⣬ǳ󡭡ǳ꣬ڽﶼȻǵһĻQAQ

¼Ԥ棺븴֪ͣĺͽף

ֹ¸ǰ152۷л

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¿, »ůУ԰̲, ʢ
ھͬѧ, ¡ζս, ҲζŻ
2006ȫѧĳѮУʱСʱ, ǳ, аٷ֮ʮĿܽ븴
, ׵ԿֶȥѧУ
׻û˵ʲô嵹ȽС, Ÿϳһ, 㻹ȫĿԣҪƽȥԴ, 㿼ò, ҲҵһԽŶûɹ, û١һһߵСϯλáСܻᷢ⡭
״Ļҽûãһ
ıʱͣ·ߡỵ̂ŤͷףãСͣȻû174, УһСš
˫ȭţ
׳³Ŀֶ뿪
ʡһеУ⣬֣Ӱ֪ܶĴӵȺܵ˽׵ߡֻһСװ׼֤绰һֱ֧ʡ
Сͳ׼֤ûľߺ𣿡
֪ȴ˵ûϵҲҪľߺС
ѵӦһԲͳӡ
׷ǳȫ˳ֵ׼ľߣȻóҵľߣװȫһ͸֪ġ
֪ûƴǡһ·˵ףáƽһЩ˵
ûʲô׵ػӦСһ׮лҡ
֪ԭһģǰһã˵ģĲһµĿףѷǳãرллǿ󡣡
ָ֣Զ̾еʯ貣һ۾ܿ
֪һ򵥵ı䣬ý׶ԭءֻһľߣΪʲôֵõ˳ߵۣ
׼ȫǣ֪ľ֡
֪ġԭǽ׵һԸԸСòϣ֪ļľʶոһյš
׳ȻһļԱһһµĶԡԵ߱ʣ֪ģףܿһȽ𣿡
꺮ٵġ粨֮󣬶Ҳûƹͬͬѧʧȥյ档Ϊ֣ԴͲǵһս񣬼ֱ˵һ˥
ʡһеġһս񡱣Ӧҵ֪ġ
֪ƶ˵ѣһõһȽġ
׺ͶԵжû˿
˵ܼ򵥰ɡ̽
֪ǫػش𣺡С
ʣιÿѧ˯
֪ĳʵ˵ŵǰ
׵Ļشȷ˵롣
Եĺһ͡Ǽֵҹʮ룬Żϴ˯ΪԼе͵ˣû뵽֪ĺͽױ˯û硣
˵ʮ˰Ľٻÿ϶ҹ˯
֪һѧϰȾ꼶һٻһùܱöǿ
Ϊ˼֪ĵǱʡһивһλѧλѧһȫѧһȽһѧ˸пγ̣ͻȫѧһȽѧμȫѧѧӪڹʰƥ˾ȡɼʡһΪֹѧ֮һ
ϸλѧ֪ģιְ೤ѧĲж󣿡
֪δڣն˵֪ĺѧǲͬˡ֮ıȽϣû塣
׵ⷬ˵֪ĵĿϡŽתһȦףҲμӹʾһӲμѧʦֱͦ˼ģÿҶɳӣ˵˹ѡֶǿǿŴǣ
׺ͶԶ˵ѧʦĬֱӱ̬ѧʦҸʲ𡭡
һ٣˵ְ೤꣬Ҫһصһս״̬Һǿǿ֣¹ʹھǵֱӡʡһеݵУ¼ϡ
̹׵˵֪ĲͶӡ
ѧȫھšտѧǶʱ䣬ż佭ף֪ĶԴ˼¡Ϊһʮߣİ೤ҲܵŶԵ棬ѧϰԣɴຬ˵ԣȿһȽɡ
̧֣֪ĵǰһῼһȽ
֪ΪƣȻ׵ȻῼһȽ
ע⵽֪Ķ̬ȣͶԽ׵̬ȽȻͬ⾿ΪʲôأһѧڿѧƵ֪ʾã֪һ㶼ǿػӦ
ڳһʮߣ֪࣬겻ȫһ׺ѻϡȫڶĽΡԳλӰ༶ģߵ壬ǰļλͬѧͬ
ԺѡһͬʱѵǱ
Ѹߺһˣ۵һ磬Խ֪ĺͽס
֪ĸѣǰѽѽ
һǵ̣Ȼ񱼣Ьײأײաľ졣ܳԶһξ룬ѻڴЦǿԣʺϿ񱼡
۵ʱ򣬲̫Ҵꡣ
֪Ц죺Ҳš
ѧĳһƬɿֵķΧп
״ʮֵľҪѳһԺͶĿȫУҪ֪һμѧʦȻ֪ĵֻᱻӡʡһеУʷڡ
ǣԾһݵԾδ·ϵһԽʯ
׼Ϊרע±
Ľ˼·ͨ裬ʼⷢϵġɳɳ뿼ԽʮӣѾдһ⡣ûǰϸѡգһ顣
һγ֪Ĳһ
̧ͷɨ⣬Ȼ֪ĵӰĽңվ˱ϣͷŰƮǳɫա
׼֪Ľ糿˵Ļ˵еʯ貣һ۾ܿ
*
ѧĳµ׷֪ĺػ˸ʸǳһʮߣ֪࣬⣬λͬѧܲμӸ׾߷֮һ
ʦٴǵ
ʦѳһ꼶ʮ߰ʮ˰ĺȫһÿһЩѧѵ
֪ںټѵʱûչȫʵ·ݵѵУֻҪʦ֣ͻεطɿ⡣ͳһ꼶ѧԲһˮƽϡʦ츳æĿ
ǿõһ죬ģϴڰĶ
ʦվһҵĽ̨ϣһֱߣָڰϵһ⣺2001ĸѧĵʮ⣬漰һĳʶǵʦûиǽ裿
ٻ۾֣ѧ裡
ʦ΢΢סԽٻ۵ӡܲʮ˰Ľٻ۷ǳ̿档۸öôѵܰʱɡ
ٻۻüǺűѧҵĵһҳдһ䡰ʼް¡ʦѧϰ̬ȡ
Ҳٻۺ֪ĴϵĲ죬ڷȥֲһݲ㡣
ʦڴؽǴҶԿдһ¡
䣬֪ľ͸ʦдˡ
֪ĵλڵڶм䡣ͬǽ׺ѡٻ֪ĵǰ֪ĳһ룬ٻתԴʵǲǼ⣿֤⣬Ϊʲôֻдһӣ
֪סݸֽı߽ǣذѲݸֽסԼҲס˽ٻĿ⡣Ḻ̌չڽٻ۵ǰ
ʦ½̨˫֪ĵĲݸֽɨӣָⰴסֽҳһŲݸֽ඼۳һۼʱƺúǽϹӵǰнĸλʦ˵֪ġ
̧֪ͷʦ
ʮһ꣬ǸСѣʦȴ¶ۣ֪ģ·ݲμѧĸͽŲμӸɣҰϵоʦѧоⲻаĲСϸо࣬лõ֮ǰиѧƣһѧ˸ݣͻ˸ѧһȽһֱ꣬ڹѧĽƣϸ߶˳ر͵˱ѧѧԺ㿴·ӡ
׷ʵ֪Ӧȥо𣿡
ʦ룬Ǹѧû֪ĳڶҲܲμӸ֪ģܹ˾ƣжҪʱֱӾͱˣλѧһ
֪ûͽ׶һ
ǽѵһߡײֱܿӣиӼᶨ֪ģҪ¸ǰߡ
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺֪ĵĽĸоѵѧĺСʮһ

ֹ¸ǰ152۷л


Խѵ

֪߬Ÿֱ, ˵ͬͬѧ
׻ش𣺡㲻Ƕͬѧ
ʦǵĶԻ, Ȱ֪, ĹǺ, ʦסԭиѧһ, ϵͬѧ, ̫С, 棬Ҳ, ˾޴ѹ̸, ۣѧҵһء
ٻͻȻ˵ʦĻԹűˣԼ⡣
ٻֱͦ, ˵ǻƽ, ǿִֵľȾĹ, һͲεĺѧ
һſհ׵Ĳݸֽа룬ʦԸԸ͵о࣬һջᣬ֪հǰ˺ԥԥ
ʦ̾˿ٻۣð̬ƽ, ȣԼ΢һЩ
ٻ۱졣˫һգգضһо⣬ֱ̣ժ۾Ĩ˰
ʦؽ̨ΪϿΡϵͳԵһſ㡣֪Ĳɡ֪Լʲô
ԺŻҵġ͵ķ˼
ݴļУᵽһ飬unstructured informationĿɷΪǽṹϢ֪ľãԼһй̶ʽݿ⣬ڱǽṹϢţɿжϡ
κ󣬵ʦ֪ϸǣ֪ڴӦˡ
ճһʮߣĿγ̱ĵÿΡʦո뿪ңԾߴٵ߰ ȥٳΣ
׻վ׵˫ִ·ڴĬظ֪ġ֪ĺͽһǰһٳ֪̲סߵףȥμӸоǻõѡ
һֱףȴί
˼㽭ƴȫѧϰ֪עܱͬĲԸԽԽԶҲͣ
ǣ˵֪Ĵ
֪һ˲ϵػش𣺡졣
ʡһеУ԰ڣϤ̽桷ϵˣֻ˱˴˵ƺڶ԰һ
̤ܽܵƽ˵֪ȥ̽һµ򣬽ɴȷ֪ǿϣҵҪĶ׺֪ûзֻֿǣִ˲ͬ񡣡
Զݵ񡣡
֪õġ
֪ĺͽԶǺѣԶֿ
ԣ׸͵֧μӸвѵ
֪ʹͷף´οԽԺԺͬǵĺšһصеİ༶ϿΣһĸҲûͬ
лĺ⣬ͬȥвμӼѵʱ򡭡
֪ĽӹĻ⣺ȥвμӼѵʱҵλͿˣûͬˡڸвѵ죬һ˹شϰ졣
ƣûϵҲ⡣
ʦһʮߣͬѧǴæϡ·ݵĴȻģȴвٳ硣ʦŴһ˶˵ϹأȦٻصϿΡҪпĿϣŮȥܲɣ͵
һʮߣίԱв䡣ʮ꣬˸ν˶ίԱְλģرϲȫͬѧڲٳϡ
ʦ䣬һܵ
Խڲĺ棬һ׷һߺ䣬ܵô죬ûˣ
ſ˫ۣƽƣһܻŷٱ۵ĸо΢΢˫ۣ¶ޱɫԣۣܿ㣡ңˬˬ
ܵ˹ƻ˫Ŀͬ쿪ֱۣŵ׺ݺ͵һ˾ͷ·ܽܵɣԾտա鳩غˬˬ
Ի˵ףѧҵĶ
װ⣺񾭲
׾Ժܽȼ֮˵һԣֻԲСײϲĺ󱳣Ƕ˵ڵˤ˸ࡣ
ȻǶûˣǣʦִϢֻɵһһɫĺϣͬͬѧܡϡԡ
ʦѧŽѵѧ2ҪΪȫͷ
ѿһףһë˫סܵĺĺǿʹȫһϡ
ûûεطЦ
ѳü˸ͣС
ҪȴһסĴסԵļ򣬷ȰʦϣҶˡ
ԺͲг仰Ȼܣò俴Ϳ˶ࡣһƷλʦͽе˽׵֡
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һλŮʣ֪ĵĸʲô֣
һλŮ˵֪Ҫɡ
仰ǼŮƮȻȥˡεӰֻһſڣӰ䵽ذϣڸһƬ׵Ĵשж࣬ж෴С֡
ʣ֪ĵĴڣΪĳӰû֪߹ࡣ߾ȫغÿֺ֪һͬѧΪϣѾļޡ
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֪ĳ֣磬磡
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鷢չһ·ˡǵڣͦ޳Ŀ⡣꼶Ů΢ľ̾˵ۣһӣԹԵ
ڣѸְ೤ĸǶǵΣұ񣬼աǨľ籾һ飡
ڡǨ飬Աķװȫǽṩġ׵辭Ӫŷװҵ񣬲ȫзװƷ꣬Щչ˶г
ȻǵĳԱﱸбƷṩȫͬѧͬѧȫõİѵĿֻ֧ҪƵرܵߣزñ
ǵλãΪ˶ԵͷŵˡǣڡǨľڲ׾ľذͬѧ׵Ĵ˺ԶΪȷʵǵĲ֮ѡ
׵ĽɫǳҪһ˷ǡڡǨ1906꡷׶Σһλ׷꣬顰˽ĸڡǨ2006꡷ľУ׾һУʷݵͨѧ⼸λԱһ׷ѰѧУһķչ̣ӡСϿ¼ı仯
ΪܵݣЭ׽ɫ
ȻѾȣظߺǴӵһĻĵһСڿʼһ飡ԣұ㣬㲻Ҫˣ
Էٵط籾һҲʣ
һĻʽ
ڵ߷Χһ̨ʣʱıĵ塣
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֪ĳ磬㿴ȫ飬ٷۡûг1906ꡣϷص㣬ѧУĴϮʱıǨ뷢չĸĸ塣
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ȻУ֪ĴСǸ辫ǸסͲֵĽСݡƢ󣬲ǡһμһȺͬ˵
֪֮ס˳ӡ
ƽľؼϷ
һλڸ˼ҵŮӡѧã־һǻֻĬĬĽھӼĶӡ
׾һ̵Ķӡ
ǽ׵ʦΪˣûоƬԲ۾Ҳ峯ĩرͬ
ίԱãǶϷš
ȻúͶûκνӴûκθƬΡһȱϷޡ
Կ֪ģ߹ϵһŮӣĪҪѧá
֪ļȾΣۺᣬǳϷػش𣺡νϰ
ĺԺϰǺԺʦרóƺ峯ĩ꣬ٹ˰ѧãʽѧеʦҲΪϰϡ
ԣ֪ĶԶԺһνϰӦǻԭһʷɡٷǳš
ؿ֪ϵı飬ɵ֪̾ݣ츳ðд籾ʱŮǵȫֳˣҪĶˡ
ٽԣ֪ݵáһ٣ȴ˵ײ˵򡣡
ֹǲһ
׾һľ׮ڶԵԡһƤңݼû
׼ų̂ʹס̨ʣϱ顣
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ǵĽɫֻᱳ̨ʣ
ǲҵ⣿ٲһɣôĺѧΪʲǫ̂ܲʴ⣿Ѳɣǵľ籾дòУ
Լ°ͣһ̵ĶӣӦǱɫݰû˭ļҾݲã˸ݲá
ٸ͵ѽǮ
Ѿȣͣ
ԱĶͣˡ
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ͣͣ£Ѵϵ֪ģôܸԼ̨ʣ
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֪ĸͬѧǣס飬Բǡ
˽׺֮ˣΪֻ֪ǼȽϺãͨҪǿôһ㡣
ǣ֪ĵıǳԾЩĹ̨ʣҲǵһֲڱʵʱ˳һǡ
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ˣˣ̫ʹˣУ컹û꣬ٽŸ

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վ̨ϣ鲢ïؽܵ2006, ʡһгһ꣡ʷ, Ǩ, ʮߣͬѧΪǴһͻĿǨ
̨ĵƹ, ״ݵصǳ
ĸ徵ͷ׼˽, ĻʾòжԽϯȻð, ۹˽׵ͷϡ
泯ڣ״̬ʮȻ
Ա׸Ⱦ, Ϸʽѧõʦ, Ҳ̲ϷӡһѽߣǽϵĻ̧ͷ֪, ӹ͸һɽ԰
֪Ŀ, վѧõſڡѾ, ΪԼȡᡣʽһؿУš
θŭΣˮ̹ȻץһֽԼ¡
׾ܾƷԻһ䳰ȷֱ֪һֽ, 棺һ죬ŮҲܽѧãŮҲΪˣ
Ժˡ󡱺͡󡱣Чǳá֪ĵĺ˹ڵĶ䣬ǰһѧ鲻Խؿʼơ
֪ݵ̫ˡǡǨ1906һĻĺ
2006ֳ̨꣬˽׵ڵ߽׷Ӱһھǰʷ˥
ɫһѧһͬѧ磬˻Ȼ֡ṩĻᡢ̽Ұƽȵ硣
лĻʱԱվһţѧ˼¡Уѵ̨µУһվΪǹƣԺڵնʱﵽ߷塣
ʮߣİʦվڹϯĹϣٹԼѧͬǶڿس˵ϵѧд쾫
ƽʱʦһǫػشǣ죬ʦЦ崺磺ʮ߰ѧ˼άݣʵǿ籾ԼдģҶûôǡ
˵꣬ʦվֱ壬ͬĽ
ʮ˰İʦλϣһ˿۽ⶼû䵽ʦϡ
ʦ֪ʦΪУ죬ָʮ˰ѧһɫ塷
ɫ塷ǳһĿαϵһƪġƪĵǷѧҷʦͨɫ塷һ֡ذذȻľ뷨ȻǺܺáġ
ȻһϷ̨ϣԵòʡ
ʮ˰ԱǴɫͷףĵƹ·ģһȺÿɰ塣ȫЦһţûǽʲǫ̂ʡĳ˵ʮ˰ݳҲܳɹϲ緽ܸߡ
ʮ˰лĻ֮ԱǷ׷˳ժɫͷףպں̨ײʮ߰ľ顣
ʮ߰ľһ֧СŶһ£һ֪վĵش˸߲ҵ˵̫𣿹ڹƵжǶͬǵĹ۵㣬Уϲǵıݡ
ٻ䲻һ䣺Уѵ衣ʮ߰ˡ
ѱٻ۵üͷУҵ衣ôǵˣ費ܸʮ߰𣿡
ٻ̧һֻ֣סɫͷסʮ˰ڶͬѧվıʮ߰ԣû˼Ҿ˵ǲûбֵúܺá
Цˣһƿѣһͽٻ۳ʮ߰ݵòãʮ˰ɫжǿ
Իʮ߰ļλͬѧ͡Ц
ٻͽˡ컹ǰУ죬Ǹϲӣٻͬѧ̣ô̵ֱӷ̵ǰǸ籾ұ۾дһٶʲô񰡣ٻۣ
Լ򵥵Ӿ༶ĸҡ
Ժĺ̨˶ӡĻԱڸ߶֪ɨܣͼԲٻۣȻǰľ籾Ƚϼ򵥣ǣǰ˼ǳϣչѧഺ̨µĹڶЦúܿġ
һ٣֪˵ұΪ㲻μУݳء
˵ҪμݳҾˡٻͷף֪Ĳ
֪ŤͷңıӰ
Ȼٻۼʮ˰ıŶӣǣ޷뼯塣ʮ˰ͬѧǺٺһĬĬ¡ҵԼһ²ϣͳһӢﵥбڴϣ̨һѴľϡһƻ谵ĵƹ⣬촽¿ϣžϰӢﵥʡ
ٻ۵ļ;𺳵֪ġ
֪վԭأ˳ǰڷܿ̿ĽٻۡУٻ޹ءٻȫڹ¶Ƨ
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ڼҲ𣿡֪ĺؿҸڼرùǣҲϲϷرϲŲھԺĺ̨ʡ
ڼҡ
ţ֪ͷǳ
֪ĺͽվһϡٵĽ䡣׵Ͷȫڰ֪ЦһûüϵЦ⣬𵭵ϧ˵ڼΡ
֪Ľ˫֣㣬Ҳٻۡ
ȴ˵㲻ͨˡ
仰սڣ׸еһ˿졣Ȼ֪ĵǰƽ͵سԼһͨˡǰʱζ֪ģ֪֪һǿ
ڣʮһ꣬Ѿıˡ
֪ĸгĿŬͬѧӱ˵Ƕһġ
һֻ֡׹ʹҲ֣֪̺һơļˣպһƿݮ̡
֪Ķԣסֵ壬˲ݮ
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µףʡһеУԲ꼶ίṲͬУĿѡвһȽ񽱰༶
ʮߣġǨٻһȽУڹ㲥¡رˡǨĶ־;Ƕʱ䣬ʮ߰ͬѧУ԰·硣
УһȽСҲʮ߰ĽǰʦѧεʱЦúϲ£죬һ죬ͻȻ˵ҳһٷɡ
ʦŽ˵Ŀûʲô˼Ҳָ۰ͬѧܶΣұֵôáͨλˣ۰ͬѧӣȰѧϰмУа༶Ҵõһѧ
ʦⷬ˰ϵһЩͬѧ
׺е鱾ҲĿͶ˰Ρʱ˿̣֪ͬȥвμӼѵˣԵλǿյġ
ÿ֪뿪ȷʵеʧ䡣ܿԼ̬Ϊ֪һһڴ飬ӭĹĳ־ͳ˾ϲ
лҪ˵ҼҩˣQAQӸлл

ҿ˵ϲǨľ籾Ҵȫ֮дǨ籾΢ϡȻҪѡǨӡװԼĵͬͬѧ

¼Ԥ棺֪ĵĸ֪ĵĳɳڷգ籸սпõĸ

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Qualia

2006ľµ, ʡһеʦõ˸ѧʡһȽĻ֪ĵֺȻСŸʮһ꣬Ͷ˸һȽ
оͬѧϢе, ֻǶ֪ĳ˺档߶ļѧȥһ˳в, ԭϵһȺһ, ɵɵվڳʮߣĴſڡ
׾ǿҵʶŴǼλ֮ͣԥ˴
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֪ĸҪվ, һѳס½ǣǡ
λѧݣ֪ģ֪ģ
߳˽ҡ·֪ĵ, к֪ĺæ, ͬ˵ʲôҿԴΪת
׵⸱ͷ, Ǵְֵֺѧġ׶Խϼ鳤ӡΪܺõģµ鳤оֹ
߶ѧȴһָӵ۹Žס
ֹ˴, ѧ֪Ļ˸һȽ
ײδ¶һǰľȱ顣˽Ԥһƽʣûб𣿡
ѧǼĬ
һȽ

˫ִ¶һذˡ
ת߻سʮߣࡣ
¿պô죬һ, ѧǱܱߺϿˣϿˣ
ڿʮ߰Ρ֪׼ˮʱʡһŰֽ, ڴʦĽ١
ʦԸر, òʣ֪ϲʦ֮һʦովϽ̨֪ľͿĵغȫ
ڶͬѧߺʦã
ʦ΢΢Ƿλͬѧá̧֣һƳڶ󣺡ҰѿαڶԪԪѧҵġһȻ羰
֪ļɫˮʱʣ׺Ȼðһ䣺֪ģǸʡһȽ
֪ĵͷҿҪȥμȫѧѧӪˡ
ɼǰͬѧлμȫѧѧӪӪеٮٮ߽ᱻѡΪҼѵӵĳԱ, ڹʾո¶ͷǡ
Ϊľ֪ͣġ
֪סʣաɳ̲µĴεӳԹʡǦɳ̲ϹճΡ˵֪ĺͽס
ںʲô
֪һҧ͸¶Ҵûȥߡ
׻ûӦ֪²˵ףҳˣһȥ档֪ʲôĻ𣿡
׺ޱϲĦС辭ϴ磬Ұְֻͧȥ桮·ǵ
·ǵ֪˼
׽͵·ǵǷļٶͧƶʱ򣬼ٶҲڶѼٶС㣬˹ҧ
ͽһ㡣ֱ֪׵رԸ
֪һ㶼֡˵ʲôֱ˵ˡ
Ѿϰ֪ĵ·̯ԼĻֽһСֻˡֱ߱һϸߣƵߣ֪ġ
֪һŻֽף쿴쿴ҵ㣡
ıʼɿعֽҳһʯ״
˵ҿˡˮƽһε㣬͵ʯ㡣
֪ޱȽ
֪ĳϲΣ
ŻֽͲ״ݸףʯ͸ˣס
۾պ˵ġ׾ûȥĻòƾܵллҡ㻭òԼš
֪һָǰֻôһ㣬ͻõĺ󱳡
֪̽ףĲҪֻð͸ǰŵͬѧˡҲôŻϲġ
֪ľһжԸףδʧֹ
Ҳ⡣
׶ʯĻһ仰û˵֪ȴֲ֧ڡ۲ռǡдԽģԽ֪˼ʲô
Ƴһ֡׼ʲôû룬ǣֱʮֲ԰뵽Ĭľлץһ̯ƽֽţµáֽҳۺ۱ܿʯı塣ֽڲļв㣬Ǯֻһ
ĵĽڿΡÿκͬѧǱ÷ѧؼҡһ糿ʦ϶Դ˵磬ҪȫͬѧȥʦʳóԷףʮߣٻУĿһȽ
˵ʡһеĽʦʳƸǼĴṩḻĲʽ㡢ζãԶԶͨʳõı׼
ʮߣͬѧʦȥ˽ʦʳá
ԭμһ칦ᡣǡǨǣ֪ǡǨŮǡ֪һϲصȥ˽ʦʳãײ˼䵥Ϊһ¶ŮǣֻܻͬѧĶ̤ʦʳõĴš
ʦλôΧһų¡һ΢˴꣬вͬǴ߾ʦϵѧ𣿡
ʦЦŻش𣺡ǰȫԷ
һλʦһ˾סʦļ򣬺ʮߣ࣬ǵʦ¸շ˽Ǳˣ㼸ˣǱߵĴʣǰ೤ȥ˼롣
ʦûֹʵ۰ͬѧϲʲôԼȥߵĲһһǼϲģֱӶ룬ʳð̱ҵ֣ͷҵϡ
ͬѧ˺ʳ
֪Ķһġ߶߶ɤضʳô˵㣬㣬ܸܲһեݮ֭лл㡣
ʳôʡһйˡδһλѧʦ㡣һ˵ʦẰ̡ͷö֪ĳڴĴĿ⡣һᣬһ׵ĲݮŽեһĲݮ֭
֪Сضݮ֭ŲλϡȻԱߡ
״һţڱԸ֪ǰץڱڿУǲһǣִӣзڱټĳһ飬˹ؽʳò̬ǳãǳšֱһȺͬѧڷǷеøڲͬ
֪ĵǰһݳһݮ֭֮ǰȺһллʦ
ʦڲԶ֪ĵЦ⣺˵иϢҪǣ۰֪ĻʡڵĸһȽȫʡֻʮһȽ֪ıѡʡӡϣǾյʽ֪ͨʮһ£֪ľܴʡȥμӹڵѧƥ˾
ʦ˵꣬ϵˡ
ʳڵƹӣƮ㡣СȻûζѵؾ׽ţķӿĿ񳱣̧ͷȥͬѧȴִ˵϶һƽľı顣
Դһţ̡±ӣǻմŰɫաɫ䣬ǿ򶨣֪ģʮһ꣬Ҫμȫѧ
֪֪ĺǿû뵽֪ôͽʡˡ
֪ĺܣһڲݮ֭˵һμӵġ
ݮŨȺܸߣرáҪʡսȫѧʡһеϲϽ`֪ĵ֡˵֪ĴԲִǽ׾ŵ캽Ա
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ڶһ磬ʦ֪Ľнİ칫ҡ
ĺӢʦҲ칫Ӣʦһλ¡ʱֵŮʦһɵˮζ
֪ģϲgratutions I heard you won the first prize
֪ĺMany thanks. 
꼶ʦǣ֪һȽʦ룬װһŽ״ŷ⡣
ʦ˵ϴγһȽѧУٿǮһθһȽѧУǧԪĽѧ¸»нίĽһȽ֤ʱû꼶ȸӡһŽ״ţ֪ģǳʮߣĵһ
ֽ֪ӹ״ŷ⡣
칫ļλʦ޲ڡʦޣֱ֪Ŀ졣
ʦͬǵǰ̹ȻԼĵ֪ģȰϵͬѧС̬꣬ûܹӰ졣㱣ѧϰ״̬˸о˰೤İʾãɲĹҲû¡֪ģʦǶΪ㽾
֪˫ֱԽ󣺡лл
֪ʦǵǰֵǫꡣ
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ʱ䣬֪ᵽﵱ꾭Qualia
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ȥͬѧֻܳݵʱ䣬һˣ˼ڤ롣
֪ĳ嵽ߣѧԾתͷ֪ĻһȵĿ⣬մѧԾ
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ãȴһ㽵, ڻ᲻һ⣿
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һ˸ѣ֪ôһ⡣㷿ȥ˯ɡ
𣿡֪ȴ˵, ѴддˣҾͻȥ˯
ȻܲӿС죿
֪ľںڵ۽Ϊʲôѽ
˵Ϊ˺þãżһ䣺졣
֪˫ֱС졣г󣺡Ϊʲô죿ȥϼȥϼֱҧҲĻ
緳ͷصļʣֱչֳӦһλʵ꣬ȻԳƣܶجΣ㶮𣿡
֪İСصԼı󣺡磬ܶйصجϱӻ᲻ϼһ㡭
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һ֪ĺԼ, ѧУʳóԷ
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ϵǣ֪ľܾз̸˵Լ죬ûгɳܹһԹýĵزھ۽ߣѹ
ʡһеУ̳棬Эý壬֪Ļ񽱵ֻУ԰Χڴˡ
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ˣȻסˣĴοǰé
Աɫһѧлμ·ݵĵڶּѵڽٴս2007ȵĹʰƥѧ
2007ȵѧʦڽĶµ׾С
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Ŵ濵һ߳Էһ߻ش֪ĵ⣺첻˯Ӱҿԡ
첻˯֪ľ㲻ͷ𣿡
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¶ģԷԵñƽʱһЩȻҵѡִڨǣ֪ӦúЩʲô̸ѧۣܻεľѹ϶˵ġ緶˽ѧ˼棬ûԸķ飬Ȼûһ
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Ŵ濵ָǰ˹ѡ֣һǼΪAlexandrov
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Ŵ濵ûԶŲ˵AlexandrovǶ˹ѧţϹֽģ㲻֪֪ģ
֪ĺٱֽ־ʦҲûиǶ˹ѡжǿ֪ĶAlexandrovû˿֪
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Ŵ濵ϾǸŵƽ佱ŵзӪѡ֣Alexandrovгһѧ顣
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ϵļλԱЩˡֶܽ˭ҼѵӪڶרַΪҾȷվķꡣ֪ЩڸAlexandroĹ
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ξǰⶼ̫ѡķˮ룬֪ĶҪһʱ˼ֵܿܳ˼άԤС
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֪ļǵ1998һƪѧϸֹ̽⡣ܵƪдԼĽ˼·ҽһС½ķΧ֪һдһ֪߰̾Ŵ濵ܲ뵽õĽ취ϣͨͬŬơ
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Ϊʲô˹ôȣ
ѵÿ˶ܿ
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λѶ˼·֪ĴͷΪƣ, Ӧõ֡
֪˵ʱ, ˹ѡô߾
֪ĸĿӢ޶ѣGreat! I am proud of you for finding su elegant solution.
仰˼ǣ̫ˣΪе, ҵһķ
Ŵ濵һ, ֪ĻYousolve all problems effitly. You are highly intelligent. 
Ŵ濵֪ܽĿ, ֿܴ֪ĸܵ˶Ŵ濵еĿųɷ֡ڶ˹ѡֵǰַʽޣڱ˴˹ѹأ
ֵϣ˹еAlexandrovŲһͣ
Alexandrov˶Ŵ濵
Ŵ濵Alexandrov
Ŵ濵ĸĸ˶ѣӶ˹һAlexandrovŴ濵Ǳ飬ԭ֭ԭζĶһĸ, ֻܷеĹʽͲͼ
ΪAlexandrov˵һ仰
վԭأAlexandrov΢΢ͷ
AlexandrovЦһ¡AlexandrovеЦ⣬εɫĴ󺣷
ԵĲɫȣҫλ˹ѡֵĽɫͷһƬǷĽεڿУŴ濵̬ͻȻ˺ܶࡣ϶һĵصѹ
ǰΪûд⣬ĶȫˣܸеĥΪȫѡ
ڣЩꡢǡŵʧˡλͬѧεıôǶˣáҺܸ˺ǳΪѡδٽһ¥
֪ĸ͵õġ
Ȼһӣ֪һ̴ܵAlexandrovǰ
Ŵ濵ûӦع񣬾ͼ֪סAlexandrovȥ·Ӣλ˹ѧŴڨ
ֱ֪׳һͼ⣬Ŵ濵֪˵Erdos colboration graph֮ĵʡŴ濵λѶܾȡǵӡУ֪ĴӲƱˣΪʲôһ̬أ
ʵϣ֪˶Ŵ濵
֪ĵĽǶȿֻŴ濵AlexandrovһۡȻŴ濵üͷ̾˿˼״ΪAlexandrov̼ĶѣҪһسӡ
Alexandrov߳һ׾š
֪ͷӺᡣ
Alexandrovںˡܿͱ𾪡AlexandrovĶ̫أڣÿһӢﵥʶŨŨĶ顣ٷǳ죬ԵתٳԱĽȡ֪÷£ֻֻܴƬھѧ˼ά
ôǣ׿ڹڵĶӪҲǳͬѧǳ̿ͬѧÿһ˵츳չڲͬĵطûбҪ໥Ƚϣֳӡ

֪Ļ̲סAlexandrovһ¡
ģAlexandrov˵ٶȣһ㵹ŴѧۣٵӢʻеĵʷ·һAlexandrov¶һı顣
ȻὲӢǣƺ޷ͨˡ
Ŵ濵εЦЦ֪ĳƪۣ֪߳ѶڹЦһλʵ֪ģҪAlexandrov̸ͼ⣿гǱ飬ͼ۷İ
֪Ҳ֪ղΪʲô֮
Ϊ˹ȫԱڳһȵӡ֪ľ̽һ£ǲȲʤȯ
ճɼǴʦһ
֮ǰŴ濵һȥĹһ䡣
֪һͶǳȥ֣һּ˸署Ŀֲ¡ĳìܡ
ӣѧתذοʦһ·ʦڣ㲻£Ƕעⰲȫǣ㣬߶
֪ĺѧܲһֱǣң
ӣ˵ð
ӣ֪֣֪Ľǣס
֪Сʱ͸һ·ҲѧһչһйǶĵŨŨİȫС
ŶͬѧƺƵسǰ
˹ǵ׶ҲǱǴʦĶСŴ濵һ˹ָϡԸµس䵱ҵ򵼡
˹صĽֵϱ˲ٹϵĽһ͵ĸоֱߵķͿһƬͲڵ˲õ⣬ο֮£վƿֹС
ʦڷ
֪ʵǿԳһЩǵļҳ𣿡
ӣܣѡһֵĵ档֪˹ȥ˵Table fht please.
ǵŶһа˸ˡʽԱ油ԱλʦԣӣҵһŴӣպǰ˸ΧһȦ¡
֪ϵ˵ǵķʽвͼ׻ûǡ֪Ҫȫд޾ϸطס
֪ĵһΪ Sarmale cu mamaliga si atiĲˡŴ濵˵˰ŨǷ֪Ƽ
̲˱ʱ֪İͲס棬ֱһ㳦ϡϰʹõ棬и㳦Ķǳб׺ݣɰ
·ĵķòͣҰʰһֻ㳦ɿ״պ֭Žᶨһҧȥ⣬ζ
ó𣿡ӣ
óԺóԣ֪ش
ӣЦķأ
֪Ľﻰķóԡؼңְ͸硣
֪ĵĶ̶һ仰˶ǵ˼֮顣
ץʱ䣬ȥΪ˺ѡ
20071·ݼŷˡǵĻҲŷԪǱеġLeu romnescķΪ
֪ĳ֮ǰйжһ൱İٿǮ֪ĶԣİٿǮѾһʾ޿Ҫĸ硢סλʦͬѧָƷۻңӣѧĲı
һЩʵֺÿĶװùĹҡ
صƵ֪꣬ϴ˸裬ڴ߹Ϧ
ϼɫһ𣬽õļⶥƣԶһеС񶼷ɻسˡ֪̲ס룬ʱ򣬰ְ͸綼˯ǻڵ
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ǵǣ֪ĵܷһ˹ѡAlexandrovС
ˣ֪Ҳýơ2007Ψһھʱ˶ˡAlexandrovпܱΪһƪйصģ൱Ѿǰ֪˴𰸡Alexandrovǵһܵۡڶݵʱڣȶ״ַ̬Լơ
֪Ŀʼ˼ľ̬ǲںӮģҲںĿĴ𰸡ǣ2007ȵǴʦϣֵؿؽ˼ѧ֮
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Ķǣ֪ĵĶѡ
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ܱĲ߲ӦñѾ߾ȫȥˡɱһ֡緶
֪˼ǰижڻس̵ķɻϺĶ˵αõһ˴ҵЭƣ˴Ҹĺˮһúϧġ
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ػصУصİְߣȲش䣬ϸѡøְ裬ͬʱһļ⣺裬ڹ裬϶Ҳҡε裬졣
سƺ辫
øջؼңúø
ְʱر˳С̫ûŮˣŮմӹʱû˼֪ĳһܣĸĸû˯һþ
֪Ĳְ֪һܵ״Ķ²˵ҸһְһñӣһڲʵһǣȥѧУѧͰǹָʦͬѧ
ϲ֪һʽ򵥵跭ȥؿ˺ü飬軹֪ģⶫǮ󲻹ǳԵô˯ôûԼɣ
֪ĳʵ˵Һͬѧȥ˼У˺üÿ춼Աˣ˯ͦõġҲϲ;ɻڷɻ˯š
ǳôСܣ϶۰ɡĴ׶ ϸϴģˣ̫ɹһ硣ȥϴ裬ϴ˯ɡʲô͸˵ܳϡ
֪ƿԼţķǳɾ࣬δ뿪һӺͷ̫ůڵ¡ǲ̫¶ȣҲǼҵ¶ȡ
֪ϴһ裬ϴƣۣǲɢһСϴͷŷոպۣķţ֪ġ
֪ԺػӦʲô
˵֪ģСҡ
֪ץӣסԼԴûС졣
߽֪ĵңվĴߣ㣬ߵľƵסһܣôܱĴסͷ׶ǸɾģҲϴˣġ
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֪ĺͿشӱְ֣С콻˸硣ˡ֪Ļûʶﲻԡʵ̫ˡڷɻϼ尾ʮСʱûۣڣϤĵطϯԺ
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ƽ辭ϴС졣һΣеϴر·ڴﻹװ֪͸ǲʵ
֪ĸǲʵǺѲʵ͸磬ϣк˳ͨÿһοԣÿһ춼֡
һ߻֪ĵĻһĸԸشϴ졣׼ȥ֪ʰĶúù
˿ܣŲˮ裬ˮĽϡ֪ĵ磬㲻𣿡
Ȼ̧ͷ㲻˯𣿡
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ҳˣϾˡš̨ˮͷֱӳϴС졣
֪ĸҪֹ̨̤ȥɣؽšϳĺܡ
лл硣õĸ硣֣ص˵
ﴩŽЬ˫ֽˮ³ƫͣ紩ķ϶ᴵĲͷˮлһ롣δӦֻһֱƽͳ˵ˣƶ죬ȥ˯ɡ
õģҲҪϢ֪ĴӦ
ô־죬Ȼ䣬ͻذСϴ衣⾿Ϊʲôأ֪Լ˼һɡΪ֪͸ش
ʵϣ֪ڲʵ
һ͸˸硣
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³ʡһеУ԰˾ͺ׻ֵдšףУѧ֪Ļ2007ѧʦ˹ھһȽ
֪ıشӺǰ·
꼶ͬѧԼ˳ƺΪѧ֮񡱣˵ǡСЩŵĳƺŶЦˡڳвĽѧ¥ڱܣܽ˳ʮߣࡣ
糿ߵ룬ѾУˡԵλǿõġ֪ĺԥߣһֺЦף
һ¡ľߺкͽ̲óϣµػӦ֪ġ
֪Ĵӿڴͳһǲʵָƶǣòʵ˽׵ǰ
˵ףҴǸֲʵźʵһ˵ǸڵһҲѵĴ졣ϣԶкԶڴɨδ
Ҳǣסһöʵδ
ƺ֪͸ѲʵŽľߺʱʱó档ָ˴ʵһöشת
ͬѧˣҪѲʵһ棬ϴʾܾҵ˺öɣ֮ûһλͬѧܰѲʵӽ׵дߡ
ʵְ֪ǴʦĽʱ¼ݸ֪ġ֪ҲԼıӷŽĳ
ǹȻûзֿ֪ıסʼǱ֪Ĵȥصһɴϡ
׷֪ĵμǣϵ֪ܽĴ̽գջ˽ƺ͸ڲʵ
ҿȥ𣿡֪ʵ
ԡ׸ǳ϶Ĵ𸴡
ԭΪ֪ĶǴʦĹھһ˻æòӰû뵽֪Ļ֮Լˣ֪Ĳܼס顣
ϸ¿ʼ׾׼д֪ġµ³ǰ͸ĸк轨Ҫ֪һˣôϱͬѧѡл飬û˵ʲôȴ˵˼СǼǵš
װĻת֪ġ
֪ĺͽʶˡϸ۲׵һһУ˵ʵǳƷͷȡ
ˣ糿ĳСſڣֻ֪һˡ֪ı߶߶
˵ҺͰְ轲Ҫȥͬѧ棬ְ趼ͬˣûи߸硣µҪ棬һ׼ҳš
ûϵ˵ɵĺܣҲûʲôӡ
תƻ⣬̸֪Ǵʦ֪µĿϸڣ׸˼·һͬ˼ѧ֪䣬Ǿ͵ִ˽׼ׯ԰
һ³ţ֪߳ͣ
һ糿ׯ԰̲𣬷ƽ֪һ׼棬δע⵽԰׳߱߿̾ѣףҵĻ԰Ư
ľɫá׿͹۵۵
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԰԰ڹǾ޼ľʮɵ״֪ĻܣĿϾӡ׻ǰΪ·˽˲ݵſڣסһš֤ͨʽеǰһ
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̨֪ߣһ, ĸ׺컨, ܰڷŸߴĵ, ڳŸʽƷͣ½Ų, ĬĬع͡
վ, һ˵Ա
ָ֪һֲֻڵľ, ĵʲôŶ𣿡
Ҫڣ֪飺, ȲҪ, һ¡ҿܶŶ飬ҲܲЩݺ
׾ؿ𾢵˵һԲµ
׺Цˣȷ
㲻𣿡֪Ķ־
ײ, ˿һϸ۲, Ҫǲ¶ˡ
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׼ֱʮʮİա΢΢̧ͷˬشӦû⡣
֪ĴʮֵľȫλǼƾɵĲƷ
Լļ䣬ھϸڣ¶ֻۣľ룬ܿԷ޵һͳ䡣DiscoveryƵϿƵĶ, λ̽ռȥ˷޲˶ľͷ룬״ûף϶ķ޲ƷǻΪ˷һֻڽִģвĻֵľ롣
үү롣׾
֪Ĵһ𣿡
ϸϸͣүүڶ⣬ð˱غڰĹư豻һԼ֣˸ľ롣С͵šľڵϣֳ춯ųҷܡ
үүξ֪ĵռ䡣
֪סүүӰһ
ѱ棬˵˵Ļһġ
֪Ŀ޵ףоֵѧϰ
֪ʣүүĳأڶȥ
ȥˡ׳ʵתүүĻ
֪ܽҶˣǼ徫
׵ͷ˾ܵļ徫񡣡
֪ġЦ档
ڹ⻬Ĵʯذһ·Сܣܱߺʦʦʦ˵ʦ㿴ԣ
ΪʲôҪģ¶ԣ
֪ͷΪ档
ʣģһˣ
ԣ֪ƣҪģ½ס
ײ֪ΪʲôȻеšһյ֦εƵ·Ĺϣʹһλʳ˼̻͡
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ײû
֪ܵǰֺס
ٴתһ
֪ƶطҪ˵ȴģңҲ
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֪һһתȦȦ㳯һҶתǰ̫ҾˮǡǵҾҵĹת𣬽ף
׷ʣΪʲôϲתȦ
Ҳ֪֪Ļش𣬡Ҳ֪Ϊʲôϲȥٳϵܡ
Ȼͣ˼Ҿ۲һһ
ȵĽһǶǵķ¹ͭ
Ƴһ۾ӣ΢Լ½֪ĵٶ𣺡ʱҿԲ³뷨ڣעǱΪ뱣һõ״̬ҹ۲졣
׸ƽڵĶһ١
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״ᴩȡһ룬һȷš߽һ䲻۵Сӣݶĸ͸͸磬߱óһһǽ
֪Ļܣ˼㱡
϶үүġָ֪һ
ռĵƷ׽ܵ
֪Ķ˲ǰйͳֹƷ
׶ԱߣͳգƷ
ӵĵһڷһɽˮ羰ʯ񣬵񹤾տɡɽΰ׳ۣȻɣɫĺˮԣǸձһ紵

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ķţȻץšձΣ֪ĵİ¿ǰδеĺóɼҽʡһивǿ༶˿иҲԤϰпαΪ˳ֵ׼㿪ʼڴУ԰
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лҪ˵ճˣһҪˡ˫ȭ

¼Ԥ棺֮ 飡Сܵĳ 


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[1] Alberghi, S., Foschi, A., Pezzi, G. and Ortoni, F., 2007. Is it more thrilling to ride at the front or the back of a roller coaster?. The Physics Teacher, 45(9), pp.536-541.

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¼Ԥ棺2008´ףּҵĲ֪֮ͣĵĸܼģͣٵս

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ڳεһࡣƫͷ֪ĺͽףЦЦ, ɿ֪ĲͣǮɡ
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ѸڶԵı󣺡ιԣû˵һҪ棬Լϡ
ǸԳеˡһ¥Ʊ۾λ
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׳һӣ룬Ϊһ׻ţ⽴ʱĻŭţҪһζ𣬻ζ
һǡͺ֥飬ȣٵһСƷ˵պϣȷһʧŰֻ뻹
лл㣬ף֪룬жѣá
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ñֱʽеصȴͺͽںһͷһСһСڵԳԣǺȻһֺҸ˵óԡ
ǰһ޿֡
ڣ̾еζףҲԡ
׾ܾҲ
֪һ˫ˮƯ۾Ϊʲô
ΪҲһ޳
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ʮ߰İ೤עʮ߰ʮ˰Ľ棬ȻҲ֮Сظһݣ֪˼ԭ
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֪ĺӣԶΨһõѡ
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˵ĻǶһ޶ġ֪ġ
֪йӨȻһָƶԼ룺Ƕһ޶֪ģΨһõѣôףɲٰҵһպϣлл
ȫûƴǡӹ֪ĵ룬Ҩһ׻Լˡ֪Ĵ׳һʲôҪ˼ܾ
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ڼûΪ˲ˡչ֪ĵķʽӹܼԭⲻѧġԼûĶԾͳЦףԼ˰ɡ
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Ϊʲô֪ĦӦöһġ
λࣺͬʱ͵ص㣬˵ĸܻ𡣡
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ƽһ䣺׷ҰСҼ̳ˣŲţԶ
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֪ס̣ڵ׷ɱԡΪ߸˴󲿷ͬѧӡһ·ԽԽԸߺң˭ң
ίԱԽ鲻æϵͼԣְ೤˵ԣԭ¶԰ɣ
ÿ֪ͷвȻһײ
䱻֪ĵסŵæӴܡŲȵ˵ףƲ˶ԡ˵ԣҾˣ飡
䣡飡Կߵ
ƳһԲΣҪ˦֪ġ·ħ˹ϵһֻϣӲ֪ĵĿƷΧ֪Ĵסᣬֱײܾ໡ؽһ
ΪԽշ̣Ҫһ˭֪ͻȻ˹ԾȵŤͷ㲻û׷ɱң
׹׷ɱ㣬Ҫɡ
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ѣúݵģŭһܵеù׺֪ĵϽɱܿ죬Ƶ·ߣֻܾͶˣǱ׷ˡ
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˾ĸ磬ҲǴʷĵһѧ˾ʡǵһʦķᣬף缸һ׺ƽ㡣̽һңҲٹ֪ĺ
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踽͵أǼ׳׳ɰˣҾţ֪Ҳܳһ㡣
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˾˿ɳŴƤЬŲ輸һȣĿˣ90ƽҼˣ260ƽСɳĻҪġҰĽӵҼңһõĻ
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λվӸž˾裺컹ҵҪʱܺгˣȥҵˡ
ߵһ룬ۻ֣ҵһҪţȻһⶼд
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֪˼״ԵʱҲҪŰְ͸硣
˾˺;
֪⸱ӣʵںֲ͡մߡ
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ĲΪ˹Ӷһѵļҽ
֪סﻰ˵Ҳ뿪ҵļҡ
üֹסϹֱۣĴһߣڼ֪ĵļҾ
֪ƿ裬ԹԵ߻ңžһؽš
ԴӻǴʦĽƣʡһо͸֪һʽ𣬻һ̨ԡ̨ԣͱ֪ĵ
֪Ϊ˾ûȤܿͻˡʱ仨ھ˾˺;ϡ򿪵ԣÿչ˽ʼĸб
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һʼĩһѧУ
֪ĴӦõĺõģ
֪ĳѧںȫŵ
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Ĳɵ̤ţպú;˾ˡ˸档
˾Ѿ׼ˡѽּҵšһ䣺ҼҸʲô
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豧ž˾˵һֻ첲Ͽ£ۼҵĳͣҶۼҵĳˡ
ǲͣڵԪ¥𣿡˾ָۼ׿˹β886
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Ծɣ迿ʲôȥг
ֳһšбڼͷֱԼķ䡣
ˤܴ󣬳ľ˾ˣҲ˼֪ġ
֪û̵ָͣŵĻ˰죬Ȼ״һ绰ۺʱ׶Ϊ˼ʽṩõĽ顣
ץͲ˽׵ֻš
˺ܾãȻ˽
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ʱ˿̣鷿졣
Ѿһλѧп֮󣬱ҪСվǰ˵ҺְأϣȥϹʸУʡһеĹʰࡣְǽŴѧһѧԺרҵıҵУѵŮŴⷽй滮Ҫ׼
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[1] Dean, J. and Ghemawat, S., 2008. MapReduce: simplified data processing e clusters. unications of the ACM, 51(1), pp.107-113.

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ÿһͬѡ񣬶ܴͬĽ
ڳĬжȹ˼ӵʱ, ѧרҵְһ
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ڴӦܿԼδչ, ҲһԵڹ滮
ѧ˻롣ȻЩ, Լʺڻѧгڵ̽ʡһеľౣһõĳɼ, ΪһְļҽŶӡȫԼ϶ѧú࣬ÿ϶Ҫѧҹ
״, Ҫѡ񾭼רҵ˳Ÿ׵·, ǰ, һ׵İ취
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ڵĴ΢΢Ʈմ֪ĵĿ֪ڴ, תѴ£һ𣬴һ²ףҪ𣿡
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ﵽͬѧǵʶ֪ĺͽĿռȴȻˡڻͬѾδĳһķ档
ѧڻҪμϢѧ֪ĵͷҲ;˳Ϊѡʱ˳ˣǵŬͰ׷ˡ
ײʧ䣬æ˳һḶ́Ҫ¸ҵǰߡ
֪ɢſϣǰߣͻֿҲȥʸеġ
ױֱֱˣӦֱѧ
ȥѧ֪ƻĻ⣬ѻڵĸУʦĴѧͬѧУνˣоҺܸȤӼ㡣ʦкԸҵıƵʦ
ڴ֮ǰ֪Ĵδ͸¶ЩϢ
Ϊˣ롣֪ڿ϶ϴѧԣڲԼļƻ
֪ƺɳ˲١ʱ뵽ʲôͻֱ˵ʮʱȴùս׵̬׾һǧͿˡں֪ĵʵжǿԳɼжߡŲæ˵ҵоΪеˡ֪Ĵһ̶ߡ
סǲʵΰԤԼңջ񡣡
ţ֪ʹͷҲǣףһ죬ΪΪӡ
׺ֹ֪۵չű˴˵δ׺Ȼһ£Ҵ绰
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ǰŵԻ󲻽ʵְ೤ô
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΢΢ͷٶȳӢα
ϵһڿӢΡӢʦҪȫѡͬѧȥ̨ϱ顣ˣʮߣ֪ĺͽͬѧӢġ
֪ڶԽ׷ɧɤúᣬĵظܶǰ⹫رֻܹһӶ飬ͲѧˣѶĻø˾˾ˡȻҾ˾˿˴ѧ򹤸˾˼Ǯ˾˴ѧҵʦϵҵİְ衭ҸಡҪʾ˾˽Ǯ˾˾ͺǼҳ׶ˡҸɹȬˣ˾˲ԸӴ
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׼Ǵ𣺡ľ˾ȥסͱһûǹŮޡǶ˵İˡ
ǵģ֪˼֪ģʮµδֺܵıʮϵĳˣлаٷ֮ʮҲŲž˾˻ᱣҵİȫ
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󣬽̲סʣʡһѧ𣿡
֪˵ұСûãϲʡһС
Ʋ˾㵱ҽ̣Ǯļҽ̡
ţ֪ĺܷ߿˼
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ʱӢʦǡ߽˽ҡ
״Ӣαװһӡ
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֪ɨһۿģݲȵϽ̨泯ͬѧӢʦǳ˵Ǳģ֪ˮƽҪǡм𿨿ǰҸǽɣ˵ӢʱһһģǲòģȨʵĽʽ
ϼžӢʦɤӣ˵ףֵˣ顣
ϣһֱں֪졣ȫûαȻ֪ĸոձȫģǣֻܼסͷ仰ԼµĴݡ
վ̨룬Ӣ︴еĿġľӣͿαǫ̈̄ͬѧ˽Ӣʦһ仰ҲаɡǰѿڻͨԼĴʻѧãԼӢ
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ÿ˶ԼĹ滮
Сѧͳн׶Ϊͬ꣬Ѿһ֪ĸеҵ顣¸׶ΣͽϽȻͬĵ·ȻڡҪѡλϡ
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ϲ˵ҹôдġ
СҲ˵С֣ϲдꡣ
֪Ĳղԡ̱죬֨
ⳡʮʮһĵ㡣һң֪ľͺˡǿ񣬶Ŷụ̈Ļϲƶ룬C++ǼٵԣȻ̶ľ̬ṹC++ȱ㣬ȻϲC++ΪC++Ǽײܹһ
лҪ˵ֹ¸ǰ15۷УҾˣߵӸӸһ´ǧ
¼Ԥ棺֪ĵĻ¬Сܵİοٻ֪ͻ

⣬IHSPCϹģʵû

УˣСܲûзֿ޷ǾڱϱƣСڱϸУȻʿСͬһطƹ

СռǽѡұƱҵʱҵŮѲʿҵˡ


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ʱһһ, ϲ̵ָͣڵԼ֮ϡ
ϲǸϸĵˡдʱ׷󾫡ƫͷС, Ҫ߳Чʡ֪Ҳ廰ʱ, ֻλ, ϲ̺С̸Ȼ졣
ϲ̸оԼ֪ż˶֮⡣ЩھΡ˸ЦԾ, ֪İһ롣
֪ɨһ, ȷϲ̵ĳû⡣
ǰ, ָ֪ϲ̵ġַλڿ, ϲ̵˼·ȷġ֪ǸԲ, Ҹղ˵ˣû뵽ôдĽⷽȫͬ
ϲ̵һελáһύ룬һ߶֪˵Ͻ, о⡣ǴΡ
ϲһ仰û˵, Сָӣˡ
ϲ̺֪һ̧ͷ, ˢˢʾ
IHSPCһпϸıÿķʵʱµģҲǹ͸ġѡϴĳһĴ룬̨ͻж÷֡
÷۷֣ȫһ֮䣬Ҳһ˲֮䡣
ϲ̸ܵ˾޴ѹסɤɳƣǵдòԣ
ⱬһ, 7֣ʡһеһӴȫ䵽ȫʮ
Ŀǰ˹Ӻͺңңȣйļ֧ʡһвռκƣ֪ҽæ鿴̨ķ˵öַʾļϣλ4дһҲдûϸÿһд롣
ϲ̽üͷɢ꣬ˢҳ棬ٶȸ¡ʡһΪʮλ
֪ÿοԶ꼶һûʮĳɼеˡϲ̻޸ĵ⡣Сϲ̣𼱣лᡣ
ϲ̵ڶύ⣬ٶȱжΪError
Errorǡ󡱵˼ʡһֱ4֣»
Ҫϲ̸п
֪ĵϲ̵ֱ֣Ӷ̡ϲ̵ĳϣһɫȷϰťǣûErrorظ֣ʡһСγ䵽˵ʮλ
С֪ģ㽻̫˰ûд
ʱ֪ĲŰóµɡͶ˵֪ˣǶǴˡǰʦѵʱ򣬸ǳһ⣬ǵаٷ֮ʮƶȣ޶ȫͬ
֪Ļû˵꣬СϲѾں޸ġ
ǲԼͬر˶ͽ̬
ԽңԽҪԣֱѵΪֹ
ָ֪Ļɾɣ롣
νġ롱ָûбҪڵĴ롣
СָڼϷԾû֪ġСϲ̵ͷһ潻ٴύĴ𰸡һΣڳɹˡ
ټıڣ˸Ե̸
Ķ˹̸ЦĿǰȫһڵİɳǶ£һ߻ͼһ̽ŵ⡣
ش֮⣬ƮһƬʪմʵˮ飬ԽҰסԶ¥Ŷӳڰɫıһ⾳Զͻ
֪ˡ
֪Ľӵ˵һ̨ԣϲ̺ССѧϰ̡Сİְֺ趼ʡһҵԹ˾ĳԱ˵ǳڡԱҡ֪ӦõԼ״̬Ŭø
һ˼ǣ֪ĵһͷ϶ӣϲ̡
ϲ̴˱αҳ档ʡһڵʮĶ黹нϴƣչȥ˵ˣͭƶûϣ
֪ʣΪʲôԽԽˣ
ϲ˵˹˶ʮ֧顣㿴⼸Уȫǰ棬ӢѧУǡ
֪æ˵֪ҪôֻҪǰѵˣʡһеķͻģ
ôϲ̷ǸղǸ취
֪ķǳȷǵġ
ϲƸ˱ϵ۾Ϊ֪ĵ⣬д˵һã֪ĶԵĹ۸֪ڲݸֽϴһݣٰݴĳķܷɹ
Լˡ֪ĳʵ˵
ϲȴ˵ддҳֽҪ㡣ղύ⣬ûҺС顣ˣ鶪ķ֡
ִ֪ϼ̣ʼΪ֮ǰ·⡭ҷһĴǡ˳ɻĵȷͬһ£Ǽ٣ǵĵһӦ
ϲָż̡˼⡣֪ĵλĪ۾ժϣ̧ƣ͵ش˴
֪ĵ˵һһ׵ģϲ˵ķҡ
IHSPCϣɻ飬Ƕ໥ָ𡪡ϲ̽ѵСءȻ֪ƺףߣǾðʵ˵ҲûʲôҪġ
ϲ̷סͷ֪ģˣ
֪Ųһ룺ҽʮꡭʮ꣬Ͼʮˡ
ϲָָԼָָСǱüꡣ
ǵ궼ƽȵģ֪ʮ꣬Ǿʮ꣬Ҷ̬ͬԴ㡣
Сһʮ꣬Ǿʮꡭ
֪ļ£ʱýţҿõд𣿡
ϲ޿̣Ѳд𣿴˻۷֡ˣ㷸ˣѾҪʰ̯ӣʮҲöˣ
֪ĻӣԵܲܲҪҵ䣿ȷʵ᷸ÿ˶ֻ᷸ҪǰѴǶξġ
ϲ̱ҳ
֪ӽ͵ҿ԰ѵĲдǵǵݹָҪ۵ķд÷ŷҿûụ̈ҲдȻҽ룬ٺϸ͡˵дݸҲֽд룬ܳֻһû취ҵÿһ裬ΪעǼԾģ㲻ƾȥDebug
DebugǱָǡϡ
ϲûнӻ߾۽ʾ
ʡһеȻ»һ޹Ҷӣʡһеǰһλ
޶ӣ
ϲ̵ӡУһ鲻ĵһеļ¼ƬеΧǷ޲ԭʨӡͰֵرڳн˼𺳡
Ȼ޶ӣˡ
ϲȷ޶ӵѧǣճȫ᲻ᱻʨ׷𣬱ϷŪв
ʡһкóԺúȵؽѵʳôϤĿȻȲһ֧Է޵Ķ顣
ϲ̵ؿһϲ£ιܡǴʦĽƣμϢѧƵľʦҪ飬ԭĶѡҺǸˣѧĺѡʦǷ˵ʵǿܸɣ츳Уðɣͬӡ㻹Ǹǿķ֣ʵ
֪ϣŲһξ롣ϲ˵ˡ
䣬ϲ˵ǸĶԱѧĺѣ֪һ˽ס˭ѽ׵λüˣ֪һǳġ
ǣϢûи֪ģϲ̡СǸǺѣǳһѵĶѡ
ֻ˵ϲ̡С֪ģʺӡ֪ģԸ̬ܺãõ˹ʱѧơϲСӣ϶IHSPCĽ
֪ĵܵ䡣
ϲָ̻һα˵ٿһ·ָ߷֣⼸꣬޶Ӷܷǡ
ѾҴˣ֪ĿԽԽļ࿼ʦʶؽԼⱾһ¹ʣӦƽ̯գƽ̯ΪһŶӡ
IHSPC涨ѡֿСۣԴ
ϲ̵ɤ΢еӰѡ֡
ѡ࿼ʦʦͷʡһеĶ飺Excuse mecould you please lower your voice
֪ĻæǸSorrymy teammates and I
֪Ļû˵꣬ʦֹסĻThat is all right.
˵꣬ʦˡ
Сڽ䣬ûλ࿼ʦӢʴ֪ģʲôˣ
֪תʦС㡣˵˶Բʦشûϵ
ͻ״Ӷ֪ĺĶѶЩĲɡ֪Ļд⣬СԲˣ͵ɡ
ϲڵд⡣˺ü顣С֪İһݱ׼
ϵʱӵ÷ɿ죬ʡһеȥأֵĻءϲ̵ıһ㱡ĺˮȻشȷǣķʱϳյ÷ƫ͡ŻһַˡErrorû֣һʧ
ȶԼʣ¼ɸѡ
֪һֳʼʮ⡪ʮǱαѹ⣬漰ӵĻּΡּԭ֪ó֮һǣѧ˼άתΪԵʱ򣬶˹Ѿѵʮˡ
һ֧˹ӣպ֪ĵ档
λ˹ЦݣףʤǱȵڶλ㽭Ӹʮ֣ƺעҪѱαĽС
㽭һ֧Ӵѷᡣÿӳ㽭Ӽ֣㽭ֻ׷űƽ㽭ҧ˶˹ӣֻȶ˹֡
֪ĿŵĻĵΪͬǹľ㽭ͣ㽭ͣ㳬˹
ϲ̵㽭ˡЩԼΪʲô㽭ӡ
ϲͽ͵ˢҳ棬㽭ӵķ仯ϲ̸ɴҳصˡͶĿȴַµķ磬һأϲ̺֪ĵһ£СȴвͬĿС˵Ҫǰڣܻվߡ
λܡǸұɸĶѡ
ڵոԡ
ֹʱʡһƴ⣬Ρǵǵڶʮλһ뽱
֪ûиеѹìܱһ̣ѾԤϵ˽֡
ǣڻس̵·ϣϲ̺СڽǰһΡ˵α֮ԻôʧΪϵ״̬ѡ˶û֪ڵϷĴ
֪˽ѯϲ̣ϲȴ˵һСȷʵûסڶǰͰʱϰ氢ܽΧ
ǻصʡһУϢѧƵλһʹļ׵ӡԭεIHSPCʡһɼ
ȥϣʡһժͭơ
һΣʡһֻһ΢Ĳ뽱
֪ĺ֪ЩãȻ뿪в߻سʮߣĽҡڶ˹Ī˹ƵĲҰܾѴ˳꼶ʮ߰ͬѧţûһ˳Ҷ֪Ҫôο
֪İԼλ
ƫͷ֪ģ
֪С㲻Ҫˣһһ룬⾿أǲҵĲ̬Ȳ桭ҾˣҲҳܣ̫ᱻȡʸ񣬻ӰѧУһѡ֡Ҳ֪ô졣˵ķǲšǵķҲţ˺ҾͱñȽȽϵ䡭ѵڼ䣬ҶǺܺദģǵ˱ʱҵ̬Ҳˡ
֪ģ״Ļÿ˶ᱻӰ죬𡣡
֪ѧУһ컹ͭơ
ѧУһǰŮѧ׺Ȼ׳һ۵㡣˵ͳǹɣһɲ䣬֪ģǷǳѧ
׻䣬ԵĴ졣
֪ĵλϲڴߡ̧ͷ⡣
ٻ۱һʼǱվʮ߰Ľ⡣Ŀ⴩͸˲ֱ֪ĵ˫ۣ㿼˵ڶʮΡûŬɡ
лҪ˵ֹ¸ǰ152۷л

һ¾ߵ¼Ԥ棺𾪣꼶ؿʮ߰ʮ˰λӵ׵Ĺʸ׼


֮

ٻһִֻס, °̧̧ٴǿŬ
ʮߣ಻ͬѧ˽ٻ۵Ļ𽥰׺Ȼվ, ˵ÿĩ, ֪Ļȥͼ, ѧ
ԭ뽲˵鼮֪ʵڲ, Ҳҽ, ͺϽ˵֪ľĺר, ǳ̿ࡣȥ꺮٣ÿѧУμӼѵ
ʮߣѻȸ
֪ڹʱ̱úܲҡͬѧΪ֪ȫ츳, ڱʱ, Ƕ֪Ķԣδ̫ƽ
ˣ֪ĴСȰѧϰ, ѧƶʢ֪Ϳʼ˼İ, ŬҼֵѧ, 㷺һЩ鼮һһ˽졣
֪ģ֪ĺȻһѧϰ̣Լ˼άһʮģȡѵˡҵֲֻһٻۣһΪʲôôעң
ϹһĶ磬ٻ۵ıǼͶⱻͨ졣һܰȻͦڴߡ֪ģǳ꼶һȥֳ, ߻У죬Ρ˷ʱ䣬Ҫʧܡ㻹ţôлر
ٻʮģ˵ǽ̵Ρ
֪˫ְסҺͬѧһ棬ͻÿģΪʲôҲܳȥ棿
ٻҲɷٻ۸ɴϴתҪ߻ʮ˰Ľҡڿʮ߰ʮ˰ϰΣ༶İδ
֪ۼֿ죬קס˽ٻ۵ӡ
֪ͼٻϴԣиѧңϣϣѧѧͼרңһΪ˰ɣֱд˽̿顣
ٻ۹Ȼ֪˵عͷ֪ĵĿ⡣
֪Ľ˵һ֮ԡ֪ģһ˵ĸԴڴźš˰ڳŽˮţüӴźţô֪ԼǻʵУǻˮ
֪ĵϴûгɹ
ٻק֣첽ʮ˰ࡣ
֪ĳȺٻۣ㲻ҪܣңԸ˵ΪʲôҪܵô죡
֪ĵƮúԶ
ʮ˰ͬѧҲˡ
ٻվʮ˰ſڣ˲áɴߵʮ߰Ľ֮⣬֪ģղǲң
Ҳûء֪
ٻ۸ԭҪҵڳŽˮš
ۣǵú֪ڸ͡
ٻ۶񣺡ҡ
ʮ˰ļͬѧѾ͵͵˽ҡվڿʮ߰λãԹ۽ٻۺ֪ĳܡ
ʮ߰ͬѧҲΪ׵һ뿪λǳž£֪ĵı󣬰༶Źڰգµؿλŵ
˫ֱۣ廰ٻۣˣЦˣô
Ϊ֪ĵͬռѵĹսλáԼλϣֹԷ㰲㡣
׳굣δ೤ڰ༶ڲԲ֪سˡûٿ˵һ֡
Ľٻ̧֣ʳָָ֪˵ҿû㡣
ûҵ˼֪Ĳϣ˫ִŴ̨ҸղŽġ֮ԡҪڵӣڸһ龰ܣȫɼģźžϣʲôźţ
Ҫ꼶һȫ꼶һٻۺ޳ɵػش
֪סָָԼ꼶һȻأ
ٻۺ֪Ŀԡ֪ĵĿ·ĳִ͸ٻ۹ʹػش𣺡ȻҪõĴѧ
ٻ˻еֻֻ˶̶̼ӣٻ۾Ʈ첻ļ衣
ֱؿ֪ģθɤ˵֪һѧϰѧ̫ף㲻жҪͽѧˡһʦоǧѧδ֮գо룬֤׶˹϶ҪѽٻַŽѧ̿顭
Ϊ˴Ըٻ۸ԸԿࡣ
꼶ûһٻۣ֪ĶٻΪ֪ĻΪ֪ʵ֤֪޽
֪˼ӡиѧңŬ˵𣿡
ٻ˵ѧŬʽ
֪ĵͷ˵ŬǶʮΰѧҡҾҴˡڶʮͳ˿ڶѧʽǸʱ򣬻ûڶĸŬǸӡˣѧѧˣûܹϵͳѧѵԳƣѧʽӡŮġָͱʼϵĹʽ˽죬кܶûƽ⡣
˵ʲôٻʵ
֪С˵죬ˡֻң϶۵ġÿ춢Ŭܴﵽĳɾ𣿲ܡ
ٻ֪ܵĵӰ죬һλŬ𡢰˹̹˹šǸеȥŬͨˡ
𣿡֪еطʣÿοԵķߣʲôˣ
ʮ߰ͬѧһЦʮ˰ĿǶ겻ѡٻ۵߱΢΢˵ҡ
ٻһ仰û˵֪꣬ĸ˸̨ףһֳΣ󲢲ɳܣÿһѡֵֶءرŬҲ㣬ͦġ
һ仰֪˵ϡ
ٻȴһԽܵӡԵͷָӲ˺ðΣת˵ϰΣذȥѧϰȻҸʦ
ٻʮ˰ѧϰίԱһ£ʮ˰Ǽλͬѧӵñӻ졣
֪Ŀͽٻ۷Ľҡ
浴Ͽһˡ
֪Ĺؽλá
ǰŵøпְ೤ᰡ
Ҳᣬ֪Ľ͵Һͽٻ۽ЩҲǽԼġ
ʮ߰￴ֵͬѧûɢԺǺһְ֣೤´κͽٻ۳ܣ󵨵
Χͬѧͬٻʮ߰Ҳ硣
ˣ֪ñֱչֳ೤ķ緶Ƕȥϰɡ
Բɵ÷ʣǲȥҪѧٻ۸ʦ𣿡
֪һ㶡
ǰЩӣ֪ڸвæϢѧļѵȥ˹Ī˹Ʋμӱȷʵкóһʱ䲻ڳʮߣ࣬ѹֶҲʼ
֪Ҫһذ೤ĸоװӻʮ˰ЩͬѧԸٻ۵ĻصλȥѧϰԣǱȲЩͬѧǱȲϽٻۣ
⣬ֱ˶ԵѨ
عλƬ̲ҵͳϰᣬؿʼˢ⡣Եǰ󷴲֮ԣ֪̲סΪ׻̾ף
ǫȲ֪ġ
򿪿αϣ䵱衣֪ģͽٻ˵Ļͦ塣֮ԡĸҼסˡ
㿴Ӱڿ͵۹𣿡֪²˵ڿ͵۹ĺ˼룬֮͡ԡ֮ͬ
׸һ⣺սҵʱ򡭡
֪ĬؽӻʱеѹڣҾúöˡ
֪ĵҵƺȴǰҪǿࡣľĥ־ĵӱøڽȥϴѧ
Դ֪ĻѧƣļѧϵûȷĻظȴй滮Ͱš
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ѻ⣬ǵһ֪֪δƻˡ֪ĸ߽ףʡһивٶһ꣬ʮ꣬ȥϴѧ
ΪʲôҪһУ
֪Ļشѧںдһƪģ漰Ⱥĸ㣬ҪʡǶ꣬ÿܼӼȺʵҡңе᲻ðְ͸磬ͼ˶ദһꡣ⣬и΢ԭ򡪡֪ϴѧ֮ǰ΢һ¸ϣѧУ֪ĺܺ棬Ҳԡ
ϴѧ֮ǰ΢һ¸仰ýҭ
׺֪ģڸоһࡣ
֪ȴ˵ڸоֻ࣬˳Σûܵ˶ʵĸ
׷ǳ֪ĵ뷨ֱʵҪһĸо𣿡
ǵġ֪Ĵ󷽷سϡ
׵ͷ˱ĹʸС
ĹʸС
ͺܲһ㡣
֪ĻȻ򣺡ڱϸУڱƣͬһС
һô죬ű±һ˼Ϊͻϴѧ
Ȼ֪Ĳĺѷֿǣ谭׵ѧ֮·
뵱֪ҪȥвμӼѵǹǰѧƷʣڣûϵģֻǶ̶һꡣһһдţ绰ѧϰеĸ򡣽ףҪ¸ǰߣԽԽġȻ㱾Ǻˡ
֪һʮϣײһ취ʡһиоһ꣬תѧȥĹʸС
лҪ˵ĳɳˡ¼Ԥ棺ƪβչ½׶Σ
ճл

ڴϲõˮɿ˫ȭ


˫

֪Լ˽ġýʡһС, ӦվѵĽǶΪǡ
ԣʣ, ϲѧ𣿡
޵˵ҲμӾʱ䲻㳤
֪ĺͽʶ, ½ǹĨǵ˵, ֪Ҳܲ³ʵ뷨һͷҶˣ˼, 㲻ϲѧ
ûз
֪֣µ˵һѧ, Ҫһѧпγ, ҪǰѧϰѧרҵΡȥУͿ԰ʱ仨Ȥϡ߶תѧȥ, ҪһʱӦ», Ҫ׼A-Level˼ԣ᲻еִ٣
A-Level൱Ӣĸ߿˼ӢˮƽԡȥŴѧ, A-Level˼ȡɼ, ǽŴѧıż
֪Ϊ, ΪĻеӦøлѡǣ˱ȻԶԵò԰ףһʱ벻ʵĴʣɴһԲ
״ľߴҳǲʵְѲʵϣֻһָڵǵĶ
֪ʳָСǵĵײ˵, һдţҲ绰
˺һŲݸֽֽдһ֣ҵıסַ
ڱҲһ𣿡֪ĺʵ
ͣʣҵүү̣ڱ˺ܶꡣ
׼סүү̵ļ𣿡֪
˼Ƭ̣˵ҵİְڱס
ԭˡ
ڱкüңüסַ
⣬Ǯ˵ʽ
֪ļǵãʵСѧʱ򣬽͸¶ﻹ˽˷ɻôӱصʡǣҲǶ̶Сʱ顣
ôһ룬֪ĵľһ൱̹ʵ˵Ҫȥ׷ѰĿˡ֪ĴԼԺ󣬾ͻѰҽףµĵصϡ
װһдбסַĲݸֽݵ֪ĵС֪ԼãÿܸԷһš׻ڡڡ١ڡȵнշʡǡ
ϸļƻ֪̾ȥУʵҲûзֿ
ţ״󷽵سϡ
֪ҳ۲ռǡд200814գҺͽ̶˸еѧҵ滮׻ڽ·ȥУҪʡһһѧ·ݣҺͽ׻ڱؾۡͻȻѧ˫ϵͳźӵиԵĹΧͬһת׾ҵ˫ǻ飬ŲͬĹǰǵԶͬ
֪дһλõ׵ǰ
мΡ˫ϵͳû֪Ļеˣе㲻˼ʣʮ߰ͬѧҲ𣿡
֪˼ǶǶĸ塣
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ڽױƬϣﱻزõˡû˿ΡѲõİ汾͸֪ġƷзĿǣ׻סˡԲµ֪ĵ˼֪ʶĺѣ֪ķǳĸ磬˶֪ĶԶ壬ɳеļ֤ߡ
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ͽͬʱ߳УţϸϸСƬѩϡȻһĺ٣ͽһμӼѵľǵãǸ·ƻƵѩҹͽ׸һ·Ա˴˺

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ʼһĺټѵ
һξ룬൱ʽض˵ɳ˺֪ܶ࣬ġСʱ¸ҡǿ
֪ԹԵظǳ¸ңǳǿ
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֪˵ҲԽԽãʵҲҵϣ
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꺮٣֪ıһЩһЩ˵ְҪһϼң򶨵ƣҲȥǺ͸һϼҰɣһڼ졣
ÿһ괺ڣ֪ĶϼҡǸճ˾һڰְֻҪְȥ¹֪꣬ľֻܷӸĸ
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ڶѧڿѧã֪ĵľͨˡ±ڡJournal of Physical Oographyѧʽĵһƪġ
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ǡJournal of Physical Oographyˣȴ·һ˻ҪĽɫ
һŲݸֽסƪĵҳסǿܿһAbstractժҪţʵعϲ֪ģҿĵһƪģѧʵ
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ѺóƴڻѻתƵ򡣱磬һھϵıϸѯѣ֪ѧУôѧϰģûеõİǲ˴дģѾͿʼͼʽӦԽ𣬻ĵʡǵʷ󣬼̫ˣ˲ɷá
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𽥱ƽϲûз˸Уͬѧʡһеĸв²ھ࣬ҲƵ档ƽգһֱάֵпһ졣
пĵգײŶԳʮߣļͬѧ͸¶ѧڣҪȥĹʸСڱȹʱ⣬Ȼޱƣٻصʡ
׵滮ʮ
ȴɵۡվڿ֮⣬꽭׵ĻֱţҪȥˣ
Ѯķȵģһ˿ˬǿ˼ȶȡԵĶͷð⡣ĨһѶͷһ飺ףҪȥ
׺֪һǰһ򿼳֮⣺ǵġ
Ըߺ֪ģôˣ
֪ûпĿˣĺʷԾдĲɡڽסֱԽԽ֪ĿԼȥ˼ûн׵ճ
ǵػشԣÿ˶Լѡ׵ģԡ
֪ͻس죬öԲԭء
ǵĿԵصĵһСҲмʮʷУŸߴƾɣϵ⼣߰ߡ
֪֣Żƽһڶͬѧǵ𣬻Ц˵ѧڼ
ֵʱ֪ľȻ˵
Ҳش𣺡
֪ĺͽѾԼˣٵÿգǶҪʡͼݼ棬ͬȹпѧǰһƳڡ
лҪ˵ֹ¸ǰ152۷л
¼Ԥ棺ʱ٣ϣԶǰȻ


ڶ׶εƪ

֪ƽϲֳ, ͼݡ
ÿһѧƶŨȤԼסͼݣ峿ƻ, 鼮顣
ʡ, ûȥʡͼݡ
ٵĵһĩ, һƬδ֪վʡͼݴõǰͷһֱ, ̧ͷʱ, ֪ĵ, 
ӦϺã֪ġ
ʡͼݴøߴ, ڲĲ̺֪ؼǵÿһͼ鱻һ¥ĸطŽ¥, һһŵ֮䣬ᳵ·ҵˡʷ
һ飬ҳдšƴƴĲƶȲ˽, Ȿպô֪ʶä
֪˵ҽ㡶ƴ
֪ĵɨһ鼮õ, Ҳ뿴һʱڵĻͳס
ְܶƳ, ȥġִ֪סһְ壬ż⣬ץһйʷָļֻһܰק
׿ôѾȻҪæԼƣָԽֱȡһйʷٵݵǰ
֪˵һлл, ָӸߴһƴճʳסС򸽽һϰҡһͨ͸С䣬ֻһӡӣպܹһѧϰ
֪Ŀؽݣؽţٰϡͽشѡ鱾
תΪɫȻֽҳ䡣֪ĺͽ飬˭ûпڽ
״лϤƳĿƶȡνָۡǸ˰֪ۡԼƶϰյĽɫд˰΢һüͷǰĵ˵һƶƳںܹƽʱڣעҪڶбһɶƽԷ򲻵Σˣ򲻵
֪ļ̲࣬סףϲС𣿡
֪ĴóһֻУװ˷ţ̱ɡƿеĸӣܴ󷽵غͽ׷ʳ
˵ְһ䣬˷ţСɡЩǽʳ¯ģرóԡףҪҪһ
֪ʢȴûƴǡץһɣҧһڣؾ׽У֪Ŀתضе㲻˼ʳȥˡ
ζôֱ֪ʵ
׺˵ˮɤӣֵػش𣺡
֪һֳסףԶӺܲһ㡣
Σ˵Ĳһ㣬ָǡ
ʶͬѧһ֪ʵʵ˵
׼֪Ķֹۡһε˵Ƕһ޶Ľס
֪ĺܸлףʱ޾͹Ҳյ֪ĸʽİֻҪ֪ʮ߰ͬ϶ᱣһȽϺõ顣
Сѧ׶εĽףÿ춼˼δ֪ġ׿ʵ̵ʶһ㡪ѧϳ֪ģһٸͥʦҲܡΪ֪ĵѣĵϿÿһɾ͡
ɵ˵ңڲͬ
ͷ飬֪ĴĹâڰ򡣡
֪˫һĵס
˵ڡ
ֺ֪ף
׺ӡ׽׽סǶô뷴ǿҪԡ
ֹظˡ
֪İе鱾㲻Ҫ롣ڶ㼸ΣסķӦȥ˱һЩҳÿһ飬൱ÿ춼ˡ
׺ȻЩڡղŵľֹڳӦòõЦݻӦ֪ģһֹۻĺӡ
ǣ˵ٽһΡ
֪ҡͷ
ױܾ١Сġ
֪˼ӡ
ģղŵɣݵ˵ģģġ
֪Ĳ֪ΪΣĵؽΪʲôأƽԿ졣һţСɣ߳Ա룬ΪղƳϰյʳĻĲһƴʳ
һͷ޳ԼĽ͡
Ȼ˵ǳҼ֮⣬һСˡ
ƽؽ١
ʱ֪վϵ˽׵ĸţڳʮߣͬһʷᣬƳǱϵݡ
֪ĳڡܿ죬ƴŮλΣǾտ߳ļ޲ڡĿɨǣϸɨϵĲͼû©һ˿һϸڡ
֪ĸ̾ƴĽҡܾ£͢Ůķͺܱ¡˵ݻ磬ҲӡǣҵĴ粻ţûа峯չֳ
׼ѧڣȫЭһΪǨĻ硣
У֪峯ĩĸС㣬ʽѧѧϷȰ֪ؼӣҪѧһ¡Ȼ󣬰վ籾趨֪İĸһأķΰӵ˵ϣźһ䣺Ůк־Ρ
Ůк־Ρ
׶̨ӡ̡Ůк־߸֣֪ʱĵģΡδҦдµʫ䡣
Ϊ֪ĵ̨ʾһļ塣
֪ĵھ¶ʮĺšװµ׾ҪȥֻǰΪ׼һ
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٣׺֪Ƶʡͼ档
ǾһЩʷΡƾ鼮пɼŰ֪Ĳسȫп״Ԫ׹ϲһߵķ֪ľȻƵ˵дĵʱˣûзӵ״̬
𣬽׷ʷΡƾж
׿ʼ׼A-Level˼
A-LevelӢĸ߿׻һµʱ䣬ǰԤϰ˸ѧĲ֪ʶ˼ָǡӢˮƽԡΪĸĿд
ȥŴѧƣӦһǳĳɼ
֪ľһϰغͽӢ֪İ˼ԵĿ￼٣ҪԵѧ
֪ҳ˼Ե⣬ѡýȥش𡪡ܿ죬֪ķϷ
ҪӢشĿһõѡѧУжһ¡յѵõһġһԷľ
ǲڹȨ˽ã
֪峺ûѽ㸴ϰ˼ԡĿ٣С㡣Miss Lin
׾ܲϡ
֪һ˿˵You should always follow the rules of IELTS test. 
֪˼ԵĹء۰Ͱ͵صĻش𡣽ʵûа취ֻϸոгЩĿ
һ˵˴ʮӵӢڴڼ䣬֪ȫûд˵ÿһʣĿһ˲עϡ
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֪ͷȻᡣ
һ죬2008829ţҲʱӡһ磬׾Ҫɻȥ֪Ļʡǡ
ʾǰʱΪʮǻжʮӵĹʱ䡣ĵ㣬׼˾Ҫˡ
óһľУݵ֪ĵС˵ʮտ֣֪ġ
š֮־ĸ֡ӱ֪ƿһ֧µĲҡΡһ֧¹ƵķڵƹҫͻҫС
֪Ķʱ˵ƳŮۣû뵽ֶҺϲлл㣬ס
˵꣬ԼóһޡſʮָŹƵ׵ǰװʮֻǧֽףȫֵģÿһֻǧֽ׵ֽ϶дһʫÿһֻǧֽף൱ÿյһʫǧֽײ꣬Ҿͻȥѧˡ
֣صһǩͬһط
õģ֪Ц˵ʮտ֣ס
׻һЦ
ûһ׵˾˸绰¥ʰ궫֪һ߳ʡͼݵĴá⻹ģӲӵģΪһߡվһγǰԥһӻûϳؿ֪ġ
֪ĺͽһҵľ롣泯̫һббĳӰ۵׺Цض˵ףҪ¸ҵǰߡҲǣҲǰߣһͣ
ûϿһ㱯˵⣬ȻֹֿʵŮӡ𣺡ʱ뿪ˣ֪ͣġ
һϽγؽš
Сѧ֪꣬ĺͽ׷ֱʱϲ˵һ
ҲͬĻӦ
ǣһΣԶ
ˮۿת֪ȻΪޡֱһһεòŬάƽȣõģټ
Ҳ˵ټ
ǰʻ׻عͷѰ֪ĵӰվԭһٶԽԽ죬𽥱·ߵеڵ
û֪ĵļԶǵһͽ־
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ƪ£ĵ飡ĺСܵQQճϵ

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200891, ʣա
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֪ãȻؿʲô
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Ѿһ߶꼶ѧ͵͵̸С, мϲۼһĵŮͬѧĳġ֮ЩԴװʲôﶼһпܶɱҡ
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֪ĵĿУһ˽Ų׼֪ģߺȻһ󻶺֪ģϢҷֵһˡ
תá
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죬֪һ27ĽңһϤף㱼ǻص˳ʱȻײͬͬѧҲϦͬ
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һ27Ľҿΰڷ룬ڰྻ⡣֪ɨܣѡһλҰյĲٳտտա
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ʡһУ԰ĹˣúƯһգٰƬżĸ㣬൱һ;ڴ֪ڡ
ףѧҵгɣ˳ģ
200891ţдʡһУһң
һţдñȽϼ̡
֪ٴһ飬е㣬֣صزһ֪ġ
糿΢紵ңķ˿粦ҡר־۵ֽһֽ˷ǳ״
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󷽵˵ҶԼˣˡ
÷Ƿһ룬ȴһ̫Ѱͬѧ֪ǰһλλųӳԼʮ꣬һװҡݿʣɫƫЦһڽ׵ݣŶѧһŮǳԡ
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֪Ĵסˡ
ǰǸЦԲԲҡλŮµġ
֪ͷλŮ
˵ʲôأ۶񣡡ôȻָ֪Ľʮ꣬ص㡣
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֪Ĳ̫óӦͬѧǳõӡǣģ½׵ɡ΢΢ͷȣǶǹȥ飬ֵһᡣ
֪Ϊֻѧ׵ıѧķɺϡ
۶һȭ緶תˢ⡣۶ͬŹһһѧϰᡣǵλ϶ѵżѧϣһѾ۶һ롣ֿ̿ڷܵľ֪ķǳ𾴡
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ʦ΢Цԣףս뱱ѧ
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Ϊһ27ѧʡһеĳоࡣ
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֪ĵĺ֮ߣʦɴ˳Ӧ⣬֪ģڳǰ೤϶Ѱ༶úܺáܲܵǸһ27İ೤
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֪ץС졣ﱧС죬״̬ܷɣںͽģûСİϣÿվҽܡٻ˵Ҫ廪ѧҦ, ҪƶѧչҾһͦˡĿᶨںô
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֪ĸ̾ףãôĨǵҡҺʱܷɣʲôܶ˵
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֪İСϡ泯ŵĻ֣صԼÿ㣬ߣҾƵ죬ֻʮӣòã
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֪оݵ˵Ҳѧϰ˵Ŵѧͦѿġռ̫ʱ䣬ѧϰȣ㿼ϽţһǳھΡ
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ǵģ֪ĺһչδ2010죬ύ룬Ȼյ¼ȡ֪ͨ
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ҪȥԷˡ֪ĸ߽ס
촰ϴ֣õġ
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֪ĵǡĲݮװıעĳˡġڣġˡߡ״̬
׵ָ֪꣬ĵ¼ȻصԣԤϰĿγ̡
鷿ű졣̧ͷүү
үүһʵľӼҷͷ׷˿룬˫տտϵı顢ϡԽ˵ù
ӻҺʹСʱ鶼ڷܣǼҵļҷ硣
үүͷȫֻʹ𣬽
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һֻƤʮ˵ʹСë
վߵǰݽϣ塣
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ĸһ䣺οֶӣ
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һ仰û˵꣬үү
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үүˣŮĶҺ裬ûƼһͷ˿
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֪ĵضŵһ仰ף֪Զ֣׷ĵ·ԽԽԶ
ıӭҺϲţԺҪдݸˣ뵽ʲôдʲôȻżĸҡּ
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˵Խ׵ĿγˮƽӦѡ񡰵Ѷ顱ǣִⱨѶ顱ʦ˵ȥˡѶ顱ŷǳսòκΣҲδҡ
ڽ׵İϣ⣬ֻʮѧ
׹۲ʮ˵ճѧϰ״̬գһλĺͬѧӲμӱѧս
йˣְǺˡкգ˵ò̫ƽʱӢͨ
һרʹ˾֪ʦİְǺĳҵҡĸƽʱԼرݣѧϰͽһļϣ˶¸ҵسսĸѶ顣
ѧսҪÿһ֧ͬѧ׺죬ȥҸ꼶ѧˡǳɹ˵λɼѧλѧйˣǻȥս顣
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һİ䣬ů֪ĺͽڽQQƵ죬ᵽļƻѧϰչ֪ƺġ
˵̫Ǹֱ˱ܾҾͿڵǰն
׵Ȼػش𣺡ڲ룬Ҳһܾܽ
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ţ˵ף׼һƪµģģд˺þãڵһڵٿ쵽ˣ뷢ڶƪġ
ΪеˣϴǼ
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Ȳظһ·ݣҪһѧֻ, ҵĵһƪݺо򡣡
ĵľ, Ĭϰص˵ͷʣʲôʱֻ᣿
֪˵2009110, ʮ㡣
2009110ţպǽĩԽĵڶ졣19Ÿϻʡ, ǰѧ, ֪ĵĵһѧ档
׺֪Լ, ǽ2009110ż档
QQƵ֮ǰϢһ仰һ, ʵ롣
֪ĵޱPowerPoint, ʼѧPPT
ϲһϪˮļ䣬ʹ˳ġPPT, дһWord汾ݽ, ޸˺ü, Űհ汾͸ڡ
֪ķǳĵһ档͸ѧ߽ȡרҵ
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ﲻͷ˵Щרҵʣ磬ǸʲôƲȻѹûڽʲô
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ĵĸƪܿҪȥˣҺϧȭ


Ǯ

峿Ŀ΢, ׸ϲȵ֦ͷ
֪ͷֻϲȵ, ܵȸĿѻơȵϲȵ, ѧPica pica
ģķPica pica
֪ĹһЦӭʦСá
׽Ųһ٣ѧ
ҵ̲̫, ֪ԳƣֻԶƤë
֮ǰ, ֪ĳ, öеšͽ׾У԰й䡣
Ǵ, ̸רõġ̻͵Ŀѧѧоŷ޵ʱ, ѧǱΪ, ǸĿѧѧѧ
֪˵͵ŷ޻кö๫ѡЩҶԼĻң»ϵͳǳҡҼǵã͵, İٶֻͨгϡ
֪Ŭѻǣ˾÷һ, ͿԺͽ̸һ̸, һг֪ڱʱÿ춼Ҫͷѧָľۡ
ȴ뿴ŷ޸ĹǮ𣿡
֪ķǳ𾪣𣿡
׵͵ػش𣺡мײƷ
֪С˵һ￴˹¼塭һ˼ڼ塣ٶǰŷ޵ϲռǮҡ˹¼ҵһ˾һӽ׹Ǯңرģرͳ˹͢һ֡
, ̧֪ͷǮղƷ̫ˣ㻹ǲҪøҿˡ
׼˵һ䡰һס֪ĵ仰ĿڵҼҵһء
֪ɣ𣿡
׹ۼԼжϡ
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λѧԺвʿմʳ緹Ƕһͷɵ㷢һ׿ɵ˯£һ޷Ųһ˫˶Ь¥ǿȥѲԼӣ˲ʿʺ;
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ǡʱ۶ֺǾ԰һȺһץͷΧ֣ò졣
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ϲΣ֪Ļش ѧУ֯С
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֪˼ٻ۷ǳԼĹ۵㡣һˡ
Ц˵Ҳͦİ
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֪Դܵģʦ˽
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Էʱһ27࣬Լ˶֪ٻۡ
ѲƵƵĿ⡣ѯʶԣϷʲôˣ
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֪ĵĻﻰⶼάס
֪, ϶ˡ
һ, ޱϡ
ڽ׳֮ǰ, ﻹȥһ˳ӳһ̸ճļ, ſ, ؼһž, 嵭ζƮɢ
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룺ҵǸ̰Թ, ȴ˵ù
֪ĺؽԼķݵǰһơõľ, ְѾе֪ĵС˵ˣԷɡ
лл硣֪ĿĵػӦ
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һ·ݣһλŮסλŮ˵ĲŻ
ﲢ˵ǡΪԶں
׵ĳ༫ӢŮɱòܣԤδᷢ顪֪һĹϵԽԽ
֪Ľ¾ҪȥϴѧǡҲڱСǲʮ꣬, ոഺڣǼҳǱϷصĹؼʱڡ
ﾭһؿǣɿƶӦԷ롪ҳ׵ĴĨɱ֪ĶԽ׵ĺøС
쳤˫ȣһ䣺ǾΪʲô֧飿
֪ĸȦ֧飬ÿ֧鶼ҪһΣӮҿɵһ֣ҵһ֡ίǻÿܷȷȱΡ
֪ϸڵȵ˽ϳ
״һɫװϵһбȻǸꡣǵĶĸˣվλͲ
֪ƳߣϲѣSpokesperson
ʶظSpokesperson
֪ΪSpokesperson˼ǷˡձѧĹ涨ÿһˣҪܽ˼·ǻش⡣
ʱ´ӢĿ
ֻˡw of one priceһʡӢǿȫû˵ʲô
һ٣ͦýֱ
˵һֱǸѶȵӢ￼ԡ
עУǵ⡣
ٷɿؽ𰸣̷֪ۣ԰ϿLaw of one priceʵҪǵPurchasing power parity
üͷ֪ġ
֪ٴν͵Law of one priceָǡһ۶ɡݡһ۶ɡһͬƷʵʼֵͬһ۶ɡҺͽ׳ɱPurchasing power parityֱӷɡƽۡʵ˻֮ĵֵϵƷڸҵĲͬ۸ˮƽڱȽϸĹֵPurchasing power parityҪռƷг۸񡣶ǰĹPurchasing power parity theory۵ͨ׽;ǡʵڻȡ
ڼ۸ˮƽڹ۸ˮƽ
׺֪˽ﾭЩ
֪ĺķ룬ϸĽͣҲû
Ƥʼǵáƣ֡Ĺѵվ˺תſڡ
磬㲻𣿡֪
ﲻһӡԼӢ˻ɡ
ùġûӴѧӢˮƽҲտһûĻı׼ѳԼҪ֪˵׺ģ
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羹Ȼ˵뿴ס
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֪ûǸ硣
ȫע˱ϡ
һϵеļ೵ս׵֧Ǿĺóɼھ֪еĳǿ顪һ֧飬ͬѧɣԳƣǶһյѧϰѧİþǺͶһ̽־ѧ⡣
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ƹ۽콱̨ϣʻǵء׼̵ظл˸ĸʦ췽ǿԼһλõѡλõѡ˵һ䣺Thank you for always encing me.
仰˼ǣллǹҡ
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ôһ˲֪ĻȻãںӡ˫ֵһĲӶһ䣺ллǹҡ
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̶ĸ֣Ҫظ״̬Ե֣㹻
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Եĸĸڼʱ䣬, QQס׵״̬ǡQҰɡ˵ŦԼеį䣬ԱͬطʣΧûͬѧ
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ﲻڼңײ²֪ദʱӦû˻ǡ
лҪ˵ҽ̫QAQ˯һ

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ɳķֺͿ϶һɫ廨, ԴڵҳɳѾʹ˺ܾ, ΢΢, ߽ȻɫԵЩƾ, úࡣ
, ȥˮ֪Ĵ󷽷к
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ݸһЦָɿΧȹһеѧǺúӡ
ȥ˼ͣšóһ̲衢һиʽ㡢һ׾ĲߣطϣΪŰݷõ֪ĺһֱע
׺һ˵Ҵ˵㶫ζͦ
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Ըģһ𿴻Ӱɣѹ㣬ȥˡ
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תȥ˳ˡ磬׼˷ʢһ֪ĵĺѡ
֪Ĵӳһֻ裬װӡ㽶֦ۡȵȱڰƤˮѲڲ輸ϣƲ輸輸Ų˸׵λá
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лҪ˵Բҵֱ۳QAQûн700һ±£ƪ5000֣൱ڸҴ5ۡ

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ӣǱУѧѧԺĴ꼶ڶ֪Ľǳ뵱꣬ڹҼѵͬסһݣһӳμ2007ȵѧʦӣһֱ֪չмӡ
֪ĴӾѵػ죬ӣרųʱ䣬ϤУ԰ȥѧУʳóԷ
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ֹ¸ǰ152۷л

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칦

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׸ɴ֪ĵ˵ǡ֣֪Ŀ, ܸˡ
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үүͰԸдѣȻٺòĺ֪Ҳڱ𣿡
֪һʱڿ죺ûС
үүƵᣬЦδ
ȻվүүԵһλӽӻû꣬ˣ
λӴŶʮͷĸߣ࿡һоӼҷüӢǽ׼ҵһݡ
Ϊ֪Ľ䣬֪ĲŸǽүүıܵĶӵĶӣлʮһ꣬Ӣոĳһѧѧޡжоרҵ
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үүĽ׵ļˡүү֪䡣үүס֣ˣֻʣ֪ĺͽˡ
֪ĺͽȺ
׿ǵʮܵϸѿʱ䣬ЩƷĿڸиոպãȲ죬Ҳδ䣬ÿһ˶ζ
֪ƽһγ˱Ѽ̫óˣѼ⡢ƤƹϺ潴ڣζ٣ͬһ顣
ϻۻɿڵӽ˱ǵĸзȣ֪ĶԲˣ׻˹ϸƷ
֪ĵեݮ֭֭ȣһвݮѵˬ
֪̲ס۵̫úˣȡСֻҪһڣܸܵ
˵׼һݲ˵֪ͣǰ
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֪ĵǶϲڵһţ֪Լﶼνһ꼶ѧڵĿγ̱Ƚϻû֪ĵ֪ʶä֪ľôѧɡ
ܿ죬յ˹ڵʼ
ѻڵĴѧͬͬѧҲĿǰӼ֪ѧߡ֪ĵıƵʦ̸֪
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칫мλʿ
ԭʦڿһ̵ᡣ
֪վſڣʮӣʦ˵֪ɡ
лҪ˵ֹ¸ǰ152۷л
дһ飬ΪѧУľѵӦڴһ٣ѵʱ߱Ūˡдĵʱҿǻ״̬·ݣˣæ̫̫QAQҲˣûʱôܿٹܾͻöˣҲŬģҪġȭ

¼Ԥ棺ۣ֪ĵջʮһ٣֪СܵѧУſڵѧ


ʵ

֪̤칫, òش˸кʦã֪ġ
ʦް߰, ɫƽ, ˵ͷ, ɳϡ
֪ŽںͲʿǵѧۡ
ڳλʿںһƪ, ǲ, ʦǸԵķ, ٰҪдװϡ
ʦİ칫һ޴İװ塣
ĳһλʿ˱ʣڰװϷܱʼ, ʦס, д̫ࡣڸչʾԸȥ󡣡
һʿһ꼶֪һáԸ, ƽ, ͼ, һһ졣
ĵ˶ʿڵон档Ҳһʮѧҵһصѧƺ˶ʿ׶εƽֶﵽ90ϡʴӱڷܿ̿࣬¹򣬹ڵļλѧѧ
Ȼȴã⡣
һ±ϵ۾˵ӵ4, Ӿ֡ʦܸҵģҿˣƪдǡ塯廮˾״̬ϵһعͷȥضJean-Bernard ZuberCude ItzyksonдǱQuantum Field Theory
֪ľ֣һ⡣
ʦָָģ꣬ʡ
֪ıְġ
ļĳƪۡ
ʦȵĽһ֣ŵ˵÷ǳãǶȫ棬ǰǶǱ˵ĹһƪûиԼķΪʲôʦֺͬʦֵĿǶԵġ㻹ûӴʵĲ档ǵһμ棬ͬвͷ飬쳵ʵҪĿѧͶҪʵҪͷһƽ㣬һtrade-offóɫʵҲøϡǰ̫æûմǣʦ˵ʵң϶顢ʼǣûʦָ׼Ļϰ
칫ҵķŴ󳨣ͨ˳ĵ죬˸¡
һվñֱǻԲؽͣݶڸϰѧݣˡ
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æ˵ԣǵġ
ʦӣλվ鼮ѧϰý飬ѧϰĿꡣ
֪ƵƵͷһ̾ѽ鼮ѧϰý飬ѧϰĿꡣ㱾˵Լ˼Ҫ
ʦݸ֪һļװżݴӡѧġʵ֪ʵ̣ʦ֪İЩȥϸһ飬¸ʵұ
֪סļл
Ĳһ䣺֪ģղǲǡҪҽ
֪ܵĵǰйء塱Ƕ⡣һ£˵ϸ㣬ٿһ㣬Ϊʦ£ǲܵʦʱ䡣
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˫ֱ󣬾һɿ˵һֻһ䡰ӱع̬
Ļ˼ӣѧȴЦһλѧվߵ֪ĵǰʡһе̷ǧ
̷ǧ
֣֪֣ҳһ֪㣡̷ǧѧõ˹ʰƥ˾Ľƣʡһѧ֮һ֣ʡһеݵУϡ
̷ǧ֪֡ش֪ĵļʣ˵ҪҪҸʼǱһ£
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ʦݲ衣֪ĵĻ˼漴ЦЦŶѻͬļرð
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λʿ뿪˰칫ҡ
֮ǰ˳ֹ˰칫ҵţʦȴһģҵŴ򿪡
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뵱꣬ѻ֪˵ѧҪѧ˼άҪȥˣ֪ʮˣѻ⡣
֪Ļ˼ʱ䣬ʦϣһЩصר·ݣѧϰΪʵ鹤׼
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һ̸˼Ĺڣڿ쵽ˣȥ棿
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֪ûΡĵñסԼԴĵ˵õģ糿ȥſ㣬Ȼһʹú԰
׸ŵ㵽ʮ㣬ѧУиԺҡ
׻û֪꣬ľͼᶨ˵õģʮ㣬ѧУſڵ㡣
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׾ͶһʸУϸʦ𣬵ǣѧУѧġ⡱
ˣʶͬѧ֮һ̸ڹʸеһյһЩŮͬѧίֱӵı⣬ȫܾ
֪ܵ׵Уſڣѧ׻ɣ֪ĺĹϵᱻһСͬѧ⡣˵ܾ֪ĵĻΪ֪ĵܸˣΪ֪õѣӦеʧ䡣
ǣ˵ԡ
֪ĵͷţ
׻ش𣺡
칫Ǹĵӡʮң֪׼ʱڽ׵ѧУſڡ˫վڹʸеУ⣬ĵصȺס
лҪ˵ֹ¸ǰ152۷л
¼Ԥ棺飡Сܺĵȫ¼һ»ȽϳΪǰд˹


μǣϣ

֪Ľ촩һ°ɫĳȹ, ȹҶŻ, , ϳʡ
˸͡ӷ޵ȡһƳ, һ黨裬ع̶Ժ, ٰһɫĳкᡣķ˿Ũ˳, ̫ҫ, ֳںڵĹС
֪ĵķʰ𪣬پ, ǳƯ崿·վһ, ·˻ͷȫ⣬ĶӾȶӱͱ롣ȶӱơԱ롱ļ򵥽ṹ, Ҫ߾ȵ߼[1], ľҪȶӱ, ĿǰӼѡ
·߳żô׳ͩӰڷҡҷ֪ĲӰӣ˼Ȼ˺˵ã㽻
֪תһλɫƫڵԼʮ꣬ŹʸеУ, ķѵúܸߣĨ˶͆ଣһǶӾһʿˮζ
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Ц˵ҽѣѹӢǸѡ
ѵıվͬѧ˺һȴǰ˰֣û𣿡
֪һüͷҲʶ㡣
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ѻû˵꣬׵ѡ
ѴһУԭڸ첲ϡףԾ˵һԣУס˼ʣʶ
ֱӴǰ߹
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׸֪ģҸڰͬѧ
֪ûзӦ
ѳʵҵݣѧУѧ
׵ɫ糣ȴ˵òͷһ󣬸ʮ꣬ص㣬Ҵ⡣
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һ˶˶׵ÿһﶼһвζ
ѾִٵءһֵĴָƵĻڿڿ㶵ıϣһͽ׶Ƭ̣һ
֪ĺعǽֵս֡ע⵽Ѹûһ˿־ӿȺſ˫ۣ§סλļ˵˵ЦЦ뿪˴˵ء
ʱ򣬽ס֪ĵӣǣ˲ӣɿ֣˵
֪˸߲ҵظŽס˳׵ӣûͷú棬ֳһ£˵˾Ҵ绰ͣڶ棬ȹ·
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֪ĵͷ֡
ʹָ̽⣬סȭ崦͹Ĺǽڡ
һأڲٳĬӣסԼֱ˵֪ġ
ֱ֪׳ôˣ
Ǹոͻơ˷һԼУ¸ҵ棺ܺÿ
֪һ˲׶ŵ棬Ǻ죬ԴЩհסΪ˾侲ʼ˼ӳۣȻԺʼƮŽ׵Ǿ䡰ܺÿʹҲѲ׵
׻̵ˣ߰ɡ
֪ĺͽŰߵ档ͬһ˾֪Ĵ˸кãͬѧ
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γȵرڿ·ϣֱﱱʹԺĸ֪ĵһۼĹʹΡ빬ڰεض𣬺ǽߣΰ׳ۣߴٵ㣬³ȥ档
óƱһűݵ֪ĵС
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ھϲãΪʲô
ûش𣬽װһɣݮζͦ
ֻܲԭ򣬡֪˼ʱ򣬰ְ蹤ࡣҼҵĳˮʱһЩСſڰ̯ø졣һܺãǮȽ϶࣬ͻݮ
׿ԭ
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ڽ׿Ȼһ㡪Ҳֻôһ㣬󲿷ֻǸġϾﲻܿƢԸ񲻹أܻڼ֪ĴСС
֪Ķһ̲ݮҵ磬Բݮغһ䣺Ҳԣݮ
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֪Щȣȫˣ
׸ղûϸ룬ֱӽ˴еԭЩףЩͻðԸջǾ仰ɴ˸ɣԶõѣԵˮţ־һƵӣȥͣһˮдҡ
֪ûбƽȥ˵ܾﲻԡ
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֪ȴ˵ֵҲҪˡ
֪Ϊƺռ˽׺ܶˡлֱ˵Һ棬ǲһǮáȻҲ˵㲻ãرáǮˣҲû
׽ӻҴˣҲûұ
֪ĻȻʵһӦѸ١Ʊˡôʲô£׻һԲأ
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ϵغֵΡ
ֵһƣҲ֪ôݡҵ˼¼Ƭÿһ֡棬Լ۾ȡֻ棬غϡ
ȫϷֵͦҵѹʹĹǵô
֪ǣ׵䣺ǵģҪʼˣΨһο͡
лҪ˵һǵģ°ѹʹڲĶдˣӦüһ飬ԣߵӸһ£ߵټǧֵ¡

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²οףʵֻǸtutorial
[1] Steane, A.M., 2007. A tutorial on quantum error corre. In PROCEEDINGS-IIONAL SCHOOL OF PHYSIRICO FERMI (Vol. 162, p. 1). IOS Press; Ohmsha; 1999.


μǣ£

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սܲܶļţ
֪С˵õġס׵ӣק̤ӢĴš
Χбοڹֻ֪ĵɤø᣺㿴Ȥͼᡷ峯˳䣬ղеƷղлʱ򣬲ʮꡣ
˼ӣΪʲôС֣
Ϊ֪Ĵ
ղڻһ䡰ɽȤڴв͸֪ȫ򲻵ǿ϶Ϊûл۸ֻΪ̫黭֮
װ֪סˣ֪ľԼһûӡʳָָأȻ㿴𣿡
׵һͷ
֪ϴߴң
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Եģ֪ĸ͵ʾ˺ܶ
ԵøĪ⣺Щֱӽڡ
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ڽ׿ءǰʡ֪ĵǰչһ档ǣڿ˼رһ黭͵ĸ塣漴뵽ݵĽɫ֪ĵοͣ黭һϲͨӦʵ衣
һ˼׸Ŀ˵ҿֻɡ
֪İ쵽īӻͼᡷǰ
ϣźԼߵ֡׹Ƭ̣ʵϲź𣿡
֪һЦ׵ض磺ڿʱﻹ𣿡
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֪Ĵ󷽷سϣѽҾǺܸˡ
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֪һ絽ߣľֻʣʮס
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֪ĴˬЦһЦһĽ׵ļ򡪡ʵϣ˵ллл
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ŵڸչڵοԽԽࡣ֪ĴŽ׾ֱĻʱʱصͷһֱ⣬Ժӿ˼ǧ
֪ļǵãһȥ׵ļʱʹ̵һԼ뷨ΪѧУкܶҪæͰѡ˼Ĺͣˡ
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˵ŵڶǵá
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ǵҵĳ࣬ΪʲôҪƬ
֪ĺݵǲһĸоԴĶ۾Ķ𣿡
׼װˡ޷֪ĵļģʽɣ֪Ҳͨ˵˼ά졣ΪһͨˣӦöΪ֪Ŀǡ
Ϊ֪ĴˣȽϺԼͨˣضǡ
ؽο裬ʵֵΣǽȥ棿
ȥ󹬰ɣ֪Ŀĵ˵ȥʵ۵סĵط
𡰻ʵ۵ǡ֪ƺ˷ܡ
ȥƵĳǬͭݣӴ⹬ݣ֪Żʵǵң֪ͺͽ̸峯ĺǡ
֪̽ĽŴĻʵкöţӵȫµŮ
׵˵Ľ
Ǭڣ˵ĽŲ˷֪һزڵذϣ˵Ϊ󲿷Ľʵۡ
ʵ۱һѺӡͣסˡԭ˵ʵۼ縺챻ٹǼţٺصĻ֪ĵǰ̸Щ
׺ͽ׽Ӧ֪ļ¡֮󣬽׿ĽǶȱøûСʱô浥ȻעάԼ
ίʵرҲʵۡңһʺ͹ˡ
֪һļ򣺡ûʵۡ
Цˣ峯ִһ
ͭչƷһעĵʣʺ𣿡
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һͭļ飬һӦ˵öԡ
֪ĺȻĬ˼ӡ΢΢ĶʵΪʲôֺˣ˵ò𣿡
׻ѳƣЩȡ
𣿡֪ĲĹ¶Ȼ𣿡
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׽ϣǣûУˣȥһ
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ҲĴ׸̨̺ף֪ңԸϷСʱһ
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֪ݸһЦͽĴתһƵȥ˺԰֪İһλ·ľԱλԱ֪ĺͽ˼źա
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֪³֮ǰ, ˾һл, һ䣺ףпҪҪһѧУɢ
Ȼͬ⡣б, ֪һ֡
ʱߵ, Ļ, ӰǱҹɫݴвżյص, 紵ݶ, ƹεө档
֪ĺͽײߣɱһξ롣ˬҹ, ֪, ѽ״˽ֱߵһƷꡪ, кܶŮѧԼǵѡ
׸ո̤ż͸еط롣û֪ĵĽŲѡͺᣬ˵ɫʺ㡣
ʣɫأ
ɫ׵ͳʲôɫС
֪ѡһɫĺᣬ˿дƮݡһֻ40Ǯĵֱײδע⵽һ㡣
׵վһʮУ԰¡±۵İͷ, ڽ˵ңײòתǡ
װڿһŷֱ֪סӣȥ˰ɡ
׵׿ڴǡװһŰԪֽ֪ĸǮ߻ؽϡ߬һֻ40ԪĵӱѼֵ߰ĿֱժŰװһ𻹸˽ס
һ㡭
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ֻ֪̲ӱҪˣո
ٰ֣Ҵһֱòã
סӱıָΪãٿ۾ֻһ̵ĹԶκݳƷء
֪ĺܿĵ˵лл㣬ףֱˣ
Ϊ˵ӱʱ䣬ʣҴѧҵʼܲҵ
ܣ֪ļᶨ˵ѧҵʱҿ϶ͱҵˣҲϲĶ
Զˡѧҵʱҿ϶ͱҵˡ仰
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Ҳ֪֪Ľ͵ԼϲϽε˵
Ҳǡ׸֧֡
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ҹӣϵζĳ紵÷ңҽ⳰ͷˣ𣿡
֪ĵۻ𣬡ѧԶŮ񡣡
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֪Ĵҵţ־߰µһ쿪ʼˣҪˣһͣѧϰ
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ӣΪʲô̸
ӣԳ, ѧϰڵһλǽıƷ
ʵ˵, Ϊֹ, ûκһܴ˵, Լ⣬᲻νġഺȶ, Ů黳һڼžĿݾ, һյ޲
Ѻ֪ܶ࣬١
Ǿᡱ
Լ˶һ, ʮֿ, ޸СʡŮԼȥԷ, ٴӦϢӲظ
ճ޶ڿáᡢͼݡԼѧڡ
죬һԼԸһλѧһȥʵҡ
Ϊʲôأ
ӣ룬Զ׼Ϊֱ֪ϵѧ, ʡǵʡһС֪ĵԸÿɰྫƯһǰͻһ֪һĽá
뵽ӣԾؿ֪ġ
֪Ŀѧ㣿
ӣϸ˵ȥʳó緹𣿡
֪Ӧõģѧ㡣
ӣһǳɫȹһĺɫ֯һֻɫƤƤѩף磬ȹӭƮϳһõٺϻϵ
֪رϲǸζֱԲ䣺ѧ㣬ˮúš
ӣסֱۣϸգ˵æûϵ㡣ͬѧףһƿˮ
·ͬѧ׷ͶĿ⡣
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֪ĵһͷȴܾѧ㣺ллѧ㣬Ҳˮ
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֪ķÿϴ裬ֻòݮζϴˮԡҺҵϴ׶صĲݮĭ顣
ӣЦ죺ǲݮ𣿡
ǰɣ֪˵Сʱ򾭳ɣϱǸݮ
ӣʣСǲǲݮ
֪ĳʵػش𣺡ģҵİְ趼ġ
ӣͣ½Ų˼ģ𣿡
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ϾļԸ辫Ը⺰ġ
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ӣѧһѺɤӣ𣬾ȵĻݺġ֣֪ĸãػӦţѧ㣡
ӣǣ֪߽ʳãҵһſӣత¡
Ǵʳôڶ˻̰ӡࡣ֪ļһֻ̻ưŽӣ ӣҲһֻǺȻطű˴˵ʳһ
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֪סӣһԲ
̷ǧǡһִֻסǸŮļԼ¸˼Ů촽ǣˮŮ˫ֱס̷ǧĺ󱳣ĳ߬˵ɫָ׸Ŀ
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ӣһָֻڴߣءꡱһ
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˵ѧرãΪʲôڽţ

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̷ǧһֱ, סĵļԲ֪ĽĶǻ, ܼ򵥰, ʲôúµġ
ɫ, ȥתתɡ
̷ǧ֪ĵ֣֪ľһСβһı, ʵҵĴ豸ȫһ, оƬ, ֪ⶼϸؽ, µʵھô
ָ֪Լ𣿡
̷ǧЦ԰
֪˼, Ȼ˵ѧǶȿѧϰ, ʵ, ḻ
̷ǧһ, ɵûˣ
У֪˵ӸǶȿ㲻ֱ
⻰һ̷ǧһ֣Ҫֱ
̷ǧڳһɵӡĳӻմһģʵĿںӡǳ˵֪Ķʱˡ
ӣά̷ѧ֪Ĵʮ꣬죬ǲӦעһ㣿
̷ǧα, ббšʮָ̬ʣһӵĿӣƬ̵Ĺվ˵֪ģҸ׼ȤĶ
һ䣬򿪻Ԫֽһʵְֵ֪ش֪š
֪ļÿһ֣ȲؿʼһϵеĲ
̷ǧְĺĺ֪໥ලİٰ㲻Ը֪ķܿġ˵ҪˣֱӾҡ
һֻסͷָڷϡͷۣ˵ãҾ㡣
Ľ̸ͣˡӣվڲſڣԼĵ΢֪Ĵ˸к׼һ̷ǧȴס
ƧǽǴ̨ͻסӣ̷ǧΡ̷ǧذӣ֪ʮ꣬ˣ𣿡
ӣ˵ʮš
̷ǧǽڣûɵЦʮӣѧáôȡģ뵽ѧƪġһԴǡӢͷףǺ
ƹճĲòڣͦΣʱ߿۾һ˹Ľļ
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Ȼӣ̬Ȳ䲻ȣ˼ˡ
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ӣȥûһ˿֮⡣
ӣ룬Ǹ֡
̷ǧһ䣺ҹƣ֪ŻȥǸʵʱ䣬ǵȸʵҪϰСʱ۲͡
ӣͣƳһ֪ġ
֪ںͲʿʲô⣬ŵĻȻһ鲻ԽΪкãͷͼȫС
ӣĿ˵һſӣϰ𣿡
̷ǧʰһط
Ӱóһѧ顣
̷ǧԱ߼һյ̨ƣںȣæȥˣºҡ
ӣĬĲɵؿѧ飬ƾʱһһš
֪ȴûӣѧ㡣
֪Ļһ磬һЩɡܽջٶһһŵӵ·ͼҪ˵Ľͣ·Ĺá
Ĵ˴ٶţ˼Դʼ
ţ˼Դʼ˵ʵһˮˡЩˮѧ֪ģСӥ᳹ױ¶Լѧˮƽñƶѧѩϼ˪
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ĵһ
ʱ̷ǧʮˣԷˣ
ףԷ˳Էˡ
ԵĲʿǷ׷ܿҾһȺŸɵĵӣ̷ǧһɵԭӺˣһȺӡ֪Ψһ䵥ˡ
Ӽ֪һֱ򣬹ʵӵȫһĻ豸֪еҪɹЩʳļơ
̷ǧֽһ֪ģ㲻ܲԷ
֪Ĵһͼֽ֪ĵ⣬Ц˵뵽һ㡣ѧദˣûĽչ
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Ķ㻨Ǯ̷ǧݸһ˫꣬һʵңЩʦֵĶӦ͡
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֪һԣ㲩ʿûҵÿõʮǧ˰ǰн
ԺҲõ̷ǧһЦ
֪һг˼
ԭڹֵʿôǮ
֪ļǵãѻѧѧǾûôţ˼Դѧһܽڼˣڰ칫дۿǶ־ɻгĳ̷͡ǧһǮͲڰ칫ˡ
֪˼ǰ̲סʵҿԵ𣿡
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ȴãӦǷǳ¡
׼ֳÿһֶٸϵҽԺ𾪵ط֪ϡȣһ·񱼣ҽԺĳȣһ󼲷ǰ

ʣ㻹𣿡
֪ĳʵ˵Ťˣˡ
׶Ľף׷ʵǵӼʵңûзȾԴ
ԹѾõ̷ǧðһ䣺ʵҵıը˺˱ը
Ȼ׶硷һСʱѧȵһϵȤζնǣӼʵҡճĵԴδ֪ϵΪ˳ӷ䡢䡭
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ӣһϴװƿȪˮȪˮַ֪ġ̷ǧԼҲһƿŽףְԼƿˮݸ
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ӣ֪ģҪҪļϣ֪ҡͷӣҪҪ桰ɻƺѾ˺ܳһʱġɻ
ҽԺĲ˺ܶ࣬Һš顢ȽҪŶӡΪĥʱ䣬֪Ľĸһ桰ɻ̷ǧܾˣûƪʫҲʫ衢ɢ֮Ķ
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֪ƽ˵Ǹ鸴ӵĶӰܶڸĸǰغӵĸоԼӵǰҪִ˵ӡ
仰˫־ٸС죬Сඡ
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׸֪ģ۲ۣ
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֪ʶӼѧǻСӿ󲿷˶൱ҲһС⡪ѧ
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֪ĲĻִ̿Ӻζ
֪İԼʵҵļдʼ͸˽סöŻظ֪ģȥεʱ򣬿˳ġ
Ϊϴαը¹ʵסı̬ըʵңв֪ĵȫΪˣԸĸʱ䣬Խ⿪ĵĽᡣ
ھʱͨҪԼ˼ʽڸġ
֪˵죬գԶ뼸ʿ
֪ѯ˰೤֧೤֧˵вʿ룬׷Ӧ೤һ绰ӼʵңϿҵЩţѧǲμλ
೤ײ̷ǧ
̷ǧĴġ
ľһСϱһ̷ǧԼ
ʮһµ׵¶ƫͣȴס˵顣֪ĵͬͬѧǣǸԴһͬׯˮ⸽һҰտ˵Цò֡
ǰЩ¹һհˮʹ֦䣬Զïʢ«έڷӿ̲һ«έļӰӳˮϣ֯һ⾳Զľ
֪İϵ֧ǺȻվ˳
֧Ǳˮ⣬˴˸кӼѧǣУѣǺãҽмһ˵֧ǡ
䣬֪Ϊƻǣǣ
֪ĵĴ£λѸźǣ
ǼΪ֧ˡ
ϧιԵĻᡣɤӣǰϵͬѧܽܡǽУͬѧ˭ɣ
Ϊ˸ȺʣǣԼŮѵ֣ҵļ˴ģѧյġ
֪ĵԬޱʵ̸˼ꣿ
ͬѧǷ׷ЦŮѶ̧죬סԼϵľִ١˴°ͣϵ߶ʼ̸ưĵһĿưĵһ
ŮĸΪ˵߿ûӺãϹ⻪ѧԺ
æ˵ҹң߿ǰҴ绰
⸱ȶģǣ̷ǧ˼̷ǧһơƣͷտ̯
̷ǧ쵽ӼļλѧûڡǣĪˡ
֪¸ҵվ˳˵ Ҵõѣף
վ֪ĵߣ̵ҽܵǽףڶ߶
׻û˵꣬廰ˣ
ҵһ󡣡֪Ľػش
׵߳౾׵ĳʶȫѣ̷ǧѧҲȲӦóΪעĿĽ㡣
˵߾۽ڽϣһ㶼⡣տԱߣٻ֪ģ߸ů͡
֪Сʾ͹ȥˡ
ͬѧȺʼ죬ߵ̷ǧ࣬ڨӼλѧǡѧԼϵʽ̷ֻǧѡ
С̷ǧˡ˵ûߣ˵ȥˣŮҪֻţ㲻
̷ǧһơƣ΢⣺˭˵ˣҰο˶ټįŮ˵֯Ӧøҷ
Ĳÿɷҡҡͷ
տĵ˵ǴѧǶŴǵ߲ˡ⡢ţ⡢㳦ʳģ˺ཷ
ͬѧΧɼȦԼտĴƮʳ۵ţⶼÆ죬ðựٿɢζѬԽԽŨ
տ¯˺ö꣬һ߲⡣һǯ¯ӱһΣܹγһص⳾Ц˵Ҽҵ¯Ƶġ
֪ĴҼҲ¯ӣÿ궬춼ڼ𡣡
Ԭޱ˵ŶҼǰջ𿻡
޷⡣ĬĬضһֻӣѾõļˣ˵ϣٰʳݸ֪ġ
ŮѾ㿴˼ҡ
ԲҲ˳ֶһ̲ˡ
ʲô𣿡֪ĵ
˵׼ԡ
ʵϡ֮ǰǰһ緹˵տҪڻУ޷ܡ׵Ƚ񱲻ڻҳƮտ֪ľޡ򶨵һ
ںɪУҧһСںϸʣѺԳ¶ӽĸоĶȻ飺ɱɡ
֪ĵѷԵûɱԵϸ͵ѽɱ
վߺɱ𣿡
̷ǧӦһ
ӲͷƤ˵Ҳ
֪˳غҲҪ棡ҲҪ棡
лҪ˵սһҪͻңȭ

ºճţ¼Ԥ桾߼ɱİ׶˳ǿΪǣѪŰѧĻʼ


ʲ

һɱʮ˲μӡ
һɱĿơչʾ, ҽһϷ
˵ɱһغƵϷ, ÿһغϷΪ족͡ҹ, ÿһλҶҪڰ췢, ԼݡȻҪͨͶƱѡ, ɱɵҡ
ݴҳ鿨Ľ, ǽΪӪӪӪ
Ӫа˸ˡ֮, һŮסһһԤԼҺһˡ
ںӪУûκ⼼ܡŮܾȻһλ, ɱһλҡÿϱĳһλɱ˻Լ, ǹɱһλҡԤԼÿϼĳһλҵʵӪ
֮Ӫͷͨǡһͷҹɱκһˡɱ֮ǰҧĳһλҡ
ôֳʤ׾ʡ
֣ص˵, , ˾ͻʤ, ˾ͻʤˡ
֪ĵһ̬
ʣѧûУ

ĸ˵Լûף̷ǧͷһˬʵЦô򵥵Ĺǲ˵ǰɣģ
εӦǰ
õģ֪֣ǿ鿨ɡ
ǰİ೤, ΪϷĲС೤е˲еְʮſڶңΪÿһϺơ
ʮλΧ¯¯Ļյž죬żһǽʱڵĺ⡣
೤߬һֻ⴮ⲽˣ˵һϣǱ۰ɡҪ˭ãۡ˿ˣҪɱ˭
೤֪ĺͽͬʱۡ
֪ĺͽ׵λһȷ˱˴˵ͬݣɨܣ֪ĵѷԵһƥǡ
׿ĵһ̣;һϷʮּѡΪĵãȻ޹ųĲ֪롣
죬̷ָ̧ǧ
Ҫɱ̷ǧ
ԭܼ򵥡̷ǧǳںӪһ
֪ĵͷʾͬ⡣
̷ǧҳΪ˻ӡϷʼĵһҹͱ׺ݵȺҧˡ
೤̷֤ǧĬĬ̾Ϣ˵ҹûۣԤԼۡ
Ԭޱ֪ĵѣҲǡԤԼҡƵĳˡ೤˫ۣɵɨҡ˼ݣ೤һƣ֤ںӪ
ڳʮλϷḻԬޱͳһսߣԬޱԼȲʤȯ¶һ־ڱصõЦݡ
೤ֵԤԼۣŮۡˣŮףһξ˵ĻᣬҲһɱ˵Ļᡣ
ŮѸպó鵽Ů׿ơһͷȻ̷ǧ
೤ٸ⴮һ߾׽ζ⣬һ˵ˣûˣڿʼѡͨҵͶƱϵ1ͶƱϵ1.5Ҫѡ𣿡
Ůѡ̷ǧסԵԬޱȫ֡
֪ľϣ̵سſᡣ΢̧ͷ˼Ŀ⡣գһ۾ֵ¶֪޺
պƵ˳򣬼ǵһλˡ
üͷһ壬˵ԤԼҡϣҲ֪ģһͷǡҲߺźͰ˺ңߺҪǸˣλø
ߺңѧ
֪ıһҧݣҲ˻
֪оɵð룺ȻǸҡΪʲôܿҵΣ沿
֪㣬ȻûֹͣԼȡʵ̫óˣĺռȡҧһС鼦⣬ƺûбӰ졣
̷ֵǧڡ
̷ǧ˼˵ְһϷʲĽǶ룬һͷǾѡȺ϶Ҫǵͬѡɾ֪һͷǣ֪ΪʲôûμӾѡ֪ĵѧͿڲŶɣμӾѡӮ󡣡
̷ǧԽԽԼĻе
ΪڻԤԼң̷ǧ˳˸ѣλҲԤԼңҲʮţʮһݣܿŮסˣһˣǸһˡ˿ɱŮײپˡ˰һУ̫ˡ
˵˴Եһ顣
̷ǧĸйʮ׽˷Ե沿仯˵Եˣһһƥǡѧϵѧѧۣ϶֪Ⱥһǻʤĸѡˣ̫ˣҽҵһ־ͰͶȥ
ԵĺҪͣ͡
ûϵ̷ǧ۹˶
ƥǣܻܿһ֡
̷ǧķԽһЦ
ʱ򣬽װһƽӣƽȵƲһҼԤԼҡ˵˺ܶɱ˵ԤԼҲһˣӦøɡղˣֻ仰ĻɶûвμӾѡ
׵ìͷֱָ
Σ䣬ؿαϡ
׿żݵ㲻ɣ϶ߺܽİ࣬ĺˣ㱻ȺѡȺܿ˭Ǻˣ˭ǻˣҽԤԼҽݡ
󣬽̷ַǧۡʾ̷ǧͷԵֵûɡԳһˡԤԼҲ鼾׾ͻ߼
߼
ͷԵ˽ޡ
ŮΪ׺̷ǧǺˡ
Ůѿڵһǣ׵߼̵̫˳ˣ̷ǧͽΪʲôҪԼһ٣˵ˡʶƳһ̷ǧ
֪ע⵽
֪ĳ꼦ᣬһŲͽֵֽ֡ʱ򣬷ԵҲһԡԵıйоأȲˣҲˡ
ڷԵ֮ԬޱΪһѡң´ʵǺˣŮҲǺˡƭǣԤԼң˼
Ԭޱ໰Ϊ̷ǧͷԵ˴ͨɣˣ̷ǧ̷ǧͷԵܿͨǣ̷ǧԳԤԼң׼һǶѣʵԼļݡ
ԬޱǿϣһҪһ̷ǧ
һ־ѡ֮ͶƱ
Ԭޱ֮⣬̷ǧȻƱѡΪ
Ԭޱˡ
Եȴ¶ϲõЦݡ
Ȼ󣬷Ե޳ɣԱҪɱҪ
Եʳָָ˼Ůѡ
ԱԶ
֮ǰҧһҡ
Ůѱ˳
ӪʧһŮס
ԵûиκһƥǶ£ѡԱķʽ˳֡ɱŮףζţǶѱ뾡ҳԤԼҡ˺
ϵľƱý೤ѡڶҹˡ
һɱϷУ֪ĺԥָԬޱ
ס֪ġʹҡҡͷϢرȻơϣԬޱᱻҧԬޱ
Գɡս֣ûб̬
೤ߴٵǻʮӵʱ䡣
֪һץס׵룬ǶֻʣԱ֪ĺͽ״һ£ķЧˣȺʼԬޱ
ϷһҹĮɵѡ˱Լ
У೤Դ̾Ϣط棺Ԭޱûˡ
лҪ˵700һӸٻˢһ±ݣһɱݲȫ൱ڸҴһۡ700ɢ

ºճţл

Ա볬Խ

ĵ˵֪ĵݼ̫ , ûнŸС
ϸ֪ĵŵ㣬̾Լǰ̫³ç, ﰵﶼҪȽ, ֳӡôأֹͷԺ, Ҳá
ĳ˼֮УǸոһվԺеһ, ָ, ˼, ǰЩļλǶһһ㱼벻ͨڵһ㣬Űͽܣ
ѵ, 浥
Ĵޣ
, ʦûСǡֻСޡ, ᲻ᱻϳϵ
뵽, ͣ, ζסԶ
ı󣬴һѧ
Ťͷ˽ס
ƺбֱ⣺㡣
ĺɵؿ
һɣ˵Ŭòر츳ѹûţ糿, ȥѧУѧ
ǸĴ˽׵Ļ
ͦվĵǰʣܺһ𣿡
ļǵ֪˵õѡ׺֪ɱϷӣǱ˴ΣϬһ˵ܸ֪Ѻദֻһ߶ͨѧ
ˮһƽʯƿµ°ڣ˶ʯͷϣû¶ĳ顣˵ãİɣ
һɨǿʯͷʺ
׾Ӫһ֡η塱裬ʵųණһ˵ʯͷɾ
΢Ƴһۣ˿⣺ʺˣմ·ϣɡ˵ʲô
׼վԭءԼ˵ϣ־˴ɡ
õġĲ׵ġ˫ִסϥǣ£̲סߵ֪ѰɣѹѧԺѧѧԺѣʮꡣ
Ϊ׿ܿɿֺĵճ޽Ĵ󵨵ؽﻰҴʵңûûҹذûչûɹ
׻˸Ƕȹ֪ĺ㣬˵·ǳרģҲʵ
İ˰֣Һ̷ǧģǲֵĹǰһŪҵʵ̫ѿ֪ĵʵأõǼٵġû˵٣ҾǴȷ츳ٶô졣
˴̧ͷ뽭׶ӣĺѣûмʹ
׳ʵ˵ǼʣĽ
Ľôʡ
ᶨҿˡû츳ʱ䣬Լǰ˸֪ʶȺ͹ɰܡ
仰Ǵһժ𣿡ͻȻʵ
ԼĻ׵øͣҪ뿴飬ƼѧҰյġԱ볬ԽⱾҵ꿴顣
˵ġꡱָǰʱ
ȴûʶһ㡣ֱͦˣʣдʲô
ߺһ紵֪ĵ𣺡ǱͦģǡѧĴʼˡãŴͺ쾭ܾˣֻ˼㣬ѧ
ûлͷվ΢Цãллǰ
˵꣬ͷߣ÷ɿ졣
֪ңıӰ׵֣ףҲԱ볬ԽԱ𣿡
֪ĵ⣬ֱ׵ġת泯ˮ⣬Ŀ˵Ҽǲ̫塣
֪һļٶúɣںƴ˵Һþûд۲ռǡˡ
ΧûкʵĹ۲󣿡
֪ҡͷСʱ֪Һͱ˲һڣҺ񽥽һ˵˼ʽҳˡ
֪˵ʱߵķ緶ԭһģŽתһȦһ۲㣬ҪǴѧѧѧĽǶȽй۲졪Ϊʲô죿Ϊʲôʱ򲻸ҿң˼
˫ִ·ڴͻȻĵĽŲ
֪վһʯͷͼƽӽ׵˫ۡ
ײסһʯͷڶߣ
һ֪Ļش
ʵ˵һװһ
֪Ĳż⡣Ь׵ʯͷһǰԵҺý׷ס֮ľˣ׻ͷ˵۲ռǡд١ҴӾĹ۲Ҳ֪Щʲôڱٹ꣬Ƿֿˣһᰴʱ绰Ϊġ۲ռǡṩزġ
֪Ĵֱۡĳ֦ڽԷüεҶƮУҶƬָս£䣬ҵصһͷ
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λ֪֮ĵĴ󲿷ͬѧķŵѧϰϡ
ѧѧԺĩֲݲѧഺ˴һѧڵʮ·ݣεľѹһͬѧѧʼͼݣƶ˾ȷÿһӵϢÿһֱŵʮ㡣
֪Ȼҡ
ʮ㣬Ҫ˯
ѷԵࡣԵΪ֪ĵ̣֪ı˸߶ͳһϢʱ䡣Եֱ֪ѡ
ǵĴ̶棬Ԭޱ͵ɯɯȴǿ಻ԡ
ɯɯпԾŲһ㶼ţΪտѧʱûŬѧϰΨһһû߿ȫƾѧѧԺţˡ
סԼ̬ѧ˰ѧڡ
ĩԵǰ죬Ԭޱ͵ɯɯͼݻҹսһλͬѧЭسҹϰҲʧΪһμѻֻϧ֪ĺͷԵȫҪϰˡ
ҹʮ࣬ҾϨˣ֪Ĵϣëߣ˯ÿˡ
ɯɯһ߽ǵسҹһ߷ſñʼǣһε̺ʽĲ©ȱ
©ȱĽкõһ棬Ҳлһ桪õ鵽©Ჹȱ
ɯɯ˼һҹ
ڶһ磬ס֪ĵĴȣ񣡾ңбʼǱ𣿡
֪ĵһƺ̵ķԵԵԵбʼ𣿡
ΪĩԵķɯɯѷӡûɿ֪ ŷԵյԵˣ
Եû𴲡ǽ࣬Į˵ϳԶóû˯ѣҰ˵𡣡
ٹͿˣԵȻôԡ
֪˼ǰɣڼʱ򣬾ҵĸ硣İ༶˵ߵڰ˵ӣҺĹͬŬ£пȫǰʮ
ɯɯԬޱӦáΧһȦʼСۿݡ
֪ĲáĿ¼ʽϰİ취ǹÿһ֪ʶ㡣֪ĵƺһƬ⺣ʮ˼·ĺüˣ۵ɯɯٱ飬Ը˿ؽ⿪⣬һһٴڸɯɯ
ɯɯжüҪ᣺ҺúûѧϰֻҪĩܼȥʳó԰µķ
Ԭޱһ̾һȫ꼶ǰʮѽ˴ѧֻҪһ֡
ܻͲˣɯɯһ䡣
лҪ˵ճţлʮСʱ˶ԲQAQӦܺȭ


ɣЧӦ

ɯɯԤϵǰ, ĩԲ̫ס
һſΣɯɯֻʣ°Ų鸡߻, ̱ڴ, ̾ѧӵļҶ, ǿô
֪ĸմӳһƿݮ̡һ̣ŤͷԵӡ
Ϊ˲˺ɯɯĴ, Եʵ˸ѣѧѣ
̸֪͵ѽ
ɯɯɵ, 㶼˵, ҲҪ군ˣ
ֹ֪
ѧƺһźֲܿĿΣ֪Ķ޷
ɯɯѡϣ, һֱѧ˵ĸо, ͷӿɬεζ˿غҤʮأȴѦƽȢ˱Ůˡ
ɯɯشһ, ѧѧѧҪǹô죿
֪İο㲻ҵ, Ұ㸴ϰ, ұ֤ܼ񣡡
Ե˵㲻Ҫ
ֻԬޱóһݡѧ޵Ĺ򡷣֣صؽ˵ɯɯɯɯһ飬ſε׼
Խ죬ɯɯԬޱЩȡǵճɼԤϵҪϺܶ࣬ɯɯҲޡѧˡ
ɯɯͳֻͨѶ¼ҵ֪ġıעΪ񡱡Ҫ֪̫͵, ɯɯ
ֹ˼죬񡱵ڱרҵQQȺҲˡ֪ĺ⼸λţͬѧȫƼֵĿֲɼǶԣѧԵGPAǶ٣ǵƽɼǶ١
֪ȻŷâΪһѧƱȽϻ⣬κοĿȫչһ˵ѧоסɯɯӲͬĽǶȥС͡Ŀ¡
֪ĺλǾͶѧѧԺġϢѧϵרҵѧĽӦ˲š
ɯɯȷʾѧۣתͶ̵ĻţѣѲѧٷΡ
֪ûֻۣǹɯɯǰߣԼѡ
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֪ͬѧǰǫ飬һ裬Ȳ˵裬裬ĩԿرá
ټ٣֪ĵרĸŮŻƱһ䣬̤˷ʡǵ·
֪ĿļˡڿԻؼˡ
˸߲ҵصϻ𳵣קС죬Сڳ̡
𳵵ĳʻ복ײ˸нɵġ۵۵Ũصķζᣬ𳵵ġ۵һ֮ȥ
쵽ˣһԱŲͳзǺз20Ԫһݣڰ׷伸Сˣؾ߱ð
֪ľؿŲͳ˵һɡ
ԱʣֻҪһݣ
ݳȥһ20Ԫֽ֪˵費ȳ԰ɡ
֪һͷҲóһ20ԪкԱãٸһݺзлл
轫ޱߵ鷢ڶϣɤԴɳƵģǮһ׷࣬٣һ˳Բꡣ
Ҳҵʣֱ֪˵׵ؿ˼˶еѿ
зĵ20Ԫֻһݡ֪ȳ꣬ٳʣ׷ŲͺͲӡ
ȵ𳵳ԱԶ֪̲סС˵ΪʲôΪʲô軹ҪʡǮ׬Ľѧ𼸺ˣԼֻ˲һǮһ׬Ǯġҵѧһʮǧ飬Ҳٵ꣬͸һ㣬רѧɹ
ϰݺз˭ûжӡ̾˿˵ģǮˡǮģ˭Ҳòߣ綼á㻹СҪ㰡ԺȥĸУĶ򷿣һڱˣǱѶߣ
ķۣɱʡǹˡ
֪ĸûǹӺͰҵ⡣
һ˼ԲѵԺһڡ˽ڣҿסѧУŵְֵǮкܶ;õһ硣
ģҪһҰ˵㻹Ҫ顭
֪ĴϵЩıؾ֮·˵вǱؾ֮·
һ˫ӣԷɣ˶ˡ費ø㽲ЩͻС
֪ĳʽезӣеĸһɨ⡣ƷŽ緹ﻹǮƻѧڵУ죬϶һʲƵĽѧһƪӼйصڷ޸Сڽ귢һƪģֻõһݶ⽱
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ڵڶ峿ִʡǡ
Ͱְֶվˡ
ָһĿٶžְֵۣۿȻ΢΢죬˵֪ıˣǲʳòó԰ڴѧӰ
֪ıһͷͷǵطǴѧʳĲˣͦģϲԺϼɫ㶡ÿ¶۲͡
Ѷô⡣
ܺѽ֪˵ǻչҡ
ץ֪ĵ֪ĵ䡣ƶܣøĸһؼ·ϣĬԣԶû֪е顣
֪Ĳ²͸뷨
һڶѾʮˣʽ̤˳˵磬֪ĸû桪Դ֪ĳûֱôʱ䡣
֪ڼҵʱﾭ
֪Ļɣȥϴѧĸֵ徻ڣɣǣðէһ֪ĻؼңĺӾ͵ͷˣ̫Ը֪˵
Ҳûϵ֪룬ʶ
߽֪֮һֻСһıҡķ䱻ʰøɸɾ֡ͷ׶ϴáɵģϲķۺɫݮ޿ʽ
һг𣬾ڷŵλöûб仯
𣿡֪ʵ
վſڣȻӦһӣ˵Σؼˡ
֪ĵ߶߶ǰ磬μ𣿡
ιܶΣΪͷдԾ
֪Կ޵ԭôΣﶼᶽѧϰ
ֲʲô¡۵
ôǺأ֪ĺ磬˵ɣЧӦ𣿵һܵĹע᲻֪رøŬɼͻ
þû̧ˡСÿһö졣Ȼǲ嶷ݣǣǵ֪Сʱӣѩ׵ŴССһţֹ
űߣ첲ſ֪ģ㳤ˡ
һ֪Ľ˵ߣ
ޱػش𣺡һװߡ
֪Ĺƣøߡ
Դˣȥѧϰˣ˯һɣϺˮȺͲݮְֻţ⵶棬ţҲˡ
̫֪ˣ磬ҪȥμĻ񡣺ҲڼҳԷǻϷ켦ͺͷҰ
лҪ˵ճţлȭ


ޣϣ

֪һμӹߴλ, ÿζյϲǡ켦ͺͷ
֪֪ĸϲԺͷ׼ȷػ˵龰2002Ĵ, , һ˳Եͷ
̰һڲ, ûͷûζڼϢĸѵҪ, 㻹ȥɣ
Щ, ֪ĵ淴
֪дʣҵǽ, ѾӦˡʶ壬뿴, ô, 𣿡
ԣ˭Ǽҵߵô
֪ĳ˵ԼģһѧзֱǷǵ
Լĸ, еꡢƺ߳ܡý·ݲŻʮ, Ѿʮ, Ȼõһ꼶
֪˴ȻĲë֪ȥѧ꣬쵣ڱò̹
ǣ֪ĺٸｲ
ôΣڵ绰ԱߣȺ֪ĵ硣ӵĵ绰ι֪, 𣿡
֪ÿζش𣺡Һ裬ѽҪ衣
裬裬һ쵽֪裡
ʮˣǸ辫
ĿɫĪ⡣ֳȭſ򣺡һ߰İˣһСŮûд㣬ôУҪǷȥɣһȥ
֪ȴ˵һ½ס
´ͨ뺣ͬ⣬ͱȥˡ
Žܾܾ֪ĵֻϧٴʧˡ׸֪ģֻҪˣԴκ˲μӻ񣬲þ͵һٷ
׵֪ⷬĺܿġ֪Ĳпĺأ֮Ρ
п˵
ҹɳһݡձ֪ĴǰʱȻһһٵѶּҽڽδ޾л񡭡
̧֪һֻ֣סļ򣺡ĻϢϱֽˡ
ϱֽǽСٵǸ
ѽ֪̹棬ǽʷСϯùڹҴԺάҲɽɫ.ͻ࣬йּЭԱ
ʣǼǲСٶDVD
Եģ֪Ĵ򿪵ӹС룬DVDƬǽҵġ
ŵƬԭϲģûһоˡ±ֽ߻Լң̨ƣͷ⡣
֪İһֻӣߡ˵磬̫ؼˣ߿ĳ̽׶ΣֻҪпգҾͻѧϰ
û£æİɡ̬ȷܡ
֪İ༶ܶ²ǲǵȫǰʮˣ
˵ܺԼ
űʸˣдһУģԾϵӱסϸ˼Ȼͷ
֪ڲݸֽгʽִߴٵȥ˯ҲҪҡ
Ϊʲô֪ľȵ㶼߿ˣΪʲôҪֱŤ
һڣԽԽҾ
֪Ĭ
ӣߣɵ
΢ҡΣ֪ü˵ҵ˶ģҵĸ£ҵĳɼֻһˣҵĸװͰ͵ģҲ㳳ܣ˷ʱ䣬Ҫҷٶٺ˵һ仰ҵ޶ȵġ
Сʱŭ֪ģĹĵ˵Ҫˣ
ڣ֪ĺ񳤴ˡȻ˵ҵ޶ȵġ
ûӦ֪סˡڰ˼ӣʵ﷢ô𣿡
ѧġ֪ķŭ
ûнӻ̨ɢ⣬ͷŵƹ⣬ϸ⡣
֪ĵݸһŲݸֽѭֽϵķǵѵ⡣һַһʼǣڿҿҵعԼĽ˼·
һ죬˿˿Ŀӿڣ͸Ӱ谵ʵĹߡҹ֪Сֵϵھ̸иµɳɳ
˫˼Ѳ¡ģ롣
дֵһ١
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ֱ֪ѣʮʮģҴһ
ĿȥҸ㡣
֪ƿӣŲաԶˡ
ҹ紵ղŵһζԻԼ̬ȶӣʲ⣬ֺ֪Ĳìܡ
ߵ֪ĵǰƿţŷѾ˯ˡ΢ƹңֻë죬ڴϣ·δ뿪ҡ
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2010117磬׸֪Ĵ˸绰ʲôʱɳ
֪ȴܾ˽ס
Ϊ֪ҪŸһμӻ磬ڳ۽ףǻ˾εľأ
һȫĿǣ֪ĺִĿĵء֪ϣһ·ϣ̸ףûʲôû
ﻹڱʱСûдŹ㣿
֪һҧûС
˵Ҳš
֪ĹһЦֻԸŵĶ
ӱͳһžµĻ ǣŸһǼƵꡣ
Ƶ۸ߴΡ룬ƺΰԵĹ㳡Ȫ峺ˮ䣬ˮƯżۺɫõ廨ԤʾŽĻ⡣
Ƶ궼ҰɺԱ֮⣬Ƶ겻ٽӴκοˡר˻ͣͣ˸ʽĺƵſڻмλԲıվڡ
֪ƽһμô̡
ǣס֣ѻݸһλװĹԱ
Աæ˵á
֪̹׵ҸûҺͽ״кˡ
Ա΢Цǣյ֪ͨ
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峺ˮٲĵ׶һԼ׵ǳϪõڲõĵذΪ֡ȫ͸Ĳ壬ĥ⻬ʰװ塣컨徹ȻǺɫģŻĵƣĵƹҫ޵С
֪Ĵվſڣһ仰˵ķӦһģһǱһ㣬ʱ䶼ǵǰֹˡ
֪ĵ·ڴﻹװֻÿֻﶼһٿǮ׼ķǮ
лҪ˵ĲҪȣұ֤ĻƯ


ޣ£

½, ׸ĸĸ߽á
ڵתǴJessicaݡòغѼ, ɨӵԶ֪ġ֪ڵλ߳һ, İְֵʵҪȥ
, ׺ʽ˵ʧ㡣
ְֱЦ, ȥɡ
״һɫװ, խ, ˫޳Ӱֱ, ϵ·ʺʡ֪ĵǰ, ڵһǣвݮ⡣
֪ĻȸԾݮ⣿
˵ʲôҲûԹݮ⡣
ſһ²Ȼûг졣׿кãӭμĻ񡣡
ûס֪ĵ, ֱָϡ
ټõ, »鱦, ƺֻ֪ĺءöˣһԪ
֪ĺһ㡣˼Ƭ̣ӿڴͳ֣صصݵ׵С
Һ͸ķǮ˵
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֪㲻̫𣿡
׼ᶨƣ١޼, һ֡
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ǺǡЦˣֵĴ⡣
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תԭ˵ΪĻ֤˾УĶҪ
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ԡֱ֣ͬһ
̫ˡ
ڳϢˡ
ܵڸ˦ˡ
Դ̤ã͸еʣŻҵϢɢѣεǮС֪׼Ǯû뵽νġǮԿŵֵز
ڣһܵһɨա
΢΢һЦѴ֮ͻʤӮңҫǣ֪ĵ󣺡ף仰𡪡Լˣһ֪ӦҵĸɵֶӣȥæİɣǼһп˵Ӵ
Ĵǳõ廨㣬ˮӲذ·жõ֣ܣҸط¡
ƶǰǳΣԲΡ뿴ӣӽǸ
֪ĵЩҡΧλǿյ𣿡
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أ֪ĺѯʣϴүүңҼǸ
ƽһ
ҺĹϵ𣿡֪С
ȴܿ϶Ȼ
ס˽׵ļнϴɡȽ״˼꣬ҲȽԸһЩĶһ־ζײŲæ֪õѣʵı䡣
Եġ֪ĸ͵
һԲ
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ֵǣṩ˾ȴû̹ſӣֶžƱûɵؼӿһġ
һκġһڣӯݣ顣
֪Ļû꣬ƣ߶˸һեĲݮ۹֭ǽ׼ϣ֪ķǳϲ֪ʲôζʵ磬ĺú𣿡
˵һ㡣
֪Ťͷͽ׶Ⱦ𣿡
ѵ˵˵ô
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״Ϊش𣺡˲Ҿÿԡ
ְ˵һ˼
ʱڵļصƹɫĹ߾۽һ鱻õ廷Ƶʯ̨ϡʯ̨ϣȻһֶ֧ӣÿλֶԼһȥɼ١˹ѺС١
ֶ֧Ĭغһסޡ
ޡּҰ»ӵƷΪԼδ޴ӣСŨҵİ⣬ǳʺڻࡣ
ֶӵʮָϵá޷죬ޡתֱڵĵס
˴һӣ𽥼Сٿʼ࣬Ʈڸһ㣬黰䡣ǧ˿֯һסԾʹȫС֮
ƹ£λСҵϣ֪ŷ֣Ǹ˾ǽһμû׵Ľ
˫ָעĿʮָȳ޳Ǵʯ̶ɣȻָζ
֪ĵ˵ףѹʮ͵Сϯ
׵ָڷıԵʶػظҵĻϣҿԵ١
֪ĴסĻ񣿡
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һ仰û˵꣬ˡ˷ԷθΪƻֳ棬ر𵭶طС١
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˾ǵݸһ֧ͲŻͲ˵лҳϯǵĻ񡭡
˹ٲļɽ֮⣬õ廨λÿJessicaһѩҷصƮݻɴǵߡ
Jessicaͷɴһշ죬ɷµıɴȹһء
ں̨ʱĶԽԽ۾ҲֻˣõˮģͽƬ̣һֻ·ڴҪͳö޴䣬ĺһ͸ˡĿڴǿյģŵ㶪ˡ
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ˣղ֮˳ְСһŽٺ
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ûлš
ǣסŵָĿ̨¡ĸ硢ɩӡֶӡֶӻһͷǳ϶΢Цϡ
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ֽ˵Сܵĸ߿ʱĸ߿ʱһҪսˣȭ

ճţл

Ԥ

һֻе
ŻóĿ
΢΢, Ƴһ۽ףٺ, ϣ⡣
ֶ, ̳ǼĻ, һܻԹɫĴӡֻҪ׼ٺУٰٺн, Ļͻлء
Ȼ, ׶λ, δĵĽǡ
ƹڽͷĳһ㱡ǿװһ򶨵ģ, Ļ´ǡJessicaʼնںؿ, ֪˾ǻǽָ, ǵڽǡ
ָĲ, ֱӺŵڽǡ
, ƾθ˾ʹɫ˾Ƕܲ˵̣Jessica YeungС㣬Ҹ㡣Եֵ簡ʮǰһֻϣJessicaһμ˽
ס˸첲
ȥȡָƲŵ֡
ڴ֮ͥ£ׯ¡صĻ, Ʋŵ֡оԲǽġ
ǹŽӲ΢ЦĴԴһƬհ׵״̬֪ҪӦԽһ˶ҪµԼJessicaһ
ɫЩ㱡
ײķ֣֪ʵǼҾлʱ򣬻ѽָڲױֵĵط𣿡
ʲôû
֪ĸ֮ǰҿһöСٵٺ
𾪵޻˵
֪ȷģؼǵÿһ档
磬òŵʱ򣬲û½ָײ²⣬ˡڸ㶮ΪʲôղһֱڶΪϣܰѽָ͹ȥ
׵ʣôԲ
֪˫ӦѻٺóJessicaϣJessicaѰٶ֪Զֿӣɷָһ롣ˣټ仰û־ûйȥûJessicaûδ
ʱˣ̴λվߵٺڵأٺУŲ̨һһУΧ߻谵δ˵ע⣬Ͷڹɺ
Jessicaһλ¼»ᣬ˵ʮһЩֻöӢˣ̨ϵ˾ǻĽһλӢķһ顪Ϊȡ㹻ʱ䡣
˾˵ɺｻָ׼װԼһλɣߵ˽ߣ΢΢ͷ˫ֳٺС
ж
ֶӣûа۰
΢Ավһĸ֪ĵĻ
һ㶡ٺҳһö䣬иɵķɫʯԡ
˾ǵ־ʮַḻٳӦ䣬ʵΪʲôٺóָ
˳֮󣬽ͲʼٳӣһС֡СΨһ׷ֱ㡣
Jessicaӡ
һ٣˵ҡѰٶ֪Զֿӣɷָһ롣
۵ˮ⣬ӳʵĵӰ
ʮǰֻϼ棬ǽԵˣҸлС٣û־ûйȥңûûδңJessicaллԸ޸ҡ
Jessicaգһ۾ˮ۵ӿ˵һ˵ܣϲʮˡ
ѽָָϣָ̧߬ͷǣһ󾭾òϢJessicaĸĸŮǳ⡣
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׸п㡣
֪һ߹һ߻ش𣺡Сһ׮ĻûӰͺá
תĸĸ˵֪ġ
żյƣɢ͵ĹâǹĲϣȻºͣǳлллѡ
һüͷֱ֪ӦллǵĿķ˳óԡ
ס˶ͷȻ֪ļ˵֪ĳĳؿڵǰμӵĻ¶ģɵĸĸԺɱ򣬸Ƿ켦ͺͷԹͷ𣿡
׹ȻûгԹʣʲô
֪Ľ͵˼ͷ
𣿡ʡ
ҿѧ֪
׿佱ѧʲôܿ졣
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֪ĺͽһֱġ˫ļ˶ûٲ廰Ҳûдǡ
Աֿʼεϲˣ֪ĵĲݮ⡣һھ˵ݮ̫óˡ
͸¶Ҹ׼һвݮ̵⣬԰ȥϳԡ
°ְ趼ڽ׵ߣҲû֪ĵĹϵΪԼ֪ıĽޡ
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ĵӣĻˡ
֪һݰָ״˸кǣ֣뿪á
׺İְ衢үүһ߽õĲš
ͨһϢңJessicaϢﰲһ̵⣬ιJessicaһڣԼˣæѵŵϣ֡衢硢ɩ
վش֮ǰߵıСô֪Ұѽָٺǲҵλˣ
Jessicaںĸĸ˵δ⽭뽭
׻ܣ˵֪ĵļǿĶңĽָˡ
޵ССţˣôˣҵԸ񡣻˵ҪҶˡ
׸͵û
Ц˵СһؿˣҸҵĶַ˻Ȼû뵽Ļ
κصȦӶףڵȦҲһиʶͷ˾ڹϵټ˵ֻСѵǴ֮á
˫ֱۣµҪǳˣЦҼ꣬ڱֽϿרЦҡ
ûܣ׿͹۵ط󲿷ֿ˶ͦжJessicaĸĸ
㲻ҪJessica
ʣû𣿡
УŽܵڡ֣ʱôд
׺ѣ֪Ļˮƽ
𱸵ؿһֶӣҵĻˮƽְ֡үүûʲô𡣡
Ĭ
סļ򣬳Ͽҵ˵лл㰡СС֣ǷӦѸ٣һæȻJessicaƽϣҲڶǽָϣҲŷˡ
Ϊʲôίѯʵǰôϲ٣ͻȻתģ
˼ֶӵ⡣˺һſ˵תģһǻÿ١С岻ùĨǣΪʲô̸ɣ
ǵġ׼Եػظ
ЦЦ˵㳤˾ͻᶮˡ
ޱ޼ʣƶƮڹУңԶõ̫áٹ꣬Ͷˡ
ȴ˵ٹ꣬Ӧý˾ˡ
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׺ҵ滮̸ֶ廹ʽûͶʣ׺Ȼ֪ĺġֽˡ
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Խ׶ԣĸ߿ʱǽѮ
ӢѧıƣҪ˼ɼA-LevelɼǰǹӢˮƽԣ߾൱Ӣ߿˼9֣׿8.5ǻԣ֡
ӽһ·ݿʼһ˼ϰ߿ûʱˡѡֽ͵֪ĵļԼֽȻٻû֪꣬ľĳһεQQƵУչʾеֽ
֪Ĺؽҵķšķģذϰһѹ䡣мҾƵǽǣʡһյأûڵذһһٵǰ
˵װͷƵ汻͵˵ϡ֪ķһͼһݡֽĲָϡ߸˵˵쿴˵ĻܶʵˣģĴ뻹Ҫٵһ£ݷٶȱȽҴһƷļȺ
״򿪡ֽĲָϡĵ˼ӡ˵ڶһƪġ
Ϊ֪һɣLaTeXдġ
LaTeXһĵŰϵͳѧϲ֪ƽʱдĵ벻LaTeX
׺ʹLaTeXƿ⣬ת˵˻˵Ļܣٽ
֪ɣס
ŵĻһôˣ
֪һҲܸһˣյ˹ʦʼҪȥɼᣬ¸ѧǷӢź͵¹Ľڡлȥǵʵң̫ڴˡʦкܶѧ˰귢ƪģҵڻûһƪ
׻ûŵĴţ֪Ѿ׼ʡ׵ͻ֪Ĵһ¡ڽϰֲܷ࣬ο֪ģѧѧ˼ꡣٹһʱ䣬ܸ
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װš۲ռǡһᡢ֪ıʼǱԼ̽桷ϵĵһԭ塪Խ׶ԣЩ˼塣
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һѧԺĸһΪheffersꡣ˵һʮʷһWilliam HefferԴλ˵ϡ
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²ֳ֪һЩ̧ͷпԼĵӰ㲻𣿡
״򿪴ӣ飬һǴѧѧֲᣬһӲƻã˹ʱĻ˱ҵһе¹Ǳ3DƴͼɼĳƬԼһֻƿװƷ͸ľƿڣװһҾµС׵Ĵӡšֱǰ߸֡
ǽ׺֪ĵС꺮٣ġ֪Ľ͵
˵һллŴӣԱߣʶǣסδܿҲûͼֱָ˲ָǣֱ
ֵָ߬Уû֪˵ʲô
µ£֪æѧҵԭΪԼ⣬Ȼʵȴǣ¡
û취ƭԼ
ɵӣǿܲ顣
ͣ½Ų
֪Ļͷף
֪ȫû⽭סǣֲǣСߵǰ°ȻҸղ˵ڽŵĺӱ߿˺üֻ죬ѩѩ׵졭ϲ𣿡
׵쳣ḻȴ˵ƽࣺϲ
Ҳϲ֪ͬ
죬׺֪ļƻͬɽ԰װŽ˳ڣί˾ܣȻ֪һ߽ɽ԰š
ɽ԰ïʢ羰һĹŴЩֶܺƩ硰ɽׯɽݡƳͤߡȵȡ
֪ܺáͽ׽ɽʷɽԭһʼ԰֣ɽϵľȽϽ֪Ļ뵽˽׼ĸʣ˸ǼҵӾء򳡡õ԰ȡ𣿡
ʵ˵û˵
֪ĹһЦ
ɽߴٶף֪ɽúͣͣ;ɫҲҪָ׿һֻ󡣡
Ҫ߹ȥ֪ס·ˡ
˻ԭأ֪ɿ֡
лҪ˵һߵмӸûпĶѣԷȥˢһ£ģ

¼Ԥ棺ĵĸĸ͸СܵĽԣСܵİʷĻ

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ɽľľ֦

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ͣµ, æûʱҡ
֪Ľ͵̫, һҵ, ͨˣѧҪȴ, Ҳܽ, ʵҵЧҲߡ
ת˱𴦣ѹܴٴҲƿ㽹ˣԸ˵, һ˿š
ǳ, , ֪ƳһۣӦôƽ⡭Ҫʲô£ҲҪңԶõѡ
û
֪⣬׻бѡڸвʶ˼Ҿһ򡣽ԭȿƲס磬ڼϰ, úܿ졣
׵һλͬѧڱµ³׺ͬѧ죬Ҳóˣָɼ򵥡޸ġûҪȥؽӽĸѣעǵQQ״̬Ȼ֪Ĵ˽׵һн׼
Ķţ¼绰ƵʣQQΪ˵
£æʱѾ
·ݵĳһҹ˯ǰ۲ռǡһᣬ֪дҲСѧҵ֮󣬽Ȼõѡ
װ룬Сѧͳн׶Σ֪ĻͬУ԰Ƶ켣˸кʹѧǵĽԽԽ٣֪ԽԽԶȫоʵݡ
ϱʼǱŵߡ
һҹʧˡ
ȥշתࡣ
ӴпŴͷڼżҹ״̬
֪֪ڡӼ㡱Ӽ㡱ܴ߼ĹЧʣѧԤ⡰Ӽ㡱ΪʷϵĴιҵ̱
ڡƼشʵ΢
֪Ͷҵײô̬ȵ˰µס
֪ļˡ
ɽȺȺΡ׳ɫǧ״ûաĲɵعͷ羰ͬʱԼ˼·ʼռŽޣȻԿصطԼ֪ĵ鷶ΧһͨͨʮҲϣãİ
뵽ײ֪ĵߡ
֪Ĺ۲룬ϵؿ޵ԽԽÿˡ
򶨵˵лл
֪Ķ츲صһ֪׷˵ıڽԽԽˡ
һأû˵ллʣ𣿡
֪ʵʵ˵ֻһ
Цˣš
ҶڷдƮǵǰ̧֪һץûץס̯ƣҶӸպõģ֪һָ˴Ҷ΢ǱСèˡ
ɫķҶ֪
ȻȻ˵͸㡣
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а˲úܴ󣬳һͿ̨סǷ·ڽһɽȿֺǰ̡͵ɽ·ϣû˺ۣû˵ӣչֳ˹ӲʡǷľ
֪ע⵽һȺ˱ӡС廪ѧĸֵɫ
ԼĸУ֪һ𣬲󣬸ǰ塣ܲ廪ѧԶԶ˦ˡʯ׵·氼͹ƽһסץסһҳ˷˵δʻȫıܷۡ
Сĵ㡣
֪ȴ˵֣Ҹղһ£Ҹ̨ܿ죬ΪԱߡֻɽ
ָ˳һֱۣ˵һ䣺ʵҲվúȡ
˵ҵѰɣ·ˡ
仰ĵġ
֪ĹһЦص٩ôҵأ
׵Ķһȡ֪ѣֺ֪ˣһ㶼šѾϤԼģֻҪ֪ٶི仰ȫӦˣͲٸе˼
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׺ÿһγ棬һѺ
׵ᣬ̬ȳϿңȻǸˡ֪ı򶯣ǳˬشӦ
εɽ԰֮ý󣬽ջη羰աƬڵһ½ΪĲݮĵС
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֪ɵΧѧԺѧ˵Ǻöûʮͺͷˡ
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վ˳ӵУУɳ־Ը߶ڵȴһ꼶ѧѧǣˮ䣬Ҳǵ顣
İְóɡһѵݸһѽӵС䣬ЦﰡʲôϤģãһѧö࡭
֪ϴӦõĺõģһչ˺øģ
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ż⣺磬һˡ
̧֣Դ
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շ꽻, ѧУ԰ļѧ¥˵, ʵӰ˿б, ʪˬ, Ȼ˽⾳
ͷѶˮʪһֻ䣬첽ǰ, ְֺһ, Ҫ, ְְ
֪ĸź磡Ҳ԰ණ
عͷƳһۣһܰ㴵ܡ
֪˫ֱסֱۣ, վúȡ
ۿǲúȰɡ
Ҳûв衣֪ľǿ
̲סԼѧ
֪ɿֱ, 侲˵ˣÿ˶ȱ㡣ҵȱ֮һʮ˻ϲ, ûз, Ҳ
ʶղŵЩ, õ淴ٸ죬Է˸˾ͺá
֪ٴסֱۣ裬ҷ𣿡
˵ɵӣְǷϴѧˣﻹûأСʱһ
ְֽӻĲʮ꣬û󰡣ѧ˵㡭
ְֿһԶŮ, һԺСʮ˴ûһţĶӺŮƴѧϢϼʹˣ˶˵ּҵð̣Ѷ绰ֽĽ
ʲôûܹӡ
֪Ĳʱʶ־ͱȰְֶˡ֪ͨģԸְֽ¡
ְֻŮͶʱģϹЦݣ˭ֺǺǵġһɡɡƫΪĶڷ絲ꡣ˵ʮˣϴѧˣﳤˡ
ָճһۡͣĨһӦٵ꣬Ҿ׬Ǯˣÿ׬ʮ򣬸Ǽһӣڿһųɳ
ͷ߶߶˵
֪˵صԸȻɬʡǵļң÷꼾ڷǽ͵ذ塢ˮסˮܡբĵϵͳ
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֪Ĳܲ˵˵ٹ꣬Ҿͳˡǰҵ2012ұƱҵԺ󣬿ܻȥŶʿиӼʵ飬ǸĽڵоѧѧѧƽ棬Ҫķһڸѧҵ֮ǰ격ʿ
֪Ľ仰סˡҵſڡ
ʪTסĺ󱳣һˬ͵һ̨ܼס֪Ļڿ佱ۣãѧԿ϶ܵ֡
¥æµļҳ洦ɼǻչŸԵĶӣȴ˹øĸʰԼ̴ƻøְԡû֪ģΪ֪ĶƻȤ
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ְ֪ĸ̤ǵĹ·ְ軹֪͵ĴѧſڣУ
һֻ볲Ѿõ񣬼ǵøĸıӻȴܷɻϳվԭأȵְԶˣת̤ѧУš
ʱƱСˮӸߴܻ䣬ˮУһȦһȦ֪һҸͷˣְҹҽԺڲϴŵΣֻһƬҹ
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˱֪ĺܽÿ֪ܶԼ棬ڸСԵһٷ
֪ʵ˲ɡֻѧ𣬾ܹú
ĴѧǸĸģÿһǧǮֱӴ.пճ٣顢ԷûбôϷ·̸ȻѧУмŮ׷׷úס
ƼˣⵣǵѧУɧ𣿡
֪ڳһֻᡣػش𣺡ʲôɧţ
Ůͬѧ󵨶ֱ׵ķԡüͷûʲôˣҪѣ
֪Ĳ˲죺ѣ
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²ǿ󣬡֪ĺزѧУŮ׷㣬𣿸磬ʮˣϾʮˣ̸ˡ
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ѽ֪Ŀαʱæÿ춼ȥʵҡ
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һĻ֪Ĳɡ֪Ůٶһȶ㺣ԡ¡һ¶ԼҲӲħ䡪Ϊʲôأ
֪һ˺һ̽⣬ƺõѡġʶ㲩ǿ˼άݣ֪ϲ
ʮµ׵ĳһϣ֪ĺͽQQƵʱ֪ûκ̵ͻȻϲ㣬֪ΪʲôϲŰ˵ʶ໥𣿡
Ϊʲôϲ㣿
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ǵʶ໥
̨ʽĻ·𼤷һ⣬뽭׵У˼ը÷ңǾһʷǰը
һ̡
ֵ÷ǳ
⼸׵ļͥʦΪܽ˽ŵ͡ӦԼսλʦŷν̶֪꣬ţ̡չ˽׵˼·һ״˽ķ
֪֪ѯĹ۵㣬ȴĽûκ˼Ҳû̸˵֡Ŀǰ̬
װڳӦԵϽ̬ȡ̧ͷĻ𣺡Ҹ˵⡣ϲ㣬ϲǶʣҵԸ
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˵һ𡣡
֪˫ھһˣǺѡ
ǵģ׸͵ȷʵѡ
׿֮ǰѾ衣Ӧñ̸Լ֪ĵĹ۸Сڡ顱ĻϽԽ࣬Խ¶ڣԡ顱һ֪ȫƾһǻڸ·Ϲߡ
֪Ĳδ仯ѧĽǶ֣¡ԣĴרע˼ٶȱˣڻĿ
¡Ÿսһ룬ȻԼҪ˵Ļ
ת˽׵ԡ
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ԤУͨģ֪ĸҴ뽣ŵĲʿǿһȹꡣ
лҪ˵ճл춨СĿ꣬6000ϣȭһԤ棬ѽΪ֪ʦѧ˸жᣩ

¼Ԥ棺ĵСҵСܵĹ˾ʵϰ

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ָ֪شͷϬָҲȥУִָ֪һ֣Լͣģ
׹ʹطУģ
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֪ķ޽ףɳܵġ
ײһ˿ŸСԹ緹ָϰһʼǣݲȵسˡ
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״ƺһʯ·΢һڣɨһʮλװĵĸ
ЩѧءǶͬеٮٮߡЩͬѧʱ͸¶ʵͱӪεѹ
һλѧйĻһѧԺ¼ȡҵĸʣ͸вƱĸһ
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λ֣ĸУ
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׷ϵҲıˡ
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οⳡֻһСʱ
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ڣ˻ر˳дǰ⣬˵ϣϸ˼ɣò׽ϣ࿼Ա˵You have ten minutes left.
ֻʣʮˡ
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׵ļͥʦ̵ŵе鷳Ҫ̬ȡ㲻̫ǿӲֳκιԣҲȨ㲻ϲܳĬԡҪº͡òšʵԼжϣʱԼĴ
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׿ʼ˵һöӲңͷ泯ϵĸʲȷΪĿûӲұӲ泯ϵĸΪa泯ϵĸΪbֵӦa/b
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׼һֻ˱ʣһװϻʾͼڲĿѶȣϵѧ;һѧ
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Ϊ˺֪Ĵﵽ˼빲Щ֪˶顣֪ĵ˼άģʽǳѣпգСʱȫǽ׵״ֻ̬Ҫסʲôܽ
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2011һ·ݣ׻صʡǣ׼ꡣĸĿҪˣ·ݣΪһٵĴѧ
ڽ׵ĸͬѧһǳɫͨӢͷ۹ʵԷߡͬѧһСҵʱǰ쵼ߵĽɫҶķڷȴҶС
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׵ĸͬѧһΪױȻܿȥĴѧ
ͬѧǸȼ֮
2011һ·ݵĳһϣ״ϵͳһ۾Ϳ˽ŵ¼ȡ֪ͨƽعرҳ´򿪣ȷԼյʼһ¼ȡ֪ͨţѲϢ
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֮󣬽׻Ҫڹ˾ϿΡİְ齨˶Ŷ, רŸʵеҵģʽڲĹơ弯ŵľҵȵȡ
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ǣ׵ѧϰص鷿תƵ˹˾ǰһڼ˳ϯһϵе罻̸ֹȴǰ죬ѧ˸ָĻ
׵ļǶܵ˽׵ķٳɳ
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үүڽĲ˵һλ
ʱ˿̣׵İְ衢үүһ߿Χһų߳Է
ϰζȣͥۻķΧֺܰг廹潭ּۻְۣ֣Сʮ꣬ͽʶˡһף̫һ㡣Сഺڣûгꡣ֣ңʮ٣ûʲôãûϯ
үү¿ӣӴҵ𣿡
̱졣
үү׷ʵ𣿡
ְֳά壺аҴһЩͶҵ񡣡
ð룬ҴԵġƷţ̡ɵ࡯ư̡ⱳļҹ˾һһȫǴعɵġְ֣ڸ򹤰
Jessica廰ϹԼƷƣ
ָһ㣺߰˸ɣǼľĸ
Jessicaз޳з⣬ʢһֻٷŽС˵㡣
忿ˣзæϻ³
JessicaЦ۵ģֻһз
JessicaԼֹҡΪ齭ѹҵܲ¼Ǩ˱ӽ꿪ʼĸĸǣߴţºüʴҵԽԽæӰ
רҵΪеԺ
Jessicaڳ࣬˶ҲࡪǿСǵһ㣬һֻJessicaϸ
Jessicaһ˿ȹȹߴս͹ġһС˿ϣָJessicaĵ׷
ദʱףͷĦָϲĺŨУ࣬۵ⶼȲ֮ۡ
ˣֻźŽ
˲ܱͷԡ
״Ŀ⣬үү졣
үүؿһ
ò
׼үүĽ̵үү̸δͶʷ˵ҳڿõҵִƶ֧͸ǣķΧ㡣
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˵ֻƬĿ
磺磬Сڵʲôˮƽ
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תӣѧ㡣
ѧ㣬غѧ㣡
ȥ·ݣ֪ѧԺݽһǰҵ롣һˣѧԺ׼֪ĵҪֻҪ֪ӦĿγ̣ʽҵ
Ŀǰ֪һ꼶ڶѧڣ֪ĺӣѡͬĿΣӣһѧ˭ܿӣչ֪ġԽĹذ
Сʱ֪ľ糳ܡĳһγ֮󣬸˵Ҫûþͺˣ֪ĵҪнͺˣ
ڵ֪ĻеĽ㣬ӣѧӡšдա
Ӹеѧвϲӣѧ㡣
֪رǡ
ӣ֪ģ߿е·׼벩ʿˡ
֪Ĺ̫ˣʺ϶ʿ
أӣĲʿ˳𣿡
꺮٣֪ûлؼҡһֱѧУûûҹŬٽʦİ£ʵݣһƪΪĽĳӸǼСȺġƪֻһ΢СĹףʦ޸أڰͶ˳ȥĿǰUnder Reviewͬ󣩽׶Ρ
⣬֪Ļ˼GRE
GREȫΪоѧԡУоĿGREһЩ֪Ϊ֤ԼʵƴһGREԡ
֪ĵ˼GREԶ¸¡²Լȡĳɼ
֪ĵıƾֺܸߣƪSCI֡ʦѻʦԸΪдƼţԼ׼ú֣ܳ˵ҵĲʿ룬һͨġ
ӣЦ㲻ͨ˭ͨأ
֪ȴ˵кܴѧӼҸߡ
̷ǧ𣿡ӣʵ
֪ĵͷ
ӣԶ㡣
֪ʵʵ˵̸ֻѧ⡣ȥ·ݣʦһλŮʿвʿѧˣҸϲѧ졣
𡰲ʿѧ㡱֪ĵĿԱ
ӣ촽ҡҺλѧأ
֪ľе֡
֪ͣ½Ųӣ
紵ӰҡӣıһƬԴ֡źɫȹòۺһ羰Ϊһ塣
ӣҧһ촽ҡ
֪ͷѧ㣿
ӣȻʣҺǸѧ㣬˭Ư
֪Ĵˡ
ô˵أλѧ㲻Ǵͳϵġλѧ˸̷źڿ۾ϴ裬ͷķڻ͸һ˿ڲֳһֱ¡괩ſɵTţп㣬һ׿һ졣ڼ䣬峿ҹʵң֪ĻںĶҹһݹҹѧ㻹ΨһĻȳø֪ġ
Ӽλѧ֪͵ˡ
ӣҲ֪͵ˡ
λѧ㣬ܱȽϡ
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ӣջߣ˵Ҹո뵽Ҹкʹѧѧðѧϰﲻ㡭
Һܶ࣬ѧ㣬֪ĻشһϿΣһС飬Һܸˡ
ӣʮָ棬ӣһɵӣ̵Сõġ
ѧڣ֪ĺӣѡһΪ̡Ŀγ̡
ſҪͬѧһ飬дһСÿ鶼ݿ⡢֤ͻ˵ʵʱͬ¡ûݰȫԱǱ롰ƣԡ鹤
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ƽд룬Ϊ˴ﵽĳĿģ磬ҪռݣͻʹPythonȥϴ
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֪ڵСλͬѧ֪ĺӣһλѧԺĴ꼶ѧк䣬Ҳǿ
һ׾ţ˸󣬼ⷢѧУﾶӵĳԱ۾Tէһۿȥһس
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֪Ϊ鳤, ѡ
ҪÿһԱõ95֡
糿֪ĺλԱ, УһҿڡҶԼıʼǱ, һȺҵһ̸ǵĿ
֪ȿڣѧУѧ, ʮԺϵǿһУר¼ͬѧԺźʹ, ʵʱ½ϢϢСϢ
֪Ĵλվ, ԱǷ׷̧ͷһ֧ҵŶӵͷ򣺡һ˵ʲôҪϢ, , Ҫ
, ӣԻһĳ˾CEOںͶǢ̸
CEOвŶʮ꣬ѧոձҵ˼λһͼʶϵͳ˾ãﶼҪǮͶ̵ĻͶ̸
ֱӿ˵ܣܲ100ǣҪ, ع
ܷʣķأ
̬ʮǫ̫ܹһһ˵ҷһݵӰ浽䡣ֽʰҽˣҪĿ𣿡
ܰ˰̸֣뽩֡
͸ҰתöܺڱĿһִֻ棬Ĵָѹڿȱϣһûһµôš۲˺ð죬ŷΪִӡ
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֪ͷϣǵһҪͬѧǻȡϢ󡭡
ԱͬѧȻһֻ֣лҪ
֪Ļ£㷴ҵĹ۵𣿡
ոմﾶܹһTǰغĺˮմʪѵĲϣƤԼӲ׳˶ļ
⣬ش󼡣ǿޱȡһ⣬ȻǳֶĽ
󣬺ѧԺ
֪ƽһμϵѧһ㶼ûˡ׳ŵӣһ飺㷴ҵĹ۵𣿡
PPTϽģ飬ơԡŪһѹܣҪβԣʱ
һλѸ͵ѧ˵ˣдһУ70ֵı׷֡
70֣֪ľˡ
ӣǻ70̫ˡ
佫ֱ۸أ˵ǲѧԺѧԺѧϵͳԸҪԣѧˣѧöרҵΣĩԲ򵥡
ӣĻðһӻ 
ʲô˼
Ϊæרҵζ࣬ĩѣҪСҵı׼ֻһͨϵͳԸⷴĥ󾫣
ӣסŭ⣬˵ӵ죬֪ڰʣ˭໨ʱ䡢ϵͳǵһӦˣ䣬ǲǵã
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ҪСϡ
ΪʲôͶѹͨôѣ
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֪һķѴʱ䣬һӵֻҪͶһ㾫ܽɡԱݣһϸߵķ
ſεʦ˵СʱҪнˣʦǣʦܻڡڹͨһ Աһͷ֡
֪ͶƱҲûʤ㡣Ǻѣֻӣѧһ֧֪ġ֪Ȼ鳤ǣʵȨʵǱܿյġ
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Сҵѣôøһ
֪ıסʼǱԣһı顣֪䲻ԸͶ̫ľսȻ֮ѡ̡һſΣΪһſλ70ֲѣ80Ҳϣ֪ͬ飬ܴܳ90
һͷա߻رľߡ
ۼ֪޻˵¶һЦݡ
һֻסϸƷϣʱ򣬿űƿſһ
һλз߽˿λԼʮ꣬޳ͦΣӢʮǣ컹貵һҫۡ
ŮӶڿ
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֪ĳ֣Ҹλã
ûн׵ȫΪİ֪֡
׾ֱ
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в֪ĵڶĸѧ
ֻ˵ڶѧڻȥһѧԺ
ЦЦû
֪İԼ϶˸ףʲݮ֭ҪҪһ
׵ͷӱһڹ֭
֪ĻĶ˵ǺܾûˣպпգҲпգԼû뵽ô硣Ǻܿɢˡҿһ졣
ײ㱻Ǻ
֪ĺ˵Ȼ˵ֱסࡢΡ
ƫǼɣҵ㡣
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ӰбڴĲϣĽֵ·ߵĴأӪһ˿ľΧײĿ⣬һֻӣ֪ʲôһߡ
֪ŲŲ

Ųһ롣
ӣڣ䣬㲻ԸСҵ𣿡
ϵЦҲܲСҵǷĺ̨Ҫֲ㡭ֳ㣬߼㡢ݿ㡢㣬ܸݿһ㣬һݼ㷨ûӿҵС֪Ҫǰ̨ӿơĽӿʵ֡ΪǵС飬߶͡
ӣ˫ֻסӣͱˣ鳤ҰŹ
鳤֪Ľӻ䣬ȻԱϣعݿⲻҪרŵһдꡣ
һѲ廰֪ģ鳤һдһ̨Ĵ󲿷ֹܣǼô䶼ƽɡҪȻһдӿںͿͻ˵Ĵ룬Ļɣ
ǵĶԻ
Ϊ˽˵ľף׳и顣
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺Ļ漱̷ѧĸΣ
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䲻׽һ˵ǿɱ, Ҳռǵıˡ
ӣٴ죺ʹһļѧ, ǵû, ǰ˺ͺ˵ĶԽӳ⡣֪, Ҫһдǰ˺ͺˣǲûжԽ𣿡
֪һдǰ˺ͺ, Ǿ൱Գе˰ٷ֮ʮϵĹ
֪Ŀб, ֱؿź䣺õ, ҽܡһ, һڱдǼ
һҲ, 㲻ñ˲Ŀ
ʲô˼֪ķʵ
ΪͣҪȥʦ״ҲûҴȷǽ, ȲҪ
֪ס
΢Ц, ͸¶ҿܻ˵, ̫ø߷ˣΪ㸺Խ࣬ķԽߣΪ㿴дĴ룬㲻Ըѹˡ̫ԸˣƲϱ˵Ŭɹ⵼ĸԱûлɡ̡ſο, ɲֹддٺã㲻ͨ˱ͬѧġ̡ܷ־ϲ˾ʮ
һйλѶһλٳ꣬ȴסʣ֪ģô룿
֪αвң
ҡҡͷ
֪ķŻҸ㣬ϣûвҡ
֪ĳƯ崿˵ŭʱ򣬾һֻСèצӣŲκˣЦˣûв㣬𼤶
ͷߣӰŨӰ֪ĵϣסİƽ˵˼һƶһ滮飬̵㲻˵ȥԸ̡ſΡ
ӣأָָӣԸ̡
ӣ÷ЦԸѧһ꣬Ҳһ顣
ӣôǸŮӡ˹ǼϵӹҲסˡ
һλԲл˵Ҫҿ𡣡

Ƕ۸ͷˣ
ӣ˷ŭԣѧԺģʶѧԺˡһǵͬѧСҵı֡
ӣ̫ˡ޷ȷе
ķεľΧܹ߸ˡһ֪࣬ġסӣһࡣ֪ĺӣĿŶûã˿ûжҡ
ʱ򣬽׿ź䣬˵ܴ˽ѧ̬ѧߣޣҪߣ֪Ĳҷ̡һʼд룬ͻúдһ
ô˵ҿûޣͷԼķͣҺ֪һϵơûӲ°㲻ȰȰ֪ģȰذ꣬˶кӹ
Ҳ㣡֪̬ȼ
̾Ҹλһõ̹׵ظʦ㲻ϳ֣⣿
ײ廰ϣ֪һٰĹͷֳķݣƽطָĸˡҾⲻʵ
䡣京Ц
ƿһںǰϣ˵ʵλд档Ǹ㲻һǰ˺ͺˣչʾʹ׶Σǻشʦ⣬ᱻ۷֪֡ԸԸ㲻գϾҵĸ˶ǻӡ
Сѧеһ꣬׾ʹӶԵĿѧˡӡʡ
ӡǶԵĿͷ
׻ѧãǶǻӣû˻Ӻҽȥʦ˵̡ѡһűĿΡ
ǣֱ֪ͦˣ䣬вңΪһͽ
͡ͽʲôϵ䲻ͷʵ
ͽǡۡľͣͬʱץסǶѣÿһꡣǶÿ̰ꡣһһѣǰ߻ɣжʮꡣ
򵥵ͣڳ˶֪
֪Ҳϻֱ˵ǾãҰдҵٸһѣܻõĽܵģ붼롣˵ʵȷҪҿԵ֡ſΡѧҶףѡ㲻á̡ķвңѧںںһſΣⲻͽϷֻһһֱվھһߡ
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֪վλѣû;ѧ˵ǵĳɼȥյ¼ȡ֪ͨʱǵļ˺ѿʮսУŵʱǶδлȫõĴѧʦǳɲţǳɳ߳УţԵԼ𣿡
֪˫ְסӡᣬȴֱġ
λƮɫһ䣺ϴԡ
֪ٽǣлС鹤֤ԼһϵˣԼı³ԷԼûҪźһ֡ÿ˵ѧϰٶпǲһ죬Ҫóѧϰ̬ȣ䲢ǽʡʱ䣬˼ȨͨһʵĿѧ̡䣬˭ϴԣ
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ͼʶ֪ĵɡذǻԼѧãñѧ
Լѧãñѧ仰ǽ׵ĳаξߵġɼǵðεʦһһȺѧ׼ŭ˺䡣
ü˵Ƕҵ˼Ҵͷβû˵Ǹӣ֪һ˰ҵãΪʲô͸˾һ͹˾Ͷɱ
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˫סԼ°ǻ˳ָðλѶ˾֪ĸĵطֻʣõֵȻԡ
ӴѧڿʼҶһϷϷеĵλܸߣϷʵѹֵһ𿪺ڣжû뵽ҵĺгϵȻһСŮ߽ˡ
ʼǱԵͷҲص߳˿һλ׷˹ȥʣڿԸ֪ġӣһͬĿꡣ
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̾һҡ棬ղ˸ͶʵĿͻûҽ귽˼ڿȣˡϳǰܸ㶨ʹͶˡ
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˵һȺ˻ʱʶϵͳרûȺ̫СͶ̶ûǰ;
վһ¹İֵˣǱء
ߺ󲻾ã֪ĵۻ
ͬѧУ԰֪İıʼǱԽӣѧ㱣ܣȻǣס׵ӣһɢ
紵ķ˿ЦҺһ·ÿġ
ײСĴָСָʳֵָֻĴһϵеı仯ķȣķ飬һֻڶ̶̼֮ڡ
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ͻȻжҲеȡ
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΢ңӰ涣˫۹ˣֹ
׺Ȼһֿɳܵġеڴյлֱ˵ɡ
֪΢˰벽ֱʵ¼ǲǼٵģ
׶˼ӣŷʣ˵
Ȼأ֪Щ
ͳڴ֧ܣһ֧ң¼ʣµû
ΪʲôЯң֪ƶ׷ʵ
Ҽһֻè˵һ֧ңٿصҼè
֪ĹȻҵĳ˫۷Ź⣺̫ϲСèˣ
ٹ£׾ҪȥӢѧ֪ĻڱԼû뾡ܵض֪ĽӴίææҪпա
֪֧ң˼죬ҪμһѧᡣһλڴļѧѧУˡѧ˵̷ǧĳŮҲҲһʿ㡣
֪˽طԼİԡص㣬ʵǡʿ㡱׼Ӽ飬ѵĴѧԺѧҲѧԺ̡
֪ϬףҪ鷳ҾѧԺʦ̡
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֪߬Ž͸֧ң, ǻеһĶ˽׼Сè䡣ֱȥ𣿡
һֱڵ֪ĵ仰ȻӦһ, ִܿļҡ
֪ĸ߽šŲ, ڴ, ߵСʱǰְ趼Ӧ, ҸҲϲСèСȥε, ӮһֻСë, ҰС쵱ҵĳ֪ˡ
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֪ĻȸԾҺҲʶˡ
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׷˽Ų, ֪ľʲô
ѿڶʮҡ
֪˳˼˵ʮ󡭡2020ˡ
̽һ꣬ʮ꣬ûʲô滮
Ȼ֪طһҪڶʮ֮ǰ䶯ԵоɹҾʦңһֱʮϴѧ˺ܶʦѧ, ܵǵİ
֪ϲؽһѻ
ȫѧ̡ĵᡣ
״ͷβûҵһ˿һ롰顱صĻ⡣δеܣⶼ֮С
ԴȷԼ⣬˲ŵĴǡ֣ν顱ֻЩһ΢һС֡ţһδ飬Ȣ˹̹鸾ûϹ˹ܰһֻӡ
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֪ĵδ滮ƺҲûһϯ֮ء
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һ˫ľţ׺֪˳ҡ䣬֪ĵỹͷ컨ϵĸ񣬶׶ǿèѣչʾһֻѩ׵Ĳżè
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֪ļòѡ
Сè䣬ʣҿ𣿡
˵ֻèܹԡ
֪Ķڽ׵Աߡ֣èëֻèǾ͡һԭɵ¶ëޡĶƤ
֪ĵĶҪˡ
ʲô֣֪ʵ
Ȼ˵ݮ
֪ĹһЦϲ֡
֪ڵ̺ҵһֻ󡪡ƵèߡңڷȦֻܶèѣʼ֪ĸèȻڵϣĵؿè׷һԹߡ
Сܰڳһ侲Գֵӡ
᲻ըëأ
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ڽ׵󣬴յĶߣĶ⡣ۿɼļǽӲֱͦҲ΢Щǳ죬һķ緶ûпڽ
֪ĵĵӱø
˫סļǰŲ룬Ϊʲôһͷң
׷Ϊʲôô
𣿡֪
Ȼԡ׳Ͽҵ˵󷽷ٿһ㡣̧֣Լ磺ԡҵļϡ
֪ĺͽʶ࣬״δ¶һ㹥ԡºֱ͡ģǳṩԴԴϵİȫСߣ׼ȷ˵֪ĵס־͵ڰȫС
֪Ĵпļ򣬳ʵԼĸܣ֣ŷ֣ԽԽÿ֡
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׷Ʒζһ顣
ͷʲôҪѿ磬һò
֪ĵһǳĲݮζָʴ˼άԴһ֪˵һش⣬ǣֲҽˡ
ܣƻִ棬һɴƵе㴭һտϲõˣﾭּơûϵ֪ı׽ķʽֱӡղЦأļȻ
׿ϲϲң仰֪ĵߵյ㡣
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Ҫվ֪ĵĽǶ˼Ұ̽硣ô֪ĸĶλһ꣬˽֧ż˼빲ĺѡ
˼·ʣ˵ʲô㽲
֪ķʣʲô˵𣿡
Ȼ״ݲȵ˵ѣ߱ռǡĹ۲ǰԼ
ײ²⣬֪ĻСڿֵ˼ֵϸƷѧŶӹĲԣ׼Щ֪ʶȫڸ֪ġ
ĬĬŸ壬֪һ˵ϲϵζϣģֻżèļزһ¡
ֹͣоԼ챻ɱˡ
Ҫһֱѡ֪¶ۡ
仰ְѽʵ
öûعͷ֪ı󣬿顣
֪ķ֣׵Ķ䲻ˣȻͦΡ̬ʣõƽûбķӦַ֪ſŤͷȥСèˡ
׾Ĭصڵϡ
֪ıһףôˣ
ƫƬ̣Ӧû¡
׵һΪԼϲŮṩпļûϰߣҪһĵ̺ƽɣֹ˼ӣվ֪ĺȥ԰ɢ
ǰʱ䣬ƥںԺ֪ĴûӦûҴֻһǣ䡣Ӱ֯Ļ԰Уƽһ̸˵أ̸Цڲﹲͣ绹ȥһ桰ֽˡֱʱ֣ײŰ֪ͻشѧУ԰ѧУſڻ
Խ׶ԣһ죬һ졣
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֪ĵҲܲ
ڡ۲ռǡд2010313գȥ˽׵ļңֳСèСǳɰҾãױСɰ
ÿʮ£֪Ķѱȵġ۲ռǡ͸ס𽥷ˡ۲ռǡĳԣһͨռǣ򵥵ؼ¼š֪׻ΨһĶߡΪһλ߶㣬·һĸд⡣
֪ĵһǣıѧϣܼΤѧ㡭
λСΤǡѧ㣬ҵʡһУͳˡĿǰݵһѧʿѧλڼ䷢ľҵʿĹע
֪ļǵãʡǵǼΪ籨ıֽɷùΤǣⶨıǡǿǿ֣ʡһеŮѧԣ
ǷݱֽϣΤҽܵԴһʫܽޡ
֪ľãΤǵúܲ
֪ĴûΤǺ̷ǧѧϵһ
ʡһеУ԰ڣҲû˵ʷн¶̷ǧϵף֪ĸţ̷ǧĳŮ̸˺üû֡
ѧᡱһʽٿΤһ͵ִ˱磬ΤǸʦ߽У԰عԱĽӴ
лҪ˵ҽհ75дһ飬˸ϷɱӰ飩ܹǧ֣ҪǸȤԿ


ܱ

֪ΪӼʵҵһԱ, е˽ӴΤǣ˹ȥ, ҽܵѧ, ҽ֪, ʡһеıҵڶ
ΤǳһЦð, Сѧá
֪ĿĵػӦѧ㡣
Τר㷨ڱƽ׶ѧͼ˫ѧλƱҵ֮, ΤǻIBM˾һ, ŷѧ磬Ϊ֪Jeff yѧ
֪ĶJeff yĺͳ鼮˽ΤǵоݡΤ˼, ΤǾͶĿ࿴Ǵѧ
֪ĵ˵ͷҽʮ, ˡ
ΤǾȵ˵Сѧúô
ѧУΪJeff yһ˰һӭ硣ѧԺĲʦͬѧϯ˱ᡣJeff yλŹǶ̸
Ĳڣƹҫ, Ǣ
ʽ, ʦͬѧһװ, ̷ǧҲ⡣
̷ǧһ׺ɫڴһɫ¡۽һſӣʵʵһ˹Ľζ
̷ǧǱһˡ΢üͷ˵ʱʱΤǣȻԷһûʩ
Ĺһʱ䣬пͰ͵س, 㲻ҵģȥһ֪ġ֪ĸΤĵ㿴ΤЦö࿪İ
̷ǧص̾һ֪ôŮʿ
ŷ֪ĶẰˣѧ㳤ѧ̵ġƣΤǸùϵ˵û
̷ǧûƱһںơ
ˮӱװ㡣
װ򲻾ãһǮ̷ǧ΢Щۡ
߬Ųͽֽزϵգʮ꣬ΤǶʡһеľ顣ɫڽϰΣִϡЦϦ֪ϼ֪Ҳ֪
ıʵ
꣬ΤǾ
еѧУҪ֡ʱҲᣬʮ꣬ĸû¶㲻ᣬ˵˺ݻ
˵ΤǵľƣǿϰġϵףΤǣڹѧУϿγ̽ȣҲеڶԸһ㾡ȫذ
Ƕλ̷ǧεͷƤ顣
˭أ
ֻܹԼ
ʱǸУƢ󣬾٣ùͨļɡ
̷ǧһ߷˼һƷźơ۽ǵ֪ϡ
֪ںΤ㷨
Τǵһƪǣ浽ˡShorֽ⡱֪߬һӣдһաShorֽ⡱Ĳ裬ģָڡ˵PythonдQFT·˿Դpackageѧ㣬㿴һĿԴpackageֹһ㷨
νԴpackageָǹĹܴ롣
ΤǴӦðȥĶ
ڿ𣿡֪˼ԸһңȥһеԵĵط
ΤƳһ̷ǧ
̷ǧľƱտҲָס˸߽űı۾ıԵ΢΢ƮεĿպúϡ
ᣬɴ˵ã߰ɣ֪ġ
֪ΪѧĴȤ
̫ˣ
˼·õѧĿ϶
ģһӱԣڻϿԴʹá׻˵úã˶о㷨ѧԽ࣬ķչٶȾͻԽ졣
֪ĺĵʦһкǣΤǵ֣߳
*
֪Ĺ˳μѧ㡣
Τѧ㴩һɫȹһ£ϵŰͱĸΧƤѩףױؾӹɢľߵʡ
Τǵ̬ӣЩƣǶԸȴ̫һӣڸա룬Τᡢһ
֪̾ʡһеѧǸикá
ɫڣ·Ӱӭ洵һı磬ΤǴ˸ս֪ĵֱۣ֪ĴȻ˵ѧҰѸ㡣
ΤЦҡҡͷҪڽ󱳺Ȼһů˰һװϡǴɫģ޾ĵĺӣûͷ֪׵˭
ͬһʯ㶨ԭء
̷ǧ⼸ڹ⣬ûðɣ
Τת˵ҹζأ
̷ǧһ׳¡һɫ㡣ͽ⿪ˣ¶ؾ׳ʵֱۡ˫§Ҳ˶ѣûнӹǣûϹֻһ¶
ˮ̷ǧشҲС
˫ִڿ㶵ڴûҪߵ˼Ҳô
֪Ķʱ̷ǧҵ硣̷ǧǲЩŮ֣Ϊ˷ֹһáΪƣʵǸš
ֲֻ˽Цʣѣ㵼ʦѧ𣿡
ǰ㿴ˣûѡΤǻش
̷ǧֵϵЦݣƽʵ࣬ڹ¹죺һӼĴ顣˼С飬ӱص·С飬㷨лǺһƪġ
ΤǲĿ֪ģڲӱС飿
֪˵ҴӼĴʲôѧ
ΤǶչһЦҪлᣬǺһƪġ
õģѧ㣡֪ˬӦ
̷ǧǳһ¡ͷеϵשʯ϶ΤǾͰװ׻òҲˡ
Ȼ˵Բ𡣡
ΤǵڰУҵǸ
ʱ̫ˣ̷ǧӹǼװֵıϣҰԼţ˭ӱ˭ϲƲ㣬ǲģ
Τҧ££ɫȻǧﻯ֣ˡ
תҪߡ
̷ǧһס䣺ҿһۣ˵˵úòá仰ĵġ̫òﻰ͵رָͿʼɭۺڡ
Τ˦֡˵ҽ·ݲʿҵҵ˾ͻعϺҺ˽ְѧУ롭
˺ܾãҲûԼҪʲô
̷ǧúܽһײšǰߣûлͷ磬˵ߵŮûϹˣౣء
֪Ŀ첽׷ѧ㣡
ѧȴ˵Բ֪ģе㲻ȻؾƵˣȥдĴ롣
ѧ㣬ؾƵꡣʲôҸ򡣡֪顣
ѧ㳯˻֣ʶ·һ˴һ
֪վԭأĿȥıӰ·ԽԽԶޱߵҹɫ
*
ҹˮ̷ǧһϰװ㣬·һ鲼ҳʯשϡϥӰУǷήʵһɥ֮Ȯ
֪ܵǰһѧ
̧ͷ
֪ʶһ࣬δ⸱ģǵɵģС߱СﹴѧԺ̣Ϊ˶žѧǣӦѧԺŮѧԺѧУŮ߲ܡ
ɣô֣񡶻ʱڵİ顷
ڡʱڵİ顷ⱾУ˹òŮ˹İҷݵʽǲĹµͼį˹˳һŮ˵֣ÿһŮ˶йһҹ
֪еƬд̾˿򶨵˵ѧҸĴ绰ˣ㡣ѧ״ãҪðˡҪѧᣬӱص·ˣ㲻ܵ¡
̷ǧû
һܵøԶˣݰݡ
֪ķɿػصң򿪵ԡĵ󣬿ǽ׵QQ״̬ߡ
Եļ±Ҵææóһλǰֹ̽飬һµĹ۲졣ҵһѧкöŮѡŮҲԼѣǱſʽϵ˹ѧлغзˡʽϵлغΪԭʼŮиɣΪԭʼ֧Ⱥ忪ʽϵǸѧѡʽϣΪʲôֵú
д֪ͷһ
¼̷ǧķӦԼ鼮ⶼվѧоĽǶϡΪԼ׿һˣʵ֤˽̫٣ġ
֪˼˼±ǶλճQQԻһ·͡
ʱ֪Ȼ֣򿪵Ĳǽ׵򣬶ģ
ͽ׶ʹQQĬϵϵͳͷ
ֲǣ֪ĸշϢͻȻˣĻʾһСԷС
֪ŵùص˵Դ۽˱ʼǱıӣҵСϡ
лҪ˵±⡰ܱաҾ̷ǧQAQ ̷ǧˣֽΣġԴˡ

ҿӪҺ12Wˣָܻ°ϡֹ¸ǰ152۷л


ʱ

֪ĵһλ, ￴һ㡣
ʽϵ, ǡһѼĴ, ݺݴ˫ۡ
ʽϵ
ô˵Ķ
ֱδţţ
ϴ衣һëס, 侲˼ӣָžؿü̡
ڴĸղ
ղĿ, ˼ӱ, ֻϧڳ, ˵͡ŵĻĿİ˵㡢㡢á
ûлͷҼ, ͷ
ղæӦҡҡҲ
һλѳɤӺôˣ
ˮ˳ŷ˿, ״ϡһѲӣ̾˵û£˯ǵ, еҪ
λѶ֪ġǶ֪, һƯִáǿԿЦ, ܵ٩ã˭ҿڵ٩Ǿֻһ֡
漰֪ģǷ׷װơ
Ļ˼д˰˰֣ʹʽϵϴʾ֪ԶǸѧѧҶԲѷֶţһѧۡ
һ, ͷˡһ÷Ϣע⵽˵ǰֹ̽顭
ֹ֪̽
ϸ䣬ôһΣ֪಻Ű飿˵ʵ翵ġ顱ֻԼ˫˫šҪͶ׬Ǯһӹһ˹Ϻӡ
˼˺ܾã֪Ȼûлظ˸绰Ȼֻػˡ
ҲѲ
ȥ֪̽ĵʱ֪ĵѵɯɯҪ˵ɯɯֻţԷ֪ѧУʲô⣬޷ĵ绰
£ˣòطһŸɯɯɯɯã֪ĵĸһ֪ߵȥѧУſڵ
ɯɯڴϳƬ
ֻأɯɯ㣡
֪ĴӱҸң
ɯɯﺬƬڳݲ˵ңڲңߵ㣬ҪѧУſڵ㡣
֪Ļ군ˡ
𣿡ɯɯʵͦ˧İ࣬ˡ
֪ڴƽǽıӡĴͱֶǴ޵ģǳɫΪףӡżŷۺɫݮڲݮ֯бС죬һ˵ûҸ绰ӡ糿ԺһȥѧУſڡ
ɯɯлੲݵģסƬӣ㽵Ըһͬε˧硣
֪ǫ˵Ҹ粻˧
˧ĳ̶ȸոպãɯɯ̾˧һˣƿزˣҺദʱױ򹷣ʧңá
ٽʮһ㣬Ϩˣ谵ҹɫȾխĿռ䣬һƬ֪ĲڴϣԻͽദʱûʧأʶںڰбû硣˯ˡ
ڶһ磬ɯɯ֪ĺѡ
֪۾ԺϴëºףȻֵɯɯڶԾױԵڸɯɯͷ
ɯɯָӵߵ㣬ᣬԵþ񡣡
Եһץͷһ˿ͷʣҪҪڣ
ɯɯʣ񣬸ϲʲô͵Ů
֪֪ԵϲãŮҪҵļࡣ֮⣬Ůֻ˵׼Լɡ
ˣɯɯ˸ָϲ崿Ȼģһױ
*
µ峿硣
ɯɯ֪ڽߵʱִѧУſڣѾˡ֪Ĵһ͡ͰһȵĶһż˿ļ
Ѿֽ֪ķҧһڱιԷòóԣ
óԣлл硣֪ĺػش
ɯɯһùĻжˣС˵̫˰ɣŵң뵽Ժڼӵˡ
ͦͻݵġ֪ĵػش
ֹ䣬ͽͶ֪ĵУɫ˵㷢QQϢ㿴Ҹ㽲ٴΣ㻹û꣬ΧǳˣҪˡǸѧĶģû۸㣿ǰôû㽲ÿպ緹µľѧУеġ㵨СС۸һ֡Ҳ̸ҲŮʮԺ̸
ϲسʮӡ
Ű塢ؾɡ⽨¡
ڵɯɯĿе𽥻
ʮ֮ڽˡһ͵ɯɯ˸кɯɯ΢ЦһͷУֵ
ܴ䣬ƫͣס
ɯɯУķҳѡס׵ڣǰţ֪Ļҵɩ𣿡
˲ˣɯɯƴǵ硭
𣿡֪ʡ
ɯɯǫ˵ǲãҲ䡣
ֹ֪
ɯɯת˷򣺡̷ǧѧô
ԲУ֪ҧԲС
Ϊʲôɯɯɻʣѵ̷ǧƵģ̫ˣû𣿡
֪ԭ峺Щİǡ̷ǧܻģԶԶ㡣
֪ĸҸŵ˵ɯɯ
ɯɯԽԽµԸԴ˴ѧͱһѾԭɵʵˡ޸Լϵ˧磬ɴˡҪڴѧ̸ĵԸʵʵرȥͼϰˡõķ룬Ȼ㲻˧磬ǣʱ仨ѧϰϣѧϰṼѧϰõ¡
ɯɯͼ۽ǷжỨ
*
֪ĳİֱͣѧᡱľг
Աļλںѧȫ룬Τѧλڵšǳɫװȹϸͤͤһ߹ˡ
֪·ʱһ֪ģ
֪Ťͷѧ㣿
ÿƹ֪վںɫ̺̳ɵ̨ϣ˳ִסһӡΤ˵Ա߰ɣ˵˵ᵽӱԡ
֪ɨһӼͬѧȽϷɢֻҪ̨ԵѧѧŻڶšŵλá
õģ֪ĿĵذΤѧ㡣
ѧ˲ݮǰˮõҪš
֪Ľ͵ûˮòݮζϴˮԡҺϴ̡ҾԲݮ
ѧЦ˵СŵСã
СС֪˵Ͼͳˡ
ѧ˫ֽϣǰ쳤ˡұʮܾ꣬㻹ᡣ
֪ĲԴǵس޵ѧԶʮ꣬ԶƯһ٣˵ʵҾã๲һһάʱοϵһʱ
Τ֪ĽȴЩĿǰûҵ̷ǧӰҧһ촽ݺ΢΢ףֻ֪˵ԣ˺֮ƽȵġҽ˺ӣҪƽȵ̬ȥǽҵİְˣҪأΪǵͳٶ۶еͷǵ괦ͬһάȿռ䡭
ùơΤ۵
ΤǲٹѰ̷ǧ
°ͣרעڽݡ
˴һСʱǸԷݽѧǵ
Ӣﲥ̷ǧͬѧ̨ӱص·еоɹPPT׼ǰںͷʦæڵһţֻɫѣһѧ˵һ仰Ǹѧȴҡͷ
ǰŵļλйѧʼ˽
Ĵӵһ߹Ųصվ˵ţպλ֪ĵбǰ֪ĵļʵѧ̷ǧ𣿡
İ̷̾ǧ·ϴ˴ҹķ磬ҾͿԣģιӿȴһһ¥ϣ̷ǧҩֹҩ͹ʦ˵ܲμӽᡭˣմܵ39ȣ̧ҽԺȥˡⲻ鷳˵һСʱǰظ֤׼ʱʦֵĻᡣʦûPPTƪĵĶߣ˶֪ʲôʿһУæԼķĶʱȥ˵Ĺ
֪ˣʱ䡣
Լˣ㣿
֪̹سϵҿ̷ǧģһһµʱоϤʵ鷽˼·
ľﲻѣߴٵ̨ɣСȳ
֪һӴλվΤǼæһӢıᣬȫӢĵĽʴѧԺѧУĽڶڰû׼ӣҪǿԼ֪ġ
ģѧ㣬֪ĳŵ˵ҴͿʼѧӢˡ
лҪ˵ֹ¸ǰ152۷л


CQE

֪һ, Ʈݽ̨
Ҫסʦҵѧ, ܴС顣
һͬѧ˵ʦ, ֪ĻǴıҪȥ, Ҹ̷ǧѧ¡
ʦ˰֣ʾλͬѧְ, ҪͲݸ֪, ȥ, ̨
֪߬ŻͲ̨ߡ
ƹ۽ͷ, վPPTĻ֮ǰ, ˱ֱҽܵThank youit is a sincere pleasure to be here. My name is Zhixia Lin and I am from Superdug Circuits and Quantum putation Group. 
, 滮˱ݽݣWe will begin with a brief introdu of the group research,followed by an introdu to the work of my colleague. Previous work at Prion Uy has proven that webihe spin qubits with circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture [1]. We will demonstrate a superdug circuit performed with Josephson juns using circuit quantum electrodynamics architectures to trol the quantum coherence by perf the qubit state tomography....
ǰ, ֪һʶ֪ĵˮƽûϵ֪ں׼£ظСĽڹݡ
ĵһ֪ĵӢ﷢¼Ŵ
Τͣôòʽ, ̬Ҳá
һ鼤ȣ֪İ̷ǧıˣǵװס
ûģΤƶ˵ˡ
Ľ˫֣
ǰ;ΤǸ͵
ΤǺͬһšĿתؿ֪ģԵʵݡ
߿ͷ׼֪ġʦͬѧרע֪ġʽĳ֪Ĵʮֵľ񣬽ÿһҳPPTϵݡ
÷ǳ˳ֱڶPPT
ڶPPTϣֻͼûйʽҲûֽ͡
һPPTıǡFuture work˼ǡδĹ
һ˵Ƶʵ鱨涼Future workһģ飬߻չһδķչ·ߡ̷ǧûFuture workҲûиĹPPTȫµġİģǰĺ޹̷ǧʦǶˡ
ô죿
̧֪˻Ͳ
㱨һƬž
εĳĬӳ
ڵŵһλȻ֪֡ΪܽPPTϵͼ
Ȼλȴ̬һ񻯡
ֱ˵ʵExcuse mewould it be possible for you to expin a little bit more about how to set experiment parameters 
仰˼ǣܽһôʵ
ɫһ䣺PPTϵͼûơûзΧ˭̷֪ǧʵôģ
Τ͸¶Ǹͬѧ࣬ϲ棬ĽʦᱻŪ²̨
ƽʹѧֻܼϣ֪ģ֪ܲ
̫ˡΤ˵
Τһ仰ûڡ²Ǽͼʵôǿ֪Ķ֪Ĳʮ꣬Ӧڵʦָɳ
֪ıסʮ鿯ʵ顢ĿԺʵӰЩӰ˲Ϣ䱬ըը˼·磬Ǳһס˫ۡ
˸泯PPTһࡣ
ʱȻ뵽̨֮ǰƳһ۽ѧ˳һݽѧ̸˹ܡ֪ĻȻʡ
֪ļ˼ݣһ飬ȻͼơPPTϵͼǡѧϰģѵ
Ϊҽ⣬ͼƣơѧϰĲͲΧ
֪ǳظ㷨̷ǧĹݡһֱûͣΪȫ˴˶ʵڡ
һݽ̨֮ҵѧѧƹĵЦ棬ɣΧѧǾ֪ģ֪ĺһ飬֪ᡢǱˡ
ΤǻʶһλʦȻվλʦ֪ļ⣬֪ɻش𣬴˻Цһ£Цֺÿ
*
磬ѧᡱһ䡣
֪ĸĵ߳
ʳ棬Ŀ֮ȫһƬơ
˫ָǰ޷߰ףݳЩձ·Ȼ˵̷ǧһ⣬˼ û֪ģҰĿɡ
֪ԥ𣿡
Уʦ˵ѧһʵۣǰҰʿı׼㣬·խˡ̷ʦֻԡ
֪̷ʦֵԲ𣿡
ʦЦЦԽͽܵϵף̷ʦְƵһҵʵҡʮ꣬Ӽ꣬ȱٴĥûͬǽɣҲըʵҡ
̷ǧըʵң
֪ĺóԾ
ʦû˵ѿݼ򵥸һ飬֪һдĵĿⱨ棬ʼ
ıѧϣ̷֪ǧڵС飬ӡرм֪ģΪ֪飺ʦһܵʱ̫ˣѧÿһ㡭
ʦȴһܵʱ䣬˵̫ˣ֪˵ոպðɡ
ĵͷһ
֪Ҳûƴǡ޵񣬻һҽԺϸѯ̷ǧĿоȡ
̷ǧһڴϵˮһ߰Լоɹ֪ġ
֪ľȵʵô㶼д֮һˣԸø𣿡
ҿ֮һϣ̷ǧ˵ͷ⡣
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[1] Petersson, K.D., McFaul, L.W., Schroer, M.D., Jung, M., Taylor, J.M., Houck, A.A. aa, J.R., 2012. Circuit quantum electrodynamics with a spin qubit.?Nature,?490(7420), pp.380-383.


СӲ

ֻڷ, ֪սֻǣ˵糿˵, ѧУſ, ɢ
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֪İȫҲ𣿡
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Ͻγֱ֪֮סһֻ̽һʳָָס˽׵ֱ
ȭͷȭ崦ǽͻأ֪Ž͹Ĺǽһ·ָƻֱһ۸Ե
ȫע֣ذסɿְסһֻСèŪ
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֪ĺȻʣ㻹ǵСѧϣǰͬѧϲ࣬𣿡
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лҪ˵QAQԲҽθʹдñȽ٣Ŭ


ֻ

֪һԸ
һǮ, ĸһ·ӡ
֪ĵĸĸڰСס˽ʮꡣ
СͰʮСڵĹϵͳϻ, ÷꼾ǽ淴, ˮҲ©ˮҪܻһ״һķӾͺ, һøӿְҿ԰װյ
֪ıһ֡Ҫľ, ֣صٿһС顣
ӣ䡢λȫ
֪ͷͷǵ˵ţһ, ͨ, ˰ٷ֮ʮҪȸлӣѧ, ѧһ˺ܶ๤
ӣЦø, һ˳еٰٷ֮ʮĹ˼㲻Ҫ̫ˣܰﵽĵط, 㾡˵
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⸱ģ, ϵɽ㡣
֪غӣϲѶѧ㣬̸ңѧУܻǵǮˡ
ӣظ֪ܵĶ׬ǮĿСʣһ𣿡
֪ɤС˵ʮ顣
Ǯû塣
֪ıΣתƻ⣺д룬ʦҪ󣬹GithubϡҼǵĹȡĹ㡣
GithubһԴйվGithub, ҿԷֹ໥ල޸Ĵ롣
ѹû¼Github֪СĿչһ
˵СǮ֪رãһ֪ĹȻе˴󲿷ֹġں˵ʱ
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һ±ӣ鳤д棬вУҷһ㹤治뿴ԼĹ㣬ԹˣûɹһջղУϲҵԲѧУҵİְ衣
֪𡰰ְ衱Ծֱָ
ע⵽֪ĵС
׼㣬˵ְҵôûҰְ岻ãÿҩơ׽ǣ˴ѧججģоûʹѧУͷϹæ
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ʦֻһҳȻ֪ҳ棬iOSͰ׿ֻ汾Աʵæ֪ıʾ⡣ӣȴûƴǣ˺ܶ
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˲

ûиκδ, ĺǾĬġָסս, Ǿһõ塣
֪˰磺ô, Ūˡ
̷ſ޴, ĵײ˸ٵټóһɲǵ˼žķΧ, ڿʲôӣ
㵯һס˲䡷ָ֪
ȴ˵ûס
֪ĸһС, ˵ӵġ
װסټ, صƬΣ֪ľϲԶԶ, ҵо𣿡
΢紵, ټϹӰζָˮʣĸʱ, ÿһĶϡ
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ЩܡӾͶһ֡սŰܣŰսǿ
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֪꼸СڣʹƣǳԺ࣬¼һŹŵֵר
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֪ĺԥǣס֣ǿϰһ¡
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¶ȴȹӣֱġջԼ֣¿ڴ˵һ׼ʱ䡣
֪ĺɵʵ ⻹Ҫ׼𣿡
ҵһǡɣûңİť䴫һ
֪վԭأէ𡣵½ӽȻӿˡûʲôֱЦŻһۣ׾ٵһѽ׽ס
׵§䣬ǽҧĳһ˿Ϸ졣ͷŵµֲԾķ˿ںĳõĳлҪ˳
֪Ϊһϰȡ
ս֣ˣɡ
ײô衣֪ÿһΣһ£˵ڴҵᣬ˵ϣ
֪ȴ档ѭӵĽ࣬˳Ӧ׵ĲϵԽԽĬ֪Ŀ޵ѧÿ졣
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֪ĺȻˡǿԼȥ˫ۣһĽһĵؿԺȫڸ˴е滺֡һܵԴڽ׵ϡáѧʵ顱ķ֤Լļ˵
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µشҹĽɫΪԼһ̨ʣǻҹĽ㡣ϣҲμᣬڻʹӡ
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Ϊʲô֪ķһڵˡ
ֻӦüǵãҵ͵ġ
֪˫ֱۣ߬Լ䡣֤᲻ΪԴףһɲǼ䣬ڻȷԼ⡭Ȼȵŷ֡Ϊͽ׵Ľһֱάڡõѡ޶ϡ
˼֮š
æôˣ
֪ĴѧУ
ʣм𣿡
У֪Ķͣģҵļ书ܺ˲һҵ˺ܶණġÿһʱ䣬ϵͳܽһ£ҪһĻдһĬ˼
͵Ŵǡ֪ԶҪĿռ䡣֪ͻĴѧͬÿһηֱʱĿıӰʧУ֮ڡ
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֪ĻصңĲݮ§Ųݮ˴ϡЦǡ˼ݮȻĺյÿһÿһ붼ǰظ֣һ߽˼һԭҶˡ
ɯɯ̳ըʣڽʲô
֪ƮƮ˵Ҹ˽Լˡǰ˿µѧۣйٶ󲻽һ󡭡
ɯɯ
ɯɯһҲûĻ
ɯɯʡܸ㶮֪ģ֪ĲһĴѧֲ95ôأ
ɯɯر𰲾ըûһ춯
֪ʼǱԣȥѧдˣټ
ɯɯֵټҹ
ɯɯеĶڶߣ֪һȴòҹGithubйվϹԴ룬ˣĺ̨⵽ڿ͵ĹGithubϣһر𳣼飬кڿGithubĿ֣֪ľĺ̨ҳΪ˺ڿǵһСĿꡣ
֪ȱĿ飬ǵòȫڿҵ©ĺ̨һ˲ͿˡһµӣڰοҪżȥ̣ҼѧԺо
֪ȴ˵ҿԸ㶨
˫ụ̂ȼܵĸ档
һӣͼݴ賿㡣ڶ죬֪˸磬˿֪ƣ޲ĺ̨һȫĵͶ빤˭ס
Ŭ˹֪ϢֻһµʱŻṹĴ̾ḻѧѧǡ˳ҵ˹ĺڿԴԷһƴɵϢǵˣĺڿͼҲˣ
Щ֪һ
³֪Ϊˣڡ̡ſεĴб죬Сչʾѧ̾ʦ
һ˾ļԱμ˱ογ̵մ硣ǼλԱ̸һ֪ļ⣬֪ɵػشϣЩ˾˵֪ĵƷȨ
֪û뵽һ۵壬ȻԻ˾
ܻʵǿԸҶǮ
ԷЦŻش𣺡λۡ
лҪ˵Ǯˣҽд˵µĹˣһ


һݺͬ

λ
λǺܴһǮ
֪ѾĶˡ
׼Ӧ, ˵Ӧλ
֪Ĺ, ּۻۣϸ, Ǳڿ͹, ĺ̨ˡһ£ÿ춼޸Ĵ, ©ȱ, ҵϢȫǳ, ںһЩѧɣҵİȨ, λļǮ
֪Ļ, ȫž
Ի˾λƬ̣Ȼûܾ֪ġֻ˵κٺ̸֪
֪ļһҵ̸СЩ, ԼʨӴ󿪿, Ҫ̫, һ׮⡣
װ򶨵վڽ̨֮ϣȴʦŶӵʦǿ䣬ף˳۳İȨ
󣬰ֵ̣ʦʼϸѯСķֹ
ſεʦԻʦĴֱ׼ܸߣѧҪҲϸ֪ĵõ˻˾ԱĿ϶ʦҲûһ档
ʦֱʵ˵ǵСһ, 𣿡
֪ĳϵǵġ
ʦĳֹҪѧǣҪѧô˺
ӣϽͣʦ䲻ظǵϢμС飬˻ᡣ
ô˵棬ӣûһ˿ǵֱϵףǺҲûϵġ֮ģʦʡʦдЩ룿ЩЩѹأ
֧֧дûĵ¼עᡣ
ֻһģ飿ʦʡ
һЦݵزһСģ飬¡
ʦź䣺ǵĿγУѧʲô
ʦһšֱںġʵһдһD
Ƴʦıʼ֪Լ̹׵³ǲ֮£˫ֽ죬̧ͷͦأ֪ĸҵĴ롭ҵĹ⡣
֪׼
вУʦĴ̣ܶһֻʮУдֱСûҹңҲûк۹⣬Ѿӳ̡
䷴ѧ¡
ʦϵʱˣȻȥɡһ飬һͬѧץʱ䣬̨ʾ򡣡
֪ĽŲ½̨˿ûѺϡ˸λãָ׷һ ôһ߼ۣ
ص۸Ƕ٣
֪ģʮ򡣡
ףȱ̬ȶԷۡǱ۳ʮٿһ
֪ģǵı۳ʮҾҪӦˡ
ףҪǲʽȨ̸ϸڣϸͬ
֪ģõģ㻹бСŷ𣿡
ָֻͣĻϣ˼ӣŷһϢҰȹӺЬ͵ѧУһԺϲ
֪ĻȻӦȹӺЬӶˣ
ڴˣæӦõĺõģ糿˵㣬ѧУſڣɢ
Ҳ˵ɢ
֪ĵЦ⡣ȥǵ¼Ĭʱ̬ͱ顭ӣȻں˭죬ôģ
֪ĺεػش𣺡ס
ӣһֳͽ׶ʮ˰ɣ
ǵģ֪ʵ˵ٹ£Һʮˡ
֪ĺӣĽ̸ûã¿쳹ȡ
˾һλ֪ĵ֡
֪ĵ߶߶ܹȥûվȣԷͱ۵ǿġ顷Ӳֵļ۸Ƕʮܽ𣿡
ʮ
֪΢΢һ
ǾΪԼ˵ˡŤͷʦѧҲ֪ѧѧԺѧѧУѧרҵȫһȸڵĴѧҪһЩ֪㷨ȽӱҲרչõġ
֪ۡΪѹֻۣ˵֪һʽϣ㷨ʡ˳ļϵͳܹǴͳϵͳȶԿǣûʵϰƷá
֪ļ׵Ķ̳ʣҪǲʽȨ
ֻ֪һ仰Ǿȴ¶ԥ֮ɫ
Ŵ˸绰˼ӲŻһΣЦݣǳʽ˵֪ͬѧʵʵ˵̣ϼȡˣֻܳʮ˰ʮ򣬾ô࣬Ĳٸˡǿصݿ㷨Ϣȫ㷨ǲǵĿ췶Χڡ
һ仰ʵǻѻ
֪ĵ⡢ƺʹ⣬ҹ˾ʮֿصݡ
֪Ĳδϸ롣ԭһģǰ˰ʮһڼۣڣ
һЦ᲻ᷴڣ
֪ĸҪش𣬽׵һδƮ
ģ½׵̬ȣܿ˵ллϿɣҿͬϸڰɡ
˵á
磬żͬ¡ӡõĺͬ˾񲿵ʦϵѧУȲҵ֪ģ˺ͬÿһ
֪ȷͬݣָ״һ绰ܱзҵһ֪ҵǱʵУԴ֮Ľȱؾ顣
׺ܿĵ绰ڻ˾µİȨ֪İСԱĹдͬÿ˵ĹװٷֱȣȨѡ
˺֮⣬Աȫڳ
֪һ£ĺ̨һдģƻͰ׿APPд˰ٷ֮ʮʣµĹӣѧ㣬λѧֻдҳǰ̨֪ĻǸһѴ
֪ĳʵ˵ӣѧ˰ٷ֮ʮ࣬˼һаٷ֮ʮ
λѧû뵽ԼܷǮԼʵû˵ʲôĬ֪ĵķ䷽ʽЩм
ӣȴ˵ҵİٷ֮ʮɣҲȱǮġ
У֪ļ˵Ҫٷ֮ʮ
ӣЦⰻȻҪû㣬ſʮ֣ҵ˸߷֣Ǯⲻȥѽ㻹ҵѧأСüꡣɣҰٷ֮ʮ˼˼ˣʮûв𡣡
ӣƽ˵ʮûвֻڳˡ
˾ʦʵôģ𣿡
ӣһԸзݶ֪һðٷ֮ʮˣǰٷ֮ʮ
֪Ȱѧ㣬һǮҪ¡
ӣסļ򣺡ж࣬Ҷ֪⼸ú˯ϸ㰾Ȧˡ⼸ʮȨѣȫѪǮһҲֻۣΪ˷ҸղŽˣû㣬90ֶòµıʦҲûһʾɡ
֪Ļٽ䣬ӣ̬ȴ쳣ᶨ
֪ĺӣ֮꣬СλѧǣԼķݶֻͬø֪һ顣
ǣĺͬдܼʮԪңһİȨ֪ķֵʮλѧһһ
֪Ŀһݺͬĳ֣µǩԼ֡
֪յһţʾʮԪҵˡزˤ˽һӣƽԼ飬߸˵سˡ
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ʱ䣬ѧϰءѧУĩԱѮƴϰȻ޷е֪ʶ㡣
ͼ﷢ֻȻʼ𶯣Ļʾ֡辫
绰߳ϰңʵ֪ģ𣿡
֪ļ͵شߴٵ磬ѧУſڵ㣬Ҫ͸㡣
֡
첢ʲôҪĽգҲգ֪ΪʲôҪѵʲô
ֻ߬񱼵ѧУſڣﵽƽٶȣ֪ĺö˶˵վ⣬ĽŲ
֪ġ
֪˫һӣֻ͸㣡2011ֻ꣬ʱˣ绹ŵǣ̫ˡֻ鵥ʣ¼
󣿡
ǧ顣֪˵
ָ߬ŰװСͷĶôǮ㡣
֪ĵʮ˵ԼǮˣѧУĹϿһš
ðûػ
֪ľͺ֣磬һб£ˣϰ԰ɣ
ﺰס֪ģ
֪Ťͷʲô
̾һߵǰԴƷǳůķҲܵͳ᣺̫ˣǮ£ֻȥ׷Ŀаɡ
Ȼֻܽ
϶Ϊ͵úã
뵱֪꣬˸һֻڲʵҹСϴˡ
֪ĻȻٽ磬õǮԺȥֻ̳֪㲻ԼϻǮеĺö׬˴ǮһͰְ趼Ϻӡ
֪һ΢΢ƫһνӣʲôͻȻЩúѧϰЩеûġ
֪ʮ־ȵָ۾е죬㱻Ҹж𣿸磬ԭôױ˴򶯰
Цôܡ
ת˵ˣ㲻 İɣȥԷ
֪ЦŻش𣺡õģݰݣ
ֱ֪֮µףԼ档
׺֪һûˡԭ㣬ȥһ֪ĵѧУ·͵У˳һɢ졣
ڣ֪ǰţ·
֪ļĵһǣףһϢ㡣
׺֪·ߵĳϣĵůķ˿ʵսشսĶ䣬˵ĻǮˣǣҲ֪ȱʲô
Ҫڣ֪̾Ķ⣬һƬëβƤңȻƽøһǮ͹Һܶ
㶼ϲ𣿡֪
ǵġ̹Ȼϡ
УѶ·͵УȹӺЬӡ
֪ıӣһԴ
˵ǻ޸ġ
֪ĵһյȹӺЬӣ֪ı׼ʲô
лصң𿪰װ̾ȹӵϺӵɫʵطǳϸӯһ¡
֪ĶڵϹ۲ȹʮӣϵ·ȹӡ
ǡʱ򣬵ɯɯͷԵ˸սң֪Ĵ˸棬ɯɯһ𾪵ģŮҡ
лҪ˵ҵģĳϢˣøж



ҵᣨϣ

žһ, ɯɯؽҵĴš
ɯɯ˵ҹˡҵŮֻԼ˿
֪ĹЦ, , ˬʵƯ𣿡
֪Ĵһƺɫȹ, ȹӵVΣչ¶µǡĲ, ¿, ֫ϸ, ˫޳ȹƱɴƮ, ӯ̵Ĵ׹ʸ, ѩ׷ɫ
Եȫ£̾ѽ
ɯɯ˼ôÿҪȥﰡѧУڿ𣿡
֪һʰ, һ߻ӦѵѧУٰܾᡣ
ɯɯƽһ󰮺þǰŮӻױԸµҪױҽ㰡
֪ίؾܾ˵ɯɯĺ⡣糿, ֪ͻ, ȥ̳һ֧ں죬ȹӡ
֪ĴȹӺЬӣͷõ˽ķΡ
ʱĺɫȾգƻĹӰ˽ѧ¥֪У԰У˶ƮƮġ·мλͬѧʱʱ͵, ˵Ŀ⣬̧ͷѧУſڡ
Ѿˡ
ĵصȴĽӽ
֪ȹӣŽһ·Сܡ
Ϧǣĺɫ·£ȹڱ紵Ʈչɵĺ
óһֻ֣ܹһ˲佫׽ס
ϰߴһ˫ЬӡסֱֱۣӵϣײĻûüϸᣬ˿һ
߰ɣϳ֪
״򿪳ţְĳ
֪ڣȹڣʣƯ𣿡
֪ڴ˵һ䡰̫ƯˣŮ·ϧֻĹۣҪôǻģҪôǿ͹侲ģԲɯɯһʢ֪ĵ
֪Ԥǰ㣬൱ֵػشƯ
תңٿһΡ֪òݾܾ
ȴûпߴԽ֮⣬ҹĳʣɫӳУķϣʲôأɹ֪ĵĺġ
֪Ĵסֱһأ˵Ҹ׼һ
Ӱһֻɵĺӡ
װһõһε׹ָ֪˴׹׾ľٶСèһɰŬԼͣװ˵Լ׬Ǯһ¡
ʲô׬Ǯ֪׷ʵ
׼̵ظͶʡ
֪ľ̾ѣͶʣô׬Ǯˣ
ǫ㲻ְ־ҵæһͶʹʣǿ
֪ļطϣҸóһС
ûٽӻӺó
γƽȵǰʻ֪ĺȻ˽׵ͼƤϣŽס
׶ɬΪָľǿ׹΢һλáղرֳĬΧ΢ֲɵƣ֪ĳ˵ллܺÿ
ע⵽̷õĽɫΡʮƣÿ
֪䣺˵ʲô
ָֻصӣûʲôǿ쵽ˡ
֪ķҪڳǾ仰ס䣺ˣظһ顣
׻νΣȻˣûбҪظ
֪ĵһ䣺Ҷ㡭ԽԽС᲻ţȴһذ˽׵ϡæʣʲô˼
֪΢΢һЦûʲôǿ쵽ˡ
䣬γʼ٣ƽʻһͣλ֪һ˲˺ɵ磬ӳֿϡ
Ϊʲôмӳֿϣ֪ĸеɻ
ײǰӣĵؽЩͬѧ˳·һˡ
֪ĵͷԣͬһ
ǣ֣ϵһֻͬɫ仨װ׵촦ǱҵװҪ֮һ֪ȴ˵ҼǵӶҪֻ
ţһ³ǰʱŲҲ仨
֪ĸҪشԶȻһŮӺףιף
֪ѭȥŮɫȹױʮ־£˳ˣ߼һ˫֡һ۾ಽֱףôǵʮӡ
׽ܵҵͬͬѧԸơ
ԸЦ֪֣ ǽ׵Ѱɣ׸㡣
ԸƵָȫȾīɫżžҫꡣס֪ĵ֣ȿһ䣺Ƥðסʣ㲻ָף
֪ĳʵ˵ûָסȻԸƲУ׺𣿡
ԸЦŻش𣺡Ƕ֪иϼѡ
֪ûӻ˽ס
λͬѧ˺ϵȥţѧ顣˱߱ģ˭ûע֪ߵĶ
ʱԸ˵ǰʮˣദúãԱλ￪ĩȥ棬Ҳȥ˺üΣǰɣ
Ըλ۾æ˵ǰ
ԸŤͷ֪ģϲϲ´пһɡ
ֻ֪˵Ҳ
ŶԸᣬ˼֪㲻ܼ򵥰ûѧ𣿡
֪ζãӺB-KParity任ʽĴʽʲô𣿡
Ըԭء
֪Ӣͷظһ⡣
Ըҧһ´֪ľǸ˼Ϊ˵򵥵Ӣ
ԸԹԵһ𣿡
ӼĻ֪ķʣķǳ򵥣ûѧ𣿡
Ը˵֪Ѿϴѧˣûϵѧ֪ʶô¡ĸѧÿɺˣ֪ڽʲô
ɫ΢죬̸޷첽ǰ˦֪ĺλ۾ͬѧ
λȻ˵Ըͦã
֪ĳʵػش𣺡ûѽΪϲղ췽ʽ
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ϰ˵㣬Ļ͸ҹɫأԲ¸߹ңʢװͬѧǽ߽áΪھۼһȺбҵǰ֣˫ɶԵ裬Ǿʮܰ
ԸóʣҷԴĸҵͬѧлģܰ˼ҶЦ
ԸŬչʾ֪ȴûע֪λϣõиһݮ⡣
𣿡
֪˵ȳһ㵰⣬һʵҹûüԷӺö
лҪ˵͵ģμ֮ǰʵң


ҵᣨ£

׶, ֪ĵһˮ
ѱӵݵǰȻȻصͷֱӴӱˮ
׻صصĽǶȣһ˿أ֪ĺˮȵø㡣
׵ķˮƽܸߡܵϸ£֪Ĳִ̧ļ򣬺ѵ˵߰ɣȥ衣
ǣס, λվֱءȻ˵꣬ҾСѧͳе¡
֪ĺ, ڻСѧͳе, ڻͬءԥ죬Ҳûʳڡ
̫ˡ
һϰлֱ˵, ôҲŤˣ
֣͵һ, ſڵҺͬ, Ҹ˵֮һ
׵¶ƺˣ֪ĻԹԵ˵ܻʱÿһ, 㴩ʲô·㵽У, ˵ʲôȫǵá
׵һȼ, ·ľĵŷ, óĻӦ˵Ľļ
ͨһʱϸڡ
֪İֱۣĽҡ
͵ʱҲ䣬һЩ̫õ¡ֻӾϵĻ䣬ийٵĻ䣬СʱϼҶӣÿһ죬θͻеۡ
׺󣺡ʶ꣬һ˵йټ䡣
ظ裬Ů̬ţȹѣ¶΢Ц
װɤѹøͣ˸ңθҲţʵڲоȥҽԺ
ٻɫůϷ̧֪ͷ谵Ļһ˫峺۾
Ϊὲһλ
ֻǵһͷţ
㿴Ǻܸˡ§ȰοͻᣬƮĶ˵κ£ԸһŽĺѣҲ֧ߺ׷ߡ
û֪ͣȴͣ˽Ųڣ޵ã̫ˡ
ĬĬ춯صꡣ
*
һ֪ĺͽСʱ
ͬѧȣָıˣͬѧΧһԲȦ顣
֪ͻ룬㳢һʽ貽
סһλīɫȹŮλŮǺˣ̫ὲģ֪ԶһЩ̸Ϊ֪ǳйˣʱУư͵غ֪衣
֪ǣ󣬿ԼֵתȦȦú̾û衣
֪ĺͺŮദǢ
֪ҵ飬ȴǰ˳ءԹ֪ĺͺŮ裬ǵȹɫӳ֪Ϥʽ貽൱ˡ
һξ룬֣֪ģ
У֪ûĻ
ĲɵվصıԵشԸ裬ίؾܾԸɫһ죬ҪϲǸŮ
ױ̸ܶ
Ըʣкöŵɣ˳ѧ
䣺ǵģʵֹۻðЦ
ԸƵֺؿڣ΢΢ڵ죬ʾҲ˿
׶Ÿ߽űòһһжǷ棬Ļȴɷ羰˵㡣
Ը˫ֽ㲻Ͻ˵仰ң
ûӻ˽һࡣ
Ըεԭء
ʲô֪ƫӦǰΪͱС꣬һЩȻһ治ȵʯͷǣҲпһ졭ڿ˸ʶ޹ϵ
Ըưͦأء
վһƫƧĽԵǳãͬѧһˣר̸к
ͬѧ죬һֻ߽űװſȪˮ
׻˻αӣϸƷһڿȪˮڱһӰ֪ڻع
Ϊʲôˣ֪
˵˶顣
֪ͷҲԻ飬ȥͱŮ衣
ЦˣǻվԶ衣
ֵָ֪ʽȹڣ㡭
ʸоѵȹӱˣ˵ûὲ
ҹĻ㣬ӽβ
֪Ĳȥ̫٣׾ʹǰˡͬһγֱ֪ĵĴѧ
״򿪳ҹķ紵˽ĺɫ̷ҡŴٺ˵ľɫﻰҸбҵˣҪѧڼղһصڱʱȥʵҡʶԼ¶һ˿Թ
һ٣ȵܺãϲѧϰӦöѧƶƼ
һģס֪Ļظ
׾
֪װϵ仨һҹֻժŽװڴƺûһ˸УֻʣҲ𣿡
ÿ춼롣
֪Ц˵õġ
߬һ仨ḧǳɫĻꡣ
*
ʮһ֪࣬ĻصңƹͨλѶû˯
ѧڵĩԼ٣ͬѧǶڽŵظϰɯɯ̣ߺһˣҺöⲻң񡣡
֪Ŀ첽ˡ
ɯɯɵ¶֮ɫ
֪һŲݣ˫߬סܵķ˳ʣԾĿ𣿡
ɯɯԼ
ô˵ء
ƺ֪ĵ˿ܵζ
Ϊ˲֪ʧɯɯƵ̫ˣѵҪ裬ѵҪԾӵ϶ըŮ活²죬ҿһĿͷΣ۾Ϣ۾Ҫݿڴϡ
֪һϲ㣬ԾҿҿҪ⡣
ɯɯ˫ֽһԾ
֪ץԾϡžԼλ缢ƿʵĶϵĿɯɯſȥƽʮ֡һ٣ʮʦ̫ˡѡεʱû뵽û뵽ԵѡˣҾ͸ѡˡ
ɯɯ˵ԼıԵһ仰ô𣿡
ɯɯһ߽һ˦ͷб𡣡
ʵɯɯȫ̷ԵԵҲԸΪ⡣ԵĽѧģʽǡʦͽɯɯ黹ԵҪ̾ˡ֪Ĵûκβͷˣ̬ϸ¡
ɯɯһӣ֪ĵߡ
ɣ׼ˡɯɯֽͱʡ
֪̯Ծӵһ⿪ʼƯĺɫȹϻǳˮϢձԾд֣ɯɯĲɵñ¶ͣǸ˰
֪ĵıʼһ١
龰ԺطţһĵӰ׾ǵ֮ǣԴԴظּᶨ
лҪ˵¼Ԥ桾С֪ܳ뱾һ꣡ѡԡõѧͬѧ뱱׷ǰףһдúܿ죬½ľҪȥ


ؾ

Ѯ, 꼶ĩԽͬѧӭ١
֪ĺһ𳵻ؼˡֻڼһݡ֪Ҫȥʵβ, ڳﻮһƪġ׼μӡʴѧƾ, ѧУڼѵӪ
ﲢָԼھл񽱡˵, ڼѵӪʦǺܸǻѧ㷨, Ǿ൱һҪǮѵ, ﵱȻŹֺûᡣ
ؼ·, ˵׬˶ǮˣǮԼðɡҪ, ڴﲻûǮѧУѧ˲ٶ, ȥ˾ʵϰˡ
磬֪ĺȻѡרҵ, ΪǮ𣿡
ʵʵ˵ҪѧǮ, רҵʲô˼
֪ڻ𳵵, һֻӡһ߼ѹƤһǼҺǮѡʲôרҵ
˼Ƭ̣Űɣӵصڶ
ͳһʿҲ֪ʪɾ棬ÿȪˮϴһ飬ѵ֪п˳ӡ
֪Ŀĵسų, 壺磬Ҳܺ棬ܴڶ
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Ĵߣ˯ɣûˡҪҰȴۡ
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Ȼ֪ǶǺúӡ
վڸɾĿ̨һ󳩿磬ĲЪϤķζ֪ıзɣøã̤Լңʰ·
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֪һҪ顣͸¶裬裬Ǯˣһʮ򣬸ֻǧʣʮǧӽ׸ɡ
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֪ĵϣİְ͸綼ͬ򷿡һΪȻ֪Ҫڹʿʮıʽ
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ҵԺҪȥĶڣʵ
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գ֪ر᲻ðְ衣òǰ̶ȥǣŸ֣ڻվ͸ĸֱö߳Զһξ룬֪Ļͷһĸڳվ֮⣬գңңǡ
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֪ʵңǱоӵ·״ֲ̬ԡ˼ ֵջļڣУʵ֮ʼġƪµõ˹ʦĿ϶ʦ˵дˣͶPhysical Review Letters
Physical Review LettersĶڿ
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̷֪ǧĲ΢ĽԼʵ顣ò˵ллһּӽĵ
̷ǧƵǵãҵһʮƪˡ
֪ƽػظʦ˵ƪ¶Գӵ·ķȫ棬ӰԶϡPhysical Review Letters
̷ǧһ飬Ȼ˼ƣPhysical Review LettersǺڿ
֮Ļˡ֪ĿǰѧˮƽòԶ൱Ľٶȿþˡġ֪ʶ㣬Զ
Ŀ˵ЩдͶˣƪ¾㵽ΪֹĳɹҲǰһС㽫õݡ
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ʮ̷꣬ǧ롣
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˵ѧûǮ꣬жŮТҸ
ǰ죬̷ǧΪ˸һƪģϣ꣬ͷҡ΢紵ĴTһ̣߬һ֧ϴԵƦݡ
ǡʱ򣬶һλʮλװɾ࣬Ӣ˧ͷۻ̷ǧü΢һף֪ģ
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׼򵥵ؽһԭί̷ǧԭΪ֪һ˼ѧϣҪκ˳ϹϵӽƳеĴ顣
顱ʣ̷ǧԶ
̷ǧһ̣ת߽ʵ¥֪һ仰վʵ¥֮⣬˼ӣ֪ľͳˡܳݣΪʲôҴ绰
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ײˬشӦҪװɵ˵Ҫǻز
֪ļ򣺡úѧϰ
׻Ϊ֪˵һ㡱ô˼Ʋߡ֪ȷʵڰæ֮гŽײιĴѧУ԰
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׵һ֪ĳٳδڣܸоԼ˺ҪĶ
磬֪뽭ѧУһٷ֪԰ͳУţϳ֪ĵĽڽֿˣǴҪȵʮ²ٴμ档
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󣬵ɯɯʵתҿˣѡŶҲЦˣѴһӡѧУУյĶ䣬Ƕ硭ϼôһˣұҵ˶ȥˡ
лҪ˵ҲһǧQAQҸȤԿ


ͬ

뵱, ֪ʡһʱ, ܿȫһȫڶ, Ҫôǽ, Ҫôѡ
ѳɼ, ˳õ˱ǽѧѧԺҲ֪ĵѧܡ
յͬȻ˽ѧܡ
ѵûһ˿һΪ顣֪ĵһ̣, 󷽷غ֪ģ
ûз֣֪ĳˡԺȻ۵
˫ֱۣվѵ, ͦñֱһѼñ, ӡдѧУյĴ, һɵ˶㣬Լװ, ϣ֪ע⵽
ѧĽ֮, Գ˲١СʱΪġʦСһս񡱳ƺšʶпһ桪ȷ˵, ꣬ûȡ廪ıֻӲͷƤս߿
Һĵӻڡ
Էӳɫ߿ܷȫʡǰʮ
ʦַ
ʲôأ
עҪ֪ġУѡ
Ĵ˳纣, , ֪ԽԽ, ͸һ˿ϲǶˣ̫ǳԷбͬѧ𣿡
ָһ򣺡ĸͬãҲˡڸڵĴѧ
ڵĴѧ֪Щ⡣
òڣ䵭س˵ڵĴѧƸǿ˸࣬ȥ˶ĵطϴѧЦˡҿڴѧӡ
֪ĵһƽԣõķԶԶڶԣѡýǶʮ߰ˣ̸Ǻ𣿡
ü̸ˣ
֪ļطϣûС
ԵİְڲԶһӰְֵĺöӣ㿴ˡָϡû쿨쵽𣿱ȥ찡ְԼ˳Ҫȥˣչ˺Լְˣ¾ʹ绰
һ䡣˫ʹһѣӦ֣߰һûᡭ
Եɤƫͣİְ趼ûһֻ䵥ĹǣŸĸӰʧľͷֱŸĸΪǶ˦˦߿ȫʡǰʮ廪㺢ӡ
ԭɵվһ
֪ĺİο㲻ҪѹҸʱ򣬰ְҲ˵ҪڱΣʵƭҵġûΣΪʡǮǵϾ𳵻ؼˡְȫõˡ
֪ĵĻΪ档
Щж
뵽ĸΪʡǮҹ𳵻ؼңҪװһǵӣͷЩζְǰûôڼǿȫõĴѧΪһǮɣˣˡȻһڸбҵǾͻúܳ졣
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ѵĸĸûװ󣬶˱û䣬һ˫·ǴѧһԵõο͡
ϵѧϵص˷
֪˶Ժѵ򵼡ؼǵѧУÿһڵλáλͬѧŵһƽ͵ſڡ
֪ĸտȥһִŮӵĺ񣡡
΢紵õɯɯȹڡ졣ץһֻһϡ֯ĳ·ϰ񱼣ɵس֪
ҵѣ֪ؽܵеɯɯ
֪Ļ䣬ɯɯɲס˽Ų
֮ǰɯɯ縺־ԸߵĹûɹһȵͬѧˣƬ̲ҵ׷֪ġ
λ˧ѧܽǰɯɯһɫ󷽡Ͱסϸʵѽλѧǲ磿Ժѧܣһ˲ء
֪Цһ
ˬ˵λѧܣҵѧͬͬѧ
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У԰һɢʶˣ
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ܿ죬սѶ䵽304ҡ
仰˵ǶԵѣ
ͷˣѾ׽ŪѷƢ׻˵úáֲЦˡѳӰΣĸǣԸǿҲֹһΡ
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ԹһĻָһ棬ԼȻûֳԸһ
Ĵѧͬѧôִ
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бˮڶԵϡԡ˻һøϽȥָİɣҴȸʲô
˭ҪȰ÷
ԴȵˣҵǸɡ
ЦԼô̵ĿӳţϥǶûס㻹ȣ
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лҪ˵ߵ㣬һ±£3000ݣСܵѧУСܺĵƵ죬СͨƵѧͬѧڷһãȭߵټ


ƪ

ɫ, ڹ컯֮¼ˡ
Ϊ˱ٻ̸, ԼһӵȲ, һ׷, ֭Ǻɤӷɬ, ûһ֣ٻ۵ͷߡ
ٻ۵ĵһ־Ըԭ廪ѧҦࡣҦȺӢͣ, ٻ۲ѡ˶ΣųΪ˶ԵĴѧУѡ
½ٻ۷ŵ̬׿ڸԵǸ, ԶӡҲ̫áĶѾӸбҵ, Ȼٺͽٻۼƽʲô , ǰǸ죬ٻ۵һ仰, ƽ޹ʵ, ڶ̶ʮ֮ھ˺ѡ˫ַ顢΢һجΡ磬֪ġס˶, ˭ҪԾȣ
޽⡣
̾һˣȥ飬ȥɡ
֪ĸһֻ㣺ʳõ±㣬ȫУóԵġ
Եľ˲䶶
һƷ֪±, һ߸ܵעϵĿ⡣ƫͷ, ĻеĽ׶ӡ
Ҳ± ԵóĽۡ
ȴ˵Եú㡣һ, ʣôó𣿡
ԵĿ룺Ұպöˡᵽְ裬Ի͸¶ûҰ𳵻ؼˡ
һ˵һߴӿڴͳֻ
ֻϵQQĸһϢȴͨQQռ䶯ְ̬ڽĵϴĳοաʵְ֤貢û𳵻ؼҡְİѧУɽˮȥˡ
飬˲һ
ԳƤ뷹ԼĲ
󣬶֪ĸ
ϼվͣҹɫУ֪ĵıӰϸڣиж֪ĺͽסǲеͷ
ŷ𣿡ýӻ
ѴǻˣЩٶۡ
ʣιٻ۸Ǹˬ𣿡
ûشֻۿˬˡ
ôһѣһ£ҴҲûǸɣ㻹ûٻۻˡۿˣ˼ҽٻ۶ҽ˾Բ𡣡
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ðԶǰ˦һ仰аȥҽٻ۰ɣҽˡ
ǳɫȹҹеһ˫ƤЬײ棬óžžડƮԶˡ
զˣѡ
ѺЦҲ֪
ʲô֪ԽҴǲ˵
˫ֲ嶵ͷƺЩģôܰҿˡ绹˵ǡ
æĿڣû㣬ڿ̸ߡ
Ը߻ҡ
ѣԸٵӦһСʱͺλѻˡǸƯ˭˰죬ʶ˵֪ģѧͬͬѧҸͦġ
׷ʵĸѧԺģ
һ䲻ðһ䣺ǰҵͱҵˣ׷
ŷӦǰξ˵Ƶţһ㲻˶ʿǸţҪתרҵڱƱҵԺҪôҪôǸϴѧ֪Ҫҵˡʲôģ
ѵѻڡѻ֪ĵϵδжϹƾһϵ֪ܶȷеġй֪ĵϢ
߶ԣ֪ڡPhysical Review LettersͶƪġ
Physical Review LettersԴӴϾ
ǵȴ˵ԺкüͶйPhysical Review LettersԺǴడ
Ծ֪ĲԺԺˡ
ĵ˼ɢֻ۵˰ɡ
*
ͬʱ֪Ĵһ硣
ͼ׼ԼϡͶPhysical Review LettersĻûԼġ
֪ѡеĲʿʦһλĽڡ֪λںæҪһʱ䣬յĻظ
Ȼһ죬ھͻˣԴ֮¶϶
֪ĺ̶ܿԵڡԹ֣ɡ֪ĵı൱ɫһλʿֱӶ˵һ䣺ڴһ
һʮѮ֪յϢһıPhysical Review Lettersʽˡڶõ˽ŵĲʿĿ¼ȡ֪ͨš
֪̰¼ȡ֪ͨת˽ס
ʱͷ
ĩԿҪˣΪ˿һóɼ渴ϰϸ֪ʶ㡣ÿһſԵֶ100ֻ֣Ҫ70ϣ㣬Ȼٿγ̵ƽֶ5060֮ǻԾĿѶԶԶѧΧ
׵Ŀ80֡
֪ĿҪŶˣȻײѧϰϳҲֵܱ̫ƽոͷյһʼ
֪ĵĲʿĿ¼ȡ֪ͨ
ֻһQQϢϲ㣬һµ򡣡
ڴ֮ǰǺܾû̽桷ľ顣
һţͬˮӿ֪ĵԺС
㱼ãСѧСнաǵСѧ꼶٣ʽ֨ѽתһϯСϡڿĵӻڲһ׵ӾĶֻƵġ̽桷ϵ
һأöȥˡ
Ҫѧҵˡ
ǣԼػظ㡣
׹Ƽ
*
ʮѮƿԸһ䣬׵ͬѧڵأʥڣȴίؾܾûôʰֱɻص˱
ڱļ졣Ȼٽ衰һͷ֪Լˌ
϶ʮ£ɫˣ֪ĺ䣬Ը׾ʹȥļҡ
һ͵׵үүȥ˺ϵȼ٣ڹҴԺݳڹս㡪仰˵׵ĳǶڼҡ
飺һʥɡ
Ҵûףʥ֪Ĵ
ֻϣһգΪṩֵɣȷ֪ܺĶһʱ䡣óһʥ͵Ĳ˵ЩˣȤһ𣿡
֪ɨһֻĵţš֭ȡݮ⡢ӲȻСͷ絷⣺õĺõģǸϽףɡ
仰ʵ˼ǡǸϽɡ
ݳʦķʮ֮ǰáڣֵ糿ŵ룬緹Сʱ֪ʲô˵뿴ıƬ𣿡
׻ش𣺡Ƭҵĵ
ĵأ
ҡ
֪Ĵߵúܽȥҡ
ȴ˵鷿ңҰѵù
Լԭͼ֡Ŀǰ֪ĺǺѹϵ̤ңܳ˽Ľޡ
֪ȴðһʣȥҼ͵ʱ򣬾ҵķ棬ΪʲôҲȥķ䡭ʲôҲܿ𣿡
ڼһֻСݮСèѾ˴èһ˫èʯֻè֪ĵĽű·һ֪è䱧
Ƴһè䣬ֵ˵è 
֪û˿ԥˡݮಽؽ
ǳһ̨ڵݣֱ¥
ſˣһɫë̺׽ŲǰƿһȷţӰʧڷ֮ڣ֪һ̤ȥպײĺ󱳡
ַ̧ס
֪ĻܣǰQQƵʱ򣬼Ĵôˣ˯ڴϴ𣿡
ڴϴ
ϣᡣ
ΪʲôҪôĴ֪ʡ
˵ȥԣط˯
֪ɫ΢죺̫á
Ҳǵ˷Ӱ졣ʼתƻ⣺Ҵӡģҵϡ
ůͣûףֻһĳºͳ㡣֪Ȼʵʵ⿪޷Ŀӣҵ·ܷ
Ǳʶﻹ˼Ĵ֪ĵ⣬ѿڶԷŴϡ
лҪ˵QAQ1900ǧ֣ҪСĵʥڣߵ


ЧӦ

֪ü, ·ӣҪ¼ܹ
֪ĵ޷, һ¹š߽¹
֪ĺظȥ, ˴˵еġñ䡱Ǹñ
ǰһش, ɫĳд£ڴԡǽǶŴľıڹ񣬹Ÿʽ·Ьӡñ, һӺ͵Ľʵ
һԲɳ, ֪ɳ, ҵһֻңòʣףҿң𣿡
ӦȻ, ô档
óһ¼, Һ޷ϵϿӣȻŰ޷Ž¹
֪ĵ·ݵؼĴĹ뵽һ, Ƭ̡׼֪˵ʲô, ֲܰﻰ̫ס޵ر⡪̱尾, ֮£ر
ĸɢȥɫ
ɫĴԲεĹڵذϹ֪µ׷ߡеңڵһ̨ʼתչһһŵīֱΪ̾档˵, Ҵûмīӣ뿴
վߣѡһ
֪һī
һװ֪ĸ˶ʮסǰˡСذīľȼĶ䣬ָذĶ⣬ƬסڵĿ⣬˫ּ֣·ʯһ㰲ͣڰС
ʱȻЦ
ЦϢһ紺绯꣬ﱻֵڿз̳
ȻҲʶ˷Χԡ
ܱյĿռ̧§סڸбҵϺܽӴƺʹԶԴӡǣٷ֮ٵӦôĻӹֵ׽
ԽϲԽƣԽԣԽǣìܵһ·ҵ·
Ĭרעؿ
֪ĵ״ֹۡֺȻԼ£ıƬأƬġ
ܳñ䡣
*
ҵĶϷǽǣһ̨ʽԣҲбʼǱԡ״򿪱ʼǱ룬֪ľıε
ϰһװ֡ĵУһźĲݮʹץ𵵰Уŷֺװżӡָ塪ϵָ塣
֪ͷٴιĳ衣
䷿һֻһ֣һǺ嫵ǿա֪һɺϣǽ׵ơ
ֱǲϲң
׺Ȼ֣֪ģɡ
֪ע⵽ڵĽײġҲ˵֪ġû֪ĴдûԳõѡ
Լĸֲ²ͳţЩ˵Ҳȥ
׼ĵʣ㲻뿴Ƭ𣿡
֪ԥ룬ջվֵ࣬ʳָס̣һһŵطƬܿͿ̾ĵÿͼС
ƺΪ׼ƬϿε·գǰдҵҲա֪Ĺ˼ӣճ
˵ҺԶҲûкֿ
ʣ㻹ǵ˫𣿡
Ȼ֪ĸĻͬĹͬġ
ڸΪ
֪˵Ҿãںһ𳤴û˱˽ˡ
׹Ĩǵöˣ˾ͻ䣬ǵĹܱ䡭
Ҷ֪ĵͷһᾭҵҲҪҷ
ÿ֪дһռǻʣѱʼǱ͸ס֪Ʊܣ֪֮ᷴĽ𽥴ٳĹȹ̵˫ϵͳһ̿ʼٸеį
׵Ҳܲ죬ѧ˵õĺõġ
֪Ĵסļ򣺡ѧ˼𣿡
Цˣû˼ҾͲѧˡ
֪Ƶһ࣬⣺ǾһѧˣƣҶʿֲʿ
׽趨ֲʿ
֪Ŀĵ˵ҺһѧԺܺһμѧԺһ̣Ҫܽ͸ˡ
ôҵʦ
ǵģ֪Ĵ󷽵سϣʦ˼Ҫû˼ҾͲˡ
׺ϱʼǱԣĿγ̺ѣҵҡ
֪˷ܵһ꣡˵ʱû꣬չ涨Ҫһصļ໤ˡ
ԼܰҰְкܶѡ
õģлл֪ĴӦ
һ죬״򿪵ӣ磬֪ĺһϷ
֪ĴûӴϷֻڵֽ֩ƺά򡣽ϵ֪вӦĵסϷֱž޴ĻöײеĹޣ
һΪ޳ǱϷ
ˡ޳Ǳ
ϷֻɫŮС֣ԼС
޳ǱľҪһڣСֻᱻ£СҪסС֣Ӣ۾һսķ
֮һĻΪǵġЧӦЧӦָһվʱǳţ׶һ˲㺡
ʮܡ֪ĴûϷҲûϷֱŻߣһЩڡ޺ףŵˣףȾҡ֮Ļ
Ȼʵȴ󱳵ۡ
֪ĳһ崿ƯӣĲֺݣޣ˵ɱɱӦѸ١ĻϵĹ޺ʬҰЦ̫ˣ޺ôЦˣ
׵˫΢Ӳһ˲
ĵָСһƬȴ֣ïܵͻȻܳһٶްԹޣСһģǹûӵˡ޴ӣֻܰǰܡ
ǰһ涸͵¡
Сɲסţֱˤ¡
ײֱˡ
֪ϰο㲻Ҫ£ûϵģ㣬Ҳ۸㣬һ㱨𡣡
ʯ֮䣬ӱҳһ˦׼ȷסˡСȻڲһѻ.ǹɨһȺĹޡĶû˿٣ˡСһϹŵǹ
׵Ŀ΢ȡ
ЧӦڽ׵ϵõӦ顣
*
֪ĺͽ˼Сʱ磬Ǿڲﹲ͡
ϰ֭ȡĵţŵʽȣ֪Ȼ׷ʦΪ˶ףĵ׷ţšȡԵζ
̫óˡ֪̾
׵ʿҼҳԷ
ÿ춼а׷𣿡֪
ŵԵˣϺˮȣŹǣֻҪ֣ܽҼҵĳʦͻ
֪ĳ˼Ƭ̣ʣջʳ𣿴ҪǮأ
ʳѣ
ĸ׷Ůʱ򣬻Ļʳѣ
ЦøĪ⣺Աڹ˾һڣҼҳԼηڣ̸Ǯɡ
׵Ļе֪ĴӦҲС
һ뷹Ѿܱˡ
״ڻ԰ɢһ͸һֻӡŲݮƵˮ˵׼ˮǹƷ֪Ȼ£Ҳϲ磬ͱˮطѧУ
˽ռмԵдһӣһӡ
*
ʥڽ֮󣬽ٶȳ
Ѿ˺ܶѣȦĸʮֹ㷺ĸУѣ׵һϵʶһļλүүڶǻ˴ʱע⾭ӪǵĹϵ硣Ȼи£Ҫعɡ
о
Ʊҵֱӻع
׵Ĺ滮Խ֪Ҳɵؽб衣ڸѾѧֻ֣Ҫڱ֣˳ҵ
֪ʵҴ࣬ıĿȴӺ޹ϵ
˹ܷĿںѧѧϰƵ㷨͵һⲿ㷨дˣøֽʹˡԼǰĹԼдģʦָ£Ľܡû뵽ԼԽԽӡҵǰ£ֱ÷ǳæµȵò׽ġæ磬͵2012·ݡ
֪ĵλѡʵҵѧѧǣδ׼
ҪɯɯķӦҡ
ɯɯľˣô찡һ߰ɡ
Ԭޱ䲻һ䣺㵹ȿϽŰ
ɯɯһ±飺ҲǴѡһ㶼ȥʡ˹̹
֪Ľ͵Ǹʦͦʺҵģһ٣ҷǵʵҡ
ɯɯƽڴϣһģĩǰһ뵽ᡣ
лҪ˵дˣһһƱҵ¼Ԥ棺ģĵıƱҵݽѻָ𣡸ºճţл


Ľ׶εƪ

Ϊ˰οɯɯ, ֪ĳŵ⣬ֻ, ٰƬ, ֻҪҿ, һظġ
ɯɯűšһ
֪ĻÿһλһױšĴʮϣһһع, ѵɯɯˡ
һµ, ֪ļУ
У֮ǰ, ֪ȥһӼʵңʦǡҲڡ֪ĺѧ㡢ѧʦк, лչˡʦ˵, Ҫͬѧǳһ緹˳֪ļС
֪ʶʣȥʳ𣿡
ȥʳãʦ˵, ȥ⡣
⡱ǸһұȽķ, ⡢ţըձζͦ
֪ĻȸԾظ򷹵ꡣһ·, ˵ЦԱ֪ĸˡõЦݣȷϣ֪İҵˣͻؼˣ
ѽ֪ĴӦ
ĸеǰδеɡ
ֲ֪һ䣺ѧԺıҵҪ̨ݽ
û˿ľȡ
֪ͬһʵҹ꣬Ŀķٽѧ, ĿȷģֿϳԿ࣬ͬѧţǰ̱ضԶ
*
ԷʱĻһƿơơ֪ĸɱĬĬףڱҵˡ
ϼһԧľ̿ȼˣյ֭У֪Ĳȥһţ⣬̷ǧȻ˵۸ߣʳù󣬽ǱһٷټʮңҪԼѧûͳһչԼ
֪ĲΪȻûϵѾˡ
̷ǧһơƣûٽӻ
ʦ֪ĵ档ǰβʦһŲͽֽ˲۾˵鲻ףѣ˷ѧʵмɼɡʦ˵Ҫڲʿҵ
ǵġ֪ĳϵ
ʦȰͷ⣬Ҵ˼άõѧ֮һʿͱƵı׼Զ˳ȻҪ꣬ȻȻͳɹˡ
ʦ֪ⷬģҲοġ
ĳȣʦ˳Ȼһӳɹ𣿡
ʦ¶΢ЦǻǶʦ˵ġ
ʲô˼
ʦÿ˳Ȼֻ
ĿǰҲƪ¡Ƚϵ֪ͣĵʮ֮һóĲɹḻ̷ǧرԸֻҪ̷ǧĴȣһ˳ҵ
̷ǧͶȥ˸м
̷ǧһﲻسŷԸ񷴲ܴʱˬֹۣʱѻıСȰʦҪҵˣ˵㰡Ȼʦһ죬ֻǵɥŸ
̷ǧһЦ֪ġ
̧֪ͷѧ
ڹҪúѧϰǧ͵еض
ʦҪôʦԲ
ʮ󣬿˽пλ֣ˮΣ֪ĳԵúܱѧѧҲͣ˿ӡʦԱˢˡް߰ף΢ЩձȽѧǰ棬֪ƣ·ߡ
һƬãѧȺں󷽡
ڽУʱ֪ʽȻȥˣټ
˺⡣
УӰصѧѧעԶŲ죬ԥسżȶķǰС
*
ڶ磬Ӽ˾ȥ֪ĵıҵݽ̷ǧ֮һ
̷ǧ֪ҵԼʱӰӡ緢ᶨƣʮдաȻ֪ʮĽ׶Σ׳־ԳҲ˵ùȥ
̷ǧġԼһŮʿ飬һһԺıҵֳúܼʱֻʮӣ˱˵2012ҵ֪ͬѧ̨ԡ
Ļ䣬ڵƹҫ
֪һѧʿһѧʿñߵ̨ϡһ»Ͳѧʿñ΢ڶ˦գ޷Կصشһ磬̨漴һ΢Ц
Զվһλĺ󷽣֪ϵɫЩ֪ĻΡʡڳ̷ǧȴ§סļ͸¶ļе񣬱һõ㡣
û
̷ǧٽ͡
ѧʿñֹͣҡΣ֪վñֱ˵λʦͬѧҳǺã2012ҵ֪ġĸУֱӣǶҪ̤ոµ·̡
ĿƪйоأͬѧĲɡ
Ҳ˵ûԼţûһġ
Ժ̷ǧЦűҲкü
̲סʣ֪ĺǱ˭ǿ
̷ǧȻļ򣺡Щѧرǲһϲѧ
ݽ̨ϣ֪ļ˵ұѡΪҵ̨ԣлĸУ࣬ҺܺõĳɳΣ˵ҲãڡСҿԶǵһѧ꣬Ƴɼ֡ѧѧϰ˺ܶѣҵʽдʵ鲻ϸƵоƬϴܳһʱڣûзһƪġҽǡꡢšʧߣһθеԼ˷ԴҲ֪ԭôʧܡ
ž
θ趨Ŀ겻ԡͨˣҪʲôı׼ңӦľͻۡһάı׼׼£ʧܺͳɹǶ塣Ϊÿ˶ʧʧĴܴڳɹĴһḶ́ĳһξļֵʱı䡣ǵϣġģδ֪ĵ·һǰ
˵ȫڣҳףԸңԶᣬԶ־ᶨʵепԡ
Ϊ֪Ѿˡͷƣһţ
δ䣬ͬѧŤͷ
֪Ȼ
ŷӦݽδ֪Ļл˵ƺд֪ĵķԽࡣϾȫ⣬ʱûһ˹ơ
õĺ󷽹߻谵Ҹطȥת泯ڷȴ̷ǧס˼
ʱ֪ĺȻʼΪ˼һʱĲƸ壬岻ܱǣ浽ÿһˡţͬѧţԸ뿪ĸУܹ֮һյ׷Ѱƽȡšϣ
һܹ𣿡ʵ
û̷ǧĻشǵɤûõС
֪ĳ˾Ϲ
ֱʱ̷ǧ֪֮ǰĻ˵Ѿˡ
֪ƮƮ뿪ݽ̨ϸѧ׶εĴ¼ʵұըдһǮƪģҪǣԼͱ˵֪Խʡ
֪¥ݣڹͬͬѧڳֻд꼶ѧѧ
ӣġ̷ǧһ泯ơһĸ߸裬ѭһһٵĽģδֹͣǰС
Сѧѧ֪ͬĲٺ·ֱ֪ÿһξյ㣬ÿһĲᶼطϲá
лҪ˵ǽиᣬᵽQAQŵ£ʿƪ¿Ļ


̻µĸ

³, İ£֪ʰĶ, 뿪ıĸУ
֪, һ޴˫, Ҽϻһصд
ֵƻ, ˷, 졣ĺˮĶͷð, ˳»䣬մ·, һǳĺۼ
Щ, Ҳ˳ƫƫװ·Ьӡ˪СƷԹػõһ·϶ûĶࡢء
֪ĺܲ˼, ۲ۣ˫дҰɡ
ֲ, һھܾ, 㳶ҵİ˷ҵ
֪ԭ߬ӣǾ仰ɿԼ֡
س̵;УһֱչϵĺзϴһʵĲݮǲݮ糿Ժ󣬲һȦĭֽ, صشϻ𳵵ġǵطܳԵݮ𣿡
Եġ֪ȷ
Ȼ̾һǹж.ƷƽʱʹѧУҪһȥƫƧĽ
֪ĺһŲݮδӻ
һ˯ò̫̤ʵҹüΡ
𳵵ĳֺ¡¡죬ֵⲿẈ̂ƫͷһࡣƼ֪İȵ˯ڶĴϡСʱӡôôݣֻһ˫۾ִͷһЩر⣬ʹһȻԼǸɵӣòˡͻȻˣˣҲ˺ˣ˵߾ˡ
еȷ꣬Ϊʲôûͬȵڽʵʮˡ
ٺ¹£ٺİˣηڰӱδ֪
ܶһ棬Ҳְܶ趼ΪʵϣҲΪ
۵΢
𽥱ĳƿҹɫϼȾһ·ڴ;ؾ
ȻŸʮ꣬òϣ̬СԶ߸߷ɵ񣬼йء
*
٣֪Ķլ˼ûκμƻ
ö˵˹ɡ˯𣬼ֶ֪ż˯һ˳ųܡƵСŵһ͵꣬ձԣŵϰںãȥ֪𴲡
д룬֪Ŀ顣
ʿʦ֪һ鵥ܿͰЩ鿴ˡʮڴĲʿ
ֹĿǰѧ׼ȫǩ֤òˣѧУһᣬϿƬһ˷䣬һΡһŵ˴һѺɫɳΡĲԡҡ
ļ۸ܹ󣬷ðܼ㣬ÿһٶӢÿܼǧԪң֪нѧǾۣϾƵһһǧҡ
ʹĽѧ𹻲˵ˣùۺøߡؽ̵ͬѧ˵ǹġ
Ϊʲô˵֪ʵ
ĳеᣬ𣿡
֪Ļ첻ЦˣҲŲܱôҡ
ش𣬳֮⡣
ڿɳϣԹָ֪塣
ӻڲһΪͭᰡ硣֪Ķǿⲿ糤ġеһĲɣ룺̶ʮ꣬ͷ˷츲صı仯
ɳɿ壬̬
֪ĿļУ˵һҺϽ·粻ؼҳԷ
ʲô·˳һʡ
֪ûлش
ֹ˼ӣ֪ȥĸң˿˿غ轲裬Һȥ·粻ؼˡ費Ҫˣȳԡ
ðɨϳʲô
֪Ŀʼˣ㣬˴Ϻ׳˿𣿡
ˬشӦ֪ĸˡ
һ磬֪Ĵһ°ɫȹͷúܾ¡һɫᣬĨһɺɫں죬ųȥˡ
Ҳú֪ۡҵϣľŮżҪϵʽþͻǺһЦܾ㰡˼
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֪ȻһЦаɡ
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ױһ仰סˡһ̣ǰ̻̻һҵը
ʮҹһԼٵǣʹ֪Ĵʻ㣬ֱһֿɳġżȻԵġȷԭĸ飿
֪ûгɵػش𣺡Ȼ
ķ˿紵ǰ̧֣ͷ˳ǣװķ˿˶ʶһպñһ
ǳĺָⰤգֻһ׾ѹջ֪֡ЦЦסĵһͷ۵պġ
ҲЦˣԭôϲҡ
أ֪ϲ𣿡
Ѿ֪˴𰸡
Ҫ׿˵
·һɹݡƽƶϵ˵ҷǳϲ㡣
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У
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֪ɳڸ׳ɹĿ
ҵ˾֪ͻļҡ
֪ĺͽ׾ڰСſڸ𡣽³վС⣬ĿıӰʧڻ谵ɫС
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δڴѧ
лҪ˵Ԥ棺ʿСܵ·ճţл


ʿ

2012, ֪ڱ׶ʻ˷ֱ
֪ŵǻ䣬ǰߣȻסɻ, ͸绰
֪ĵͷõġ
óԵĶ㣬᲻ûǮӡ
֪ۻߣҲҪʡǮҪҹд, ʱԷ֤˯ߣҪġ磬һġ
ĺйɬζ
֪ĳĳ˵ѧУס, ֪ϴ·ɹӡϵɨж鷳СҵҶڴɨ, Ҳ㻻٣㻹ǲ񡣸磬Щˡ
֪ת, ֱ򰲼ͨ
ģһ˲ְ־ȵ, ˣ
ڹⱻ۸Ͳ, ĶۣҲûӦ
谲ο, 𷢳, úܴġ»Ǵ绰ڱúѧҸȻؼˡ
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뵱ȻΪ, ֪Ĺ¹µسˡ
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ԭ֪һͷȲջƱ, ܾʮյһ죬ǻļȻûлḺĿ˵ףûϵģҲǮ
Ϊ˺֪һ𣬽׷ͷȲգԸѡ񾭼òա
ƽһ̤òգ֪£ȷеᵽòյλжխС޵ĿռȴһøУΪ֪Ĵס֡
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ڵĳ˿ڿӰĻɢһĨĹ⡣
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װŵϡܣĿڵ˴ϣûбӺͷô˯
֪Ļûش𣬽׺ȻȥҼңһ˯ڿԣĴ
֪¹ҵһֻԲͲεİ׼ԤĴƷ𿪰Ȼһոµͷͱӡ
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׳;ʮСʱڷɻûôԷҲûϹۡȻܵǱʶ֧Ϊ֪ķհᣬҪٶҴȥ֡
ʱ֪ϸü۾кѪ˿ˡ
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֣֪ĵû䡣ЦŴӦõģ
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û뵽ʯͷԼĽš
磬׺֪ȥһҵ֡
ϵڵƷĿ֪µͣͣȻȻǣס׵֡ʮָۣഥ˴˶öԷеůԴ
лҪ˵ʮŵ㣬һ²2000QAQټ

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°칫

֪ؽɢ, ܿҵһҹġ
ǣŽ߽ţǵͷ̧ͷݶ, Ľ֯һ, ʵʵס˹εĲ컨塣
ŲԶ, һΪPandora˶Ʒꡣ֪Ŀ˵һǶѶδ
֪Ƴһ۽ס׵ľٶһȻѡӲóһǶǵ, ֪ĵϡ
֪ķɫѩ, ָ˳, 䡣ϲϲ˵ͦϲ, ֱӾȥ, ֪æס㲻ø
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70Ӣ൱߰Ԫҡ
֪ĵĹ, ߰ԪǺܶǮ
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ʽܵŮѡ
Ůѡָսڣһ΢ĸо֪ĵᣬþǵСʱȥ棬żץסԷӡЩȤͯ䣬ǳЦһҲõѡ
׵ͬѧĻҲûþȣѧ̸Ǻ֪ĴѧʲôרҵҲûΣھ˵ұƱҵˣǲʿһ꼶ѧͽͬһѧԺ
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ͶˣһѧԺ
ΪʲôҪͶ
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֪ĺǣʮƣСʱڲ֪ô
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ĲһشͨȴտաĲݵءȻãȥͼѧϰ
ۼ㣬ڰ칫Ҿɡ
֪һģͨQQϢ͸ףһĹռ䡣ʣҵİ칫ǲǳÿ
ϡѧרҵΡ˰СʱŻظƬˣǳÿ
лҪ˵а칫ˣøж׶οʼˣع涨ҵðŮĳ18꣬ǰûпܵQAQܱǸѾӵһ޵һ£ǿˡ




׵Ļظ, ֪Ļŭš
֪պֻ̨ʽԣר־ؿչ
arxivԤӡվҳ, ȷԼо˼·ûкͱײϡȻֱLaTeXŰϵͳдһƪĵժҪͿܡ
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ؼ·ϣ֪ڳһС߲˺ˮҹߵ, Լһ, еһ³Լ
֪ķӵò̫á
ˮŶ, ˣմ˹סٷó, еЩܡһӹڴĸեˣ, ǿһڸС
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кܶô
ȣ֪ĸʮ꣬Ƿϵĳˣʸ̡ѧУıꡣΣĿһѧʦָѧѧĿ̣Ϊ˽ְҵչ׼
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װͿӷϡ
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Ƹϣ

쿪żɽʣ緹, в͹𣿡
֪ĵķװŰ׷ѼϺʡ˼ѼƤۣгһƬ, ζƮɢ, θֿ
Ա֮, езˡ
磬ȥһʥԼѧԺ, ѧԺԱߵһΪʽСķһз, 칫ԡץ΢΢̵Ϸ, ۾Ƴһ֪ĵķˣ֪ľ˵Ƿ, Լġ
֪ȫûὭ׵, ֻһĽ͡
ĻΪǼ˶֪ԼġһϣͷԷ, ٺͬѧ졣һߵİ, ֪ٻ, ֱȽٻ۵ԸЩ룬ѧԸشġ
ѧͷԳȾɫ£Ҳܺ
ڳÿһλͬѧģ㷺ͬ˵о, Ǹ۲۵ţˡ
֪ĳڷú˵䣬¶ı顣
죬Ťͷ֪Ķӣɿؽһ󴮺
֪ȫˡúӦ̸ЦΧλͬѧһ˲
ӡѧǵã֪Լѧרҵ
ӡѧͬҵĳѧѧרҵȷϵDid you graduate with a double major in Math and Korean (ѧͺ˫ѧλ)
֪˼Ƭ̣شһӡӡ˽٣ֻһƤëҲ㹻ӡѧ㡣ڵļλʿ׷Χ˹֪Ⱥʹõ˹ǽ̸ĵͷԸ˳ﵽӢͬˮƽ
͵͵ú츳ǲѧѧ棿
֪˼
ʱͷԼڲͬ츳ļ۲⣬ûʲôˡ
֪ܿ⡣𼸿Ѽ⣬󷽷ط
һݽҨ˼׷Ž֪ĵƷŶԷʳϵһ˲øֱӿ֪Ĳμһ磬֪ίؾܾΪչ֪Ҫڤ룬ԼһĿջ
ûϵ֪Ļƴǡ
Ϣ̸϶һĻһ촽ӣתȥμ硣
˼ʵݽû⣬ڴӦһOkay.
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ŷӦûзڡ·Уʱ뿪ʵ¥ȥſڳһ̡
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Ŵѧ＾ѧһ㱻ΪMichaelmas termʮ·ݿʼʮ½ڴڼ䣬ѧǵѧҵȽءǻᱻֳɲͬС飬ÿܶҪĵʦ棬ʦѧı֣ÿһμ֮дԼѧۡ
ԱѧԣʦҲѧϰ·ϵļ֤ߡ
ײɵһ֪ĵĵʦ롣
֪֪רϵſεܡ
׶ݵˡ
ͬѧʣףŮǲһĲʿ
λ˵ͬѧˣԸˬر壬ٹĨǡ
׶ʵǵģʦ
˵֪ĵͷϴԵ֪Ϊֹġһ⣺ʦŮѣ
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һֻ䣺ǰ쿴ʼ壿ҴŮȥܸ㡣
ŮٸʶġŮǸʹȻǮй˾ЬԺ߸չһ.ġ⻹СʹزŻĺý
ֻܿӽһ棬ȴ֪һߵһڱжѿɬ
ʱڣվͬһֻ·С˳Ⱥ
аŮ׿ڶ˵һֻᰮһϵˡǱһץһѡ
үԸԸʮԪʲ߳һߡ
Ȼʴȶүػĸʲһû٣Ҳһû
ݵഺһζţĵһֿİŮӵ۾￴ȶŨҵ飬ʫرµΪʫ裺Ұ㣬ΪӣΪһʱҵӡ
ϲŮӣͨѡ
ҪʱԼŮѡ
ŮѺߣܺãѾУͬˡ
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ӦҪѧ
ãѧѲѣ
ѡ̹Ȼ˵
ԵĲݵһƬ̣һ⵴Сӣ;һţ·һʯͷʯͷϿ־ĦΪٱšʫ䡣
һ·ϣ˷ֱֱ֪ڵʵ¥֪ܵ¥İ칫ҡ
칫д̿ҵ֪Ƶʽǰعһ磬ֱӰб֪Ĳһ䣺ѧϰûѣ˵ĿΣ򵥡
״óMathematid Statistics for Eistsſεһϡ
ѧѡƵ
֪ɨһŰɡ
ʣĵʦǲӦҸϰ
ǵġ֪Ͽ˼·
ԼǱҺ졣
֪һǼӣ˵õģЩĵѧۣʲôʱпգ
һ壬׶æ֪Լ˱ĩ档
ĩ糿ģʣ׸֪ķһţƺΪʦʲô糿˵㣬¥µ
֪յĶţڡ۲ռǡдҹ18֮ĵڶĩȥļңѧϰʦһıԺҷ˼òˡ
лҪ˵ֹ¸ǰ152۷л¼Ԥ棺˵õ18Сܵѧϰ


Ƹ£

糿˵, ׼ʱ֪֡ģȻȻǣס˵ε㡣
ʲô֪ĺʵ
ױ֪ܶĵоչ, ֪ľͲתƻ𣿡
Ȼϣǵġ
֪ıסֱ, ̽μʲôҡ
׿ʼӣҼٽɡ
, ֪ĸؼˡ
Ǵȣ·һ, ڰһǸ١֪ɨһ, ׾ƿĲš
֪ಽظ˦Сβ͡˵˽㵯
׿ʼࡶ˽û٣ָСûǸٵľ޴ٸǣָ䵯Եõͳ͡
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شǰľïɴɸһƬϸϸӰǡͶӳڴɫٸϡ
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ٸǣģģ˼άǻġͻȻ֣ܶ⿿޷ģ⡣磬СĶŽѧǣһֱû㶮Ϊʲô˹׷Ѱĵ·Ϻݺݵ˸ͷ
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һֻ֡ǣסʮָۣ˳·ȥ鷿
鷿Ĳɹܺãһһŵܸ߸·һСͼݡڵ̺žµĻͼĺ̴ľϰһ̨ԡһģ߻ѵ߶ȵĹѧΡȻǽ׺֪ĵλ
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һأӵĹֻ֪ĵľˣʦ̹ѧ𣿡
еģ֪̯һ̲ģģҵĽѧܷḻ
֪ԽŬذڳһ¹ӣ׾Խ볬ҽ̺ѧϵİȫߡ˵ǰ̹ѧͬѧǵĻҺá
֪ĺɵض
Сѧ꼶ȳɼ
˴ѧԺȻԳơͬѧĻҺá
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֪ƽһ󰮺þǽɫݡ°Ȼĵϵ㲻ҪżÿſεĿޣǱޡ
óһγϣڵ֪ĵǰ
֪һһҳĿ¼гſҪõѧԴߵѧۡͳѧÿһ·עһЩ֪ʶ㣬һExpectation and Regression Functionͻع麯 Law of Large Numbers and Central Limit Theoremɺļ޶[1]ȵһݡ
֪رʵȸңЩ㿴ģ
׼һֱ֧ʣҲȷﲻ
֪ĺͽ̹ͬܶΣΪдһʼǡԴӳбҵԺҲûְֵظˡ
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˵ˣҽһ飬ӵһ֪ʶ㿪ʼ
׾ʹӡع麯𣬵ļ޶ĸֱϡһ٣ָһӢģʣʦʲôļ޶
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֪ļ򵥵ظƪõļ޶ͨõһֱʽһķֲĿ޵ģƽMDֲгȡÿȡƽֵa׼a1 a2....anֲ̬
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һ˿ؽֲᵽļ޶ĳһԼǸܶȺľֵͷޣ˿ֲļ޶[2]
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տʼ桰ҽ̰Ϸʱ򣬽׻кܶ龰趨ܶԻģʽڣΪһ˳ܵĵܣԳ˪Ǳ˹ڸ߹ʥĵ
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֪ĵԻ·뽭ȫͬǳֱ׵ʱʲôоң֪ҪĻдռ
̯һġӢķģһժҪ·ĵˡ䡷֪ľ˵㻹شңʦ
лҪ˵ߵһ¼1000֣ʦXͬѧĲϰд꣬ߵԲʱ乤̫æQAQ152۷л

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[1] Uy of Cambridge: Outline for Mathematics for Eists Course
[2] QA stack: Are there any examples where the tral limit theorem does not hold?


סͬ

װķڶҳ˳ʦ, ƹˤĻѧʦܻܲһ⣿
֪ıӰóһ۲ռǡ¼糿, ׵ٵʱ, Ǹٵٸϡץסҵ󣬵ͷҵֱҵе졭鷿Һͽ˼ҽ̰Ϸʦѧʲôо, Ըҡ
׿һһļ¼, Ȼ⣬һ䣺ҵʱʲôо
֪ûһ˿Σ˵رˣ㼸Ρ
˫ִס׵ļ, ˼, ˫һգգضԽԽĺ󱳣ʱȣûκζȻϣͬڰȫıܷۡ
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лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺Сܵĳɳϵս152ֺճţл


Ͷ

ⳡĿҪѧʦ빫˾ְԱ
ְԱǶְڽڡѯƵȹ˾ڳѧԺǴڨ, ʣȡмֵϢ
ԣͨͨw dinner (罻)ڴ˾һݹ, μӴҪƱҵ, Ҫع̳мҵϵϵص
Ļ֮֯һڽ׵ϣúôһ
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Ľ׵ĺ󱳡һ½׵ļν׵ļеߣǺһЩͷʾҴСβҶһллһͷͷһƸ档

󣬽ߵ˴
λͬѧںͽڹ˾ְԱְ⣬׼ǡһé®꣬˽򣬲Ͷʷ򣬴󲿷۶Դ鱾
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쵱ȻҲǵ
ͬѧԺѧܣ洦ɼ
֣ƹ촩һϸ߼İװüͷɫѣӲһ䣺Բ·û·
׳һŲͽֽɾϵգҪȥ
ֱԲ䣺ϴּ䡣
׼ȥϴּϴ֡
Ȼͬ·ǣǻͬһ
һ·ϣһԲҲĬάζĬľ棬׳ơ㲻Ҳ㡱
ΨһҵĹͬ⣬֪ġ
ȻԼͬĳĬ˴ơ
վϴ̨֮ǰˮͷר־ϴ֡С΢Ľ񱣬ҪǰŪˣϴβɾ
ˮͷעˮվڽ׵ұߡ
˫һˮ͵һ¸Լͷϣˮ˳ķ˿»䣬Ķͷһʽףл𣿡
˵ˡ
̺жû
лҪ˵һ¾ˣ


MSD

ʮꡣѧ, ӣó˴򽻵ҲûпߵĶ
ڵ۹ѧԺ˱ơѧУУλ׶صϿ, ѧУݡʱ, һȥɢڽֱߵĳιһȺӡ
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ͬѧϢμӾۻᣬŻظѧϰȥˡ
ö֮, Ҳû
ɡ
ȫӦ˹¶, ԽԽųһȺ
˵罻Ƕĸѵõ
ͬѧǳû˵ԼѧϰʵǸѻԼǺܰѧϰѧϰʱһǲ
żҲеį
ÿʱͻԼҵɼԳɼQQռ䡣
ͬѧǾȻܵõ˿ֲĸ߷֣׷ֽѧϰʽֱҵ˼·, Լ˼ģʽ˵ˣϢкã̽Сϵܣж٣ҵô㣿
ڣıƳɼǳ㡣
͹ˡ絽ڿ顣
걾ƽԺڽŶһ˶ʿʶĲʿʦ
ڶ죬ɹؽΪһӹƧȺӵĲʿ
żΣģˣˬʵЦ˴ڨʧܸա
ڵоڣ֪Ǵҹϵġɰ̸ᡱŮӣѧѧ֪޲ڡ
ˣ֪죬Ҳ䡪֮󣬱Ȼ䳡
ѧ˽ʵԸ󵨵ϯһ磬챾ܾҲ֪ʲô̬쾹ȻӦˡ
ȻⳡᣬֱҪ
˾Уַ꺮ůз˶罻־һ˲ﵽ۷壬ŵŻ£Ҵϴּ·ϣײ˽׵ļͻٽ㡣
Ե©ƫҹꡱԴᡣ
̺Уȴû
޷ͨѹ
׵ȻҲûд
ƹ죬ֱߣһƬӰǶڵԼȦӣȻվĵλãǡǹһ㡣
ԶԶƳ˽һۡ
ͻȻһֻ֣Ůӵ죿
תͷһλͷ¹ҶεŮŮҽܵ絤飬ɳǣںϵһʱ䡣
ǶƧĽǡߵä
ɫ谵
ΪλŮһӱϵӦꡣûпںͳֻϵʽ
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ʮӣҹɫŨīȾס˿ôڴ̨ϡ
֪ĻһֻݮͷڴϣȻһڤ״̬Ժе˼ֱŷµУ˫ۣɵɵˡ
˯ǰ׷һţףؼ𣿡
˺üӣ״ˣ֪ģڤ˳𣿡
ֱ֪Ӹһ绰˵ڤǳ˳˺ܶ⣬ҪʦдʼҾͰĳдأ˳𣿡
С׼̵
֪ϸڡͽ׽һڤĲջͽԼˣ糿棬һ͡
ϣ磬ľһ£Ư⡣
֪ĲеһֹС߲ˮʳϣװϴϴصң˫ֶճۡɾʮ㣬˿ۻƣ
ɿ׼ȡ弦ˮɳ
ûã׵ִ¥¡
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šžһ¹죬ұܱտռ䡣ڵⲿƮŹ֭㡣
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׵Ŀ֪ϡ
еĲ̶֪İϡ泯㴩ʲôÿ
֪Ĳһᣬסļ򣺡Ҿ㴩װӾװʱÿȻûм㴩Ӿװӣҿ󡣡
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¼Ԥ桾ĩٶϮȣʿھ۲ͣĵѵΣ



ס, Ϣغһڳ֭ʣ˵Ӿװһ֣
һϽˡ֪, Ӿװмַ, һڰӾз޵ġƤӾ¡ʵʵȫġǱˮӾ¡άһ˵ӣܲס֪ƮƮһ䣺Ŀʽһ̿㡣
ƣԼ￪ʼָƣͣϣ
Ƥѩϸָ֬顣߬סȹڵ, ޹˼ɵŻеĻ档
˵ˮӾ, Ӿ»ᱻˮմʪ
˴һ٣׾ʣʲôʱпգһȥӾ
֪ĳʵ˵ûѧӾ
ױȽĹԱģѧҽ㡣
֪Ĳû̴Ӧرʣûп֤
ȻûС
ʧˡ
״㾡쿼һӾ֤֤һһ֪ġԸжǿҡ˵Ȼȿ֤, ĽӾҪ漼, Զ塭
֪ȻһЦҪΪȥ֤
ױ಻ѹ
֪ġЦ֣ƽƣסա
ԿȻøСĶȻɬٶۡ̽Ѱֵǵϡ䱦֪ʶ꣬һе£ܴӰ족
֪ס֣˵֪ˡ
仰ڻࡣ
󾱣һĶͷЦ𣬵Ļ, ֻĻůֿɿޱȷɣһ̵´ļñ
ǣϵ˵ĺϲ㡣
ڽ׵ǰ֪ϰֱ㼺˵ʲôǰȫġ֤ʵ
䣬ţ͵
µͼʣ𣿡
֪һһĵˣˣˡԽԽˡ
׷·ܡоԼѪʢҲйڡɵ̧ͷհ׵컨壬һ˿Ҳû֪ġ
֪ѾˣٶҲ֪Լʲô
֪ȴʲôأ
ͼΣûʲô
ɵ𣿡
͸¶롭߰¡
㽲һ䡰ҵ뷨ܲɾΪά֪Ŀеֱ˵ֻá߰㡱Լڸǡ
֪Ĵλվߵ˴ĲߡץһֻݮܸڤĲɡϣͨڤ룬Դ߰˼·
Ȼ֪˽׵˼
׽ʹ֪ĵĽ飬ЬӣĴϣһ˫ۡŻ˵ڤԵ飬ѹһſմԣ
ȴ˵ſմԡ
Ϊʲôأ֪˫ۡ
ƫͷӡ
һԲؿ
֪޶˸еһ˿Σգһ룬ȴǿӲھʦ㲻˵⣬ʦôأ
ƿıӣСë߹˴ǡ֪ģ߽һĻɫʱǵͨ졣ڴϣ˫ֶ֪Ҫţ𣿡
ٴ󣺡ҿ𣿡
֪ĴһԤС˵ġǡһѵˮǵӾﳣֳáҡѷľû׼ˡҪ㲻
һ仰û˵֪꣬ľ죺㲻Ҫ½ۣҸһΡ
ͬǵһܽӴһ죬Ĵǣδסͺ󱳣ԭ뷽ʱˣ𽥵ڴϣɫɢҵ̿ĵôͷס
⣬ڴ棬ͷ촽õõ廨¶ҲȲζ֮һǰշתࡢͣһ̵õ΢Ľѡ
֪Щرó״̬ܿ죬ҵ˽ǵľϡŽ׵ļ߬·ץһۺۣǰδеĸйٳʵرҾú㡣
ָסĴ˳ץֱ֣ס
֪ĵոһǳ졣
Щߣɵһߣıĵ˴ߴխҵ׽֣Լϣ§øֽġ
֪ûӦ 
ƶ᣺ġ
֪ķȥѽ
Цˡ
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Ͷ¼

ΪʲôЦôÿ
֪Ŀת, ̩ڡ԰дһʫҵǿҰ۾ҵա
ջڵȴ̽Ѱδ֪ʹ̲סһο, ໥, ֮ľԽԽ
ΨһǣȻͬһŴϡ
Ǹ߽ףӦ뿪޷ƽ侲״̬խĵ˴ĵ׵ڴ˴賤
ǡץ˱ӵһǡһӣסԼ뾡ָƽ
Ȼ֪Ҳ˱ӣͽڱ, è, Ƶ·ˡڶ𣿡
ϽϣûУҡ
ɫıڴϣγ˱պϵİΧȦһܲ͸׵Ĵ൱ɬҪ
֪ƶǶ
׻Ī̵شǵġ
֪ĺܹô, ҽڤ뷽𣿡
׻ѳƣҵķ, ȷʵá޵ǳΧ£ڿصһࡣ֪С̽һֻʳָµĵһſϡ
ʹԼֱ֣Ӱǿſӽ⿪ˡ
֪ľȵ˫ۡ
֪ĿһֱǡֻԶ۲桱ˣǶҪ𼸷ӣ·ķҲܱءû뵽һ
ΪʾԼأ֪òѯҡĺܺ棬ҿһ𣿡
ؽ⿪µĵڶſӣֻܿһС
һСǶã֪ĵ
׳ſӣʮӡ
, 쳨¶ƬţʵļǱϵ֮־ϸ
֪ļȺ˷ܣ̲ס̾һðѽƽɡ
׵ָס˵ĿſӣƬӪ漴Ҳʧˣչ¶˾׳ʵĸҪ֪ǰһ˿֣֪İḡˡ
չʾǿʼ
֪Ĳڿǽλá۾ҫӵĹâζƷǳ
ȴڵʱʮţˣߡ
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֪ĵ񴿽峺ͽҺ÷Ҫжǵ幹첻һһģоһ£ֲô
ײټˡɫȻɤƵʵ뿴ҡֻΪģ
һ仰ûʳһİ飿
֪ļæͣǵģֻռ˰ٷ֮ʮıأаٷ֮ʮΪǽףҵѣԺҲ㸺𡣡
֪ĵɤ𣬽ױЩˣˡġ𵽰ٷ֮ʮá
ɵıڲ¶ƺԽԽߡ׺Ŀڷȣƾ֪ĵָδϻҲûͬȵ󣬸ܿڶ˵Ҳһ㡱
ԸΪо
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糿׹ò̫ף֪ĵ쵽˼㡣
֪ĺͽ׳ͣǣֳɢؽ˺ܳһ·սһ԰ɲɣײ졣
촩һˮĺɫ£һһϡĽűΧһȺɫĸӡӵëһţؽţ¶ʳƺҲԲ
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֪Щܸ֡оûж⡣̸ֱֹ֡¶ڲͬ
ڣ԰ϡϡ䣬ڳεսǴͷƳһ֪ĺͽסϵף·¶ľģŽһ䣺Ǻá

ԣ˽ʱ䡣
ϸִһ涨˽ʱ䣬罻
ǣ֪Ѿкˡ˵ëͱֵ̫ˡ
λվ֪ĴҺͽɢأ԰ι𣿡
ǰӦ˫ִӿڴĿڴ̵С
ˣ֪ĺȻһ£ѧҪˡ˵ѧͶ߹ܸܲңѧΪʲôᱻͶߣ
һҪ¡
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֪ĻڵȴĴ𰸣ȴؿƿеԵظιӵĶֱߡץһʳɢȥ˵ѧѹѧġ
˶ʿͶڼ䣬ͬѧǵĽ١ϴ·֮ĵط˵
Ӣѧѧһ㶼ų̂Ҳûпɹ·ĵطṩõϴ»ɻȻһ¥ϴ·ڡ
ĳһϣϴ·ʰ·ǡرɥڲԶŹװơƣСرԹһλСAishwaryaӡȼڸϿεʱѹǵš
λСAishwaryạ֪ĸղᵽӡѧ㡣
Aishwaryaӡ򣬱ƾͶȫӡѿĴѧӡѧԺУΪ˿ѧУѧ׶ζǳƴÿƽ˯ʱ䲻Сʱ
ƱҵAishwaryaȥһ˶ʿܹģ뵽˽ѧžѧʮ㣬ʿ꼶̡
Ȼλȴ˵Aishwaryaصѧҵѹѧеǵ֪Դܡû໰Ҳûκˣǣÿѧ⣬ͻ¶һ֡ôɱ顣
һΣAishwaryaںڰƵһʽġ⣬ĳλˣɫһӱرֲﲻͣ߶ѧ顣
λ㱻ſޡ
׺ݵŮסǵ˶ۡ
ˡAishwaryaͶ¼ǰ
ǣ޷رĹͨеš
˵֪ĺAishwaryaںһƪġ
˻ˮת뵽֪ĵ̺ܸߣܻһɺAishwaryaһĺֿǣصԺ󣬾͸֪дһⳤʼ
ʼϸؽʱ䡢ص㡢¼;ѧУĴ
ѧУίԱյ˱ͶߣǲûжAishwaryaչ飬Ҳûи´κδ
ΪѧУġStudent pint ProcedureѧͶ̣ѧڶ¼28ύһͶ߱桪AishwaryaѧǺһ涨˼£ֱAishwaryaǵش⵼ǵͶ߸ûбѧУ
ϸ䱾ǵĶԻ뵽ģȫдʼ
ⳤʼܹǧ֡ʼģҲһЩӢĵʡ
дԺ󣬻һ顣
һȣһڣ밴·ͼֺȻһ
ԭĵʦȺһʼͬѧ͡
ÿֻ꣬Ҫˣʦͻҳһ͡о겻Ĺ
˵ͷ굼ʦʼһأٷһʼСڳһһռˡûעһ㣬ֱӰ˷ͼ
쾪һ亹
ǷΪAishwaryaͶ¼ʼ֪ģо飬ռ˰ĵʦҲAishwaryaˡ
һ罻־֢˵ĩյӰˡ
̵֪ˡ
ӡѧŮףΪŮ׵ļƷ
лҪ˵QAQòŶ




Ļʾ, ǰʱΪϰ˵㡣
Ϣ״̬
ĵʦǸӢˡʦǡоĽڡͨĺġ϶ܶһʼ
ʼıӡѧ֡
ʼ, supervisorʦ, vicious witch׶ŮףȵǼӢĵʡ
ֻҪӡѧʼݸճϵӢܴҪ˼
δ־档
Ѫɫָ̣ͰѿȱˣȵĿȽϣʾٶ
Ƴһƣֻӡѧ㷢һʼ
ӡѧʼǡWe o talkҪ̸̸
Ҫ̸̸
ûлظѧ㡣
Ѿˡ廹, ʶֽƬһġ, һȱƲޡ
Ǹް޹ҹ£ȲܳɢģҲ̡ܶÿһѧҶװ˻װã̽⵽һͻᱬ̶Ŀֲ
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ֻĻһʾԷ˺֤㻹ѡ
챻ͬѧӺбɾˡ
΢ͨѶ¼һʮ߸ϵˡ
ڣֻʣʮ
Խ֣̰̿¹ػ
עȻ죬˿ûмơ
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صֻظκϢ, ·˼
оĴ󲿷ͬѧӢʼĳΣ˭ҲûǼ£Aishwaryaʱ˵ʡ
Aishwaryaɫѿ
һ֧˱ʣһװдһйʽ
ˣͻȻ˵What should I do if the students hate me or don`t meet my expectationI wish I had thought of a way to solve that problem before being a supervisor.ѧңߴﲻҵӦô죿ҪڳΪ֮ǰǹνͺˣ
Aishwaryaѧ̬ȷǳϿҡ
ʱǵĵʦˡ
ʦ˵ڵѧҵ֮󣬶ڸԵҪɫϣҶܱģʱΪṩ
ǵĳһƬгƵķΧн
Aishwaryaѧ뿪αͶӳһȲϣդƵİ׹ͷıӰԵøȡ
֪æס
֪һͬվڻҵ֪࣬ķǳǸ
֪˵֮ԷʼΪ죬AishwaryaѧôáôһˣΪʲôᱻͶأ֪ѧھҪˣû̹ѧˣ֪ر·
Aishwaryaѧ֪ĵĻƺһҲû
֪ķ
ȻAishwaryaתͷ˵ǳʧ
ʧ
ѧû
ʵ֤Aishwaryaһķŭ
Aishwarya֪ĺһƪġƪһ㹱ףAishwaryaֱӰĹȫɾһʵ鷽
Ѿһû¶档
ʦʼѳԼ岻Ҫڼ졣ĬĬشҶģ˯ѧϰЧȻܸߡ
ڴڼ䣬ΨһԸˣʶһλŮ絤ĽúܺãлĻоÿܺ絤ʮ䣬ԣѾǼĽ͸ĸһ㶼ֻһ仰һţѧϰ
ĸĸڽһ⡣ﻹһһ㡣ĸĹעȲߣ˸ǮҲбĽ
ԣעҪϰһ˵
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ʮ㣬յ絤΢ţסĶ
ûء
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һΣ֪ĸͬѧһûʵ¥ˣʦ˵ˣǶЩ㡣廹ҴӦͬѧ㡣ҿԴҵѰݷһһЩԵĶϣ㲻ҪһзҼǵ㾭ѧУз
Ŀ⣬۽һϣʦ˵ˣǶЩ㡣
Щ㱡
Ӣô꣬һԼӲģ۾ͳֹҩ˾ű˯һ˯ûΰѣҪ
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֪ס׵ֱۣӦúк
һϴǴװ֪ĴӲ͹һзһ̼ᡢһвݮһƿ֭ϡ
磬֪רȥһ˲͹ݣΪһ͡
ЩΣС֪֪ĵı൱СѧʱڣԶҡ涼ͦҳԹݮǡĲݮǣǽ֮ͣ䲢ûκ
οѧ⣬޹ʣñһƬ޸ĸƼҶףиӦ֡ŽơĴͳ¡
ڶ̶̼֮ڣ״˴׾ͨԼ˼빤ƽ˵췢ʼû ͹ȥˡлᣬѧ̸һ̸
ԣҲôġ֪޳ɵ
׵㵽ֹǽҪġ
ģ֪ĸеţѧĹ׶ɾˣƪܷNature˵Ǻ£Ϊҵ⣬Żᷢʼ
׿۽ģѴһ˵ͷϡ
׵Ļһ١
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һ¥ڽֱߣϵﲻ絤ʱû֪ĺͽ׾ڸ
պһ£߳˴¥š絤һϵӣ絤ļ򣬻Ȼذ졣
ûôư͵˳ˡ
Ů𣿡֪ʵ
׳˼Ƭ̣Ӧ˵
ʲô˼֪ĵķӦѸ٣ʶǸŮ𣿡
׶֪ĺܳʵһͬѧŮѡ
֪ĵһϰõķ濼ǡǣ֪һ̹ȻҲʶ죬״˳ɡ
֮⣬֪ûκμ衣
лҪ˵С

¼Ԥ桾ӿˣһҪдĵˣԼƪķ


߸˹

֪һ絤, ǳѺõغڨãҽ֪ģͬѧ 
絤֪ĵֱ֣֪ĵд絤, ҽܡ
絤˵֪㡣Ů, Ҽܶк
֪ݸһЦ
챳λŮû֪Ĵк֪ʶ, ˵Ļʮ, ΢¼ҲһֻĻ
ʼ, ֪ĸһϢҪҪѧһģ
Ϣ, ӱ, 
, ûлظ
һ, ٲȥʵ, ֪廹𣿡
ʣڼҿ顣
֪Ļ˸Ĵָձ顣첻֪ҪӦԡǣ˫˫䳡˭Ҳûٿڽһ仰
, ֪ġס絤Լһͣ콹ǵһֻȹϵϡλͬѧ, ½͸һͣԼû緹
ǿҵļϮһ, ŰƣŽһѧЦѧ͹ܶѧţѧ𣿲ǵȼ, 
֪ҲȤͬشЦ
絤ǿһǡ
ױֵʮֳȰ·ûһЦԴ, ҵ㡣ձò˵ģȥ
絤æ˵Ұ㡣
֪ĽӻҺͽҲ㡣ҿϴвˡˣһ㽲һAishwarya飬ûյҵʼ
ûƺڰԲѧУ˸ʼ
û˳
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Ĺó
ĸվڳռЩӵ
óһ߲˺ţ⡣֪ĶϴˣһвˡվڲԶĨһŲ絤һϣͷظֻϢ
絤һ仰磬㻹ͷأ
絤бֻĻ׵ãǡƳһԲ絤Ҫô
׵ӦȺ̸һ̸
̸ɶѽ絤һֳ
ŪģİɣһȺͥʦɶ˼ˡҳڼͷѧϰϱӾŰʦõҵд꣬İͦ˧һСıѻڡ
ҪǼҽ̲ʺ㣬׽Ҳѻ㣬Ǳ״
׵ʶǧ̶һһַǳɿŵĸоƷкӵϲ
ο׻ڿҿҵزӡ
׷ǳɾûŹκν䣬ӲñȷԱרġ
絤ͽгʱ֪Ҳں콲
֪ʵ죬Ҿú֣ΪʲôǲԸشҵ Ҳٻظҵ΢šҺ㽲ʮΣһΡ
һ۵Ĩݺݲһ
ʱú࣬ࡣ
֪΢΢ü硣
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֪ԭΪ˵ľܽˣû뵽벩ʿ׶֮һζ˵Ϊе
ʱ׿ǣżɽ˵ҹ۲죬ǵĵʦæںǷʼAishwaryaѧˡǸʵӦóеҪΣû㣬Ͳдʼˡ
ȴΪ
뵱֪ǰAishwaryaͶˡ˵֪ľͲ֪ûзʼAishwaryaðɡ
Ҫˡ
֪ϴһײˣ˵Ĺױɾˣ취ȣͷһƪĿдˣԸԸҺƪҲܷNatureڶߡ
ϴʾܾˣõڶ߲ҡ
ǻǳپȣ֪˼AishwaryaѧǱߣһġСʱ򾭳ǹ̥ѧ㿴Ůסʵʱж಻ת˱Ļֻдһ͹ʵ㣬ϲûж⣬ԸһAishwaryaѧ𣿡
췢һ̾
ʺѪҺָӿմѩ׵ϲ˰ϣ̵İײ˶Ⱦˡ
һһвˣСĸԼָϽˮͷϴѪ֪ĺһֱˡ
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֪˵Ǿͺá
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֪˵ȥô
֣һ㣬ڳ𡣡
󣬽ͬ߻ңֻʣ֪ĺ絤ˡ
֪ĸһϣ絤ߣʵڼҾ
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֪ĵƤüãʰ͸ϸҲ·ûëסʮ־£˫Ư ӨȻˣëŨܾ̣ںڵĵɫˮۣ޵õ廨ꡣ
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ûУ֪ı粵Һͽûסһ𡣡
絤æͣͬˣԣˡϸؽԼ˲֪ĵĹϵ
֪ĵͷʣʲôģ˵𣿡
絤ܳʵˣСʱˣסǡҰְֿ˾ĸͬĸֵܽã˽ѧУ
ĸֵܽã֪뵱Ȼ˵ְɡ
絤Ĵһȡ
֪סָ㷭һ档
ζƮɢĴһ絤һ뼦˵Ҫһֺòˡܾû³ˣ͹ʱŽ͵Σմֱϡ
ˣ֪æʣ۲ۣ
絤ûɵ˵Ǻرһˡ
֪գգ۾
絤Цˣͽ׸ܺð
֪വѸһҲܺá
絤ƲƲ죺ϲңҲ
ʲô˼̡֪
۸ӵľ棬̷֪ǧѧ
֪ıֵɰǰ絤ѹõĻϻһ˲ˣǮҰְûǮˡҵͬѧǱˡòѧһѧѼӢ
֪˳ǰ֧ѧѺ𣿡
Sugar Daddyǵվû絤ͳиܸˣ͸󿴱ʣȡ衣
絤һλ֪Ĵ˼𺳣Խ̷֤ǧʷġ۲ռǡոµزġ
֪̲סʣĸרҵѧ
絤ѵѧ
֪ס˵пһֻղ˵Ļܷϡ߸˹塯Ķ壬߸˹ôʻΪⲿʵ
絤㽲˸ѧ뵽֪ͺרҵʡ
ڹﱻ죬絤סҪң
֪ҡͷҼˡ
ǵ̸ûٳȥ
Ϊ׺ˡ
֪Ĳ緹ѷ˶ʢڲϣһзһ飬ôװö˸졣ĸΧͬѧ۲һرгسһٷ
ڼ䣬֪ķѯ죺ʲôʱпգȥѧ졣
첻
˼Ƭ̺˵壬ǵĵʦͳԷ֪ġѧ˿ǰһ졣ĵò˳ǵĵʦˡ
׻û˵֪꣬ľ˼һӣüƲߣǾôˡ
˷֪ġ
֪׾ٵö˷
󣬽׺ȥϴ룬֪ĺ絤ߡ
絤ȹһϸϸ˸ᣬ֪ͻ룬ͺ˷Ϸ
ţں棬֪͵͵ʲôSugar Daddyǵ
絤ЦŻش𣺡ǮиУŮѧԼᣬǸѧѺѡ
֪¶ʣ𣿡
ټ΢΢絤ָɣһֻᡣ
֪ĵָӣûSugar MummyվǮŮԼУдѧ
ûаɡ絤˵
֪˼
絤Ȥ뽨һSugar Mummyվ
֪ҡͷ粦˹ģڳá⹹塯⡣
絤һ֪ĸϸؽ͵⹹˼ǣƹ̶ĽṹǿԱܵģµĽǶȳµ壬ĻĹ̶˼롭Ĺ죬ĺҲǡȥĻ
絤Ĭ
֪ϲӽṹ塢ṹ̸⹹壬̸ն˹Ŀѧѧۣ΢Щ׺춼ȫ֪ĵѧʡ
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һؼҵ·ϣ֪ǣŽ׵ ﻰҾã˺ԽԽˡСѧѧҵĿ궼ֻѧϰѧУŰͰ
Ӧڻ㸴ӡ㲩ʿҵУţҪͱ˴򽻵
Ҷ֪ıסֱۣΤѧҽˣѧںæҪϵѧУҵλڵĹûôɡ
ӦӦ飬ɡ
Ȼ׸ľԶ֧㡣
ҲԶ㡣
֪ȴֵúܶ
飬μӵʦ磬ίؾܾˡ
֪ΪƵش£ƽϢڵľף޸ҵĹϵ
ĵһƻʵʩúܳɹAishwaryaѧӦеĵ죬AishwaryaǰСʱִ֪ġͬһϡ
ϸһײʵ桢̰ڷ룬ĵŻ磬컨ĵƹ財֪ĵλպλڵƵ¡һˮɤӣѧк
ϣ֪Ļ˵ױһǳɫĽǿճȹ˽װ˾ޡAishwaryaѧ㿴ӣƯˣЦøˡ
ȻתʱAishwarya̬˺ܶࡣ
ЦʣΪʲôҪͶߵдôϸ
ֻ˵SorryI am sorry. ԲԲ𣩡
ĳǳӢȳƣͦ۽΢΢ⱾǺܺõòʣƫҪŤֻβ͵ѧ㣬˸оƲѧ㡣
ѧʱŭѹɤһ
֪һŷӦѧ˵˱ĻͰǵıԹʵ֪ҸŬΪÿһƶƻȴڱţ㻹ǽƱ硣
֪̱⡣ûж⣬ϣѧ侲
ѧһҲ侲
ҪȫͬѧǰʽǸ
Ϣ״̬ͷû
ѧô̼ٻظһ֡
֪ͼֹѧ㵥Ľ
ѧ⣺һѧﲻԤڣ᲻ʧڶܲܿԼ˺κ˵κ˵ģʵͬˮƽ⣬Ϊȫ綼ǴˣԺ㻹ܶͨѧƽ͵̬
֪նشʧܱ̬ƽȡ֮Ĳ˲ͬĸ塣ûκһܹȫԤڡ
AishwaryaĿⳤõע֪ĵϡ
AishwaryaζһԣJust because you are right does not mean I am wrong. ǶԵģҴˣ
ʱڵͬѧ½֡
ڳߣ̸
AishwaryaƳ졣
ϵͬѧƺڿ
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ﻹһ𷢱۵ĵ¹˧硣˧Ҳϵͽͺһ𵻸ʥ͵գȴͻȻˡ
Ӣ˵ȣҪѧǸʼѧΣǹҪдʼġǰ׼˸ӣû취ͨĽһ¡
ڣΪʲôҪͶ¼дôϸ
Ϊļ̫ˡ
˵Դš
֪ķ·ҵ֪Ҷ㣬ĺܶ㣬Ҳǡкö
ȻĽͣδAishwaryaѧ㡣AishwaryaɫȻû˿ֱͣʦķ٣Aishwarya¶һ˿΢Ц
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ʦѹûѧϵ飬˲ٴѧȤšʱ֪Ĳŷ֣ʦ˵ʵܸߡɵӪķΧôһһá
֪ĸоԼѧˡ
Aishwaryaѧìδ
۲ͽĴ糿֪ĸ״һ绰һӦô죿֪ĲҪ׷罻ϵAishwaryaҪ쵱ڵǸѾˣ£ǹȥˡ
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˼ӣȻ˵ѧһ澵ӣҿǰԼ
غһֱúܺá
֪ҷʡҺʶʱû˺ģҽʵ
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֮£֪ĵĵǸףʱѹˣԲҡ
Ļ˵Բ𡣡
ܴСʶ㣬ֻˡ
ˮһ˲ӿۿ֪Ĵű˵á
׻ûӦ֪ľͳʵ˵ҸղŸҲ˸绰ʸ磬û˺˵һ²Ÿһε绰ѾҴļɾˡ
Цһûϵ¸ٸ绰²˭
һأ֪ûвɽ׵Ľ顣
ǰ̨д绰һһΣΪһΡ
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оڣһ糣
ÿ糿˵׼ʱִʵңʰؼҡ¹η꣬䣬δٵ˹һΡ
Aishwarya棬໥ʺá֮⣬ûκν
Ϊ˲죬ִ֪һƪġʵһ빤죬ȷʵɵ÷ǳɫ֪ĵһƵ裬һʽ
֪ĽһܣǶͬһ칫ݡ
췢֣֪˼·
ݵûɬŪȱ֪Ҳܷɿ⡣ų֪Ľ̸ǵķֹЭԽ˳
ʮѮ֪ĵĳ߹ģύʦʦְ˺ü飬ʥ֮ǰ֪İͶ˳ȥһϲӸ죺һͶУ
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ʥڼ䣬ѧУż٣ʵ¥ÿյģŷҵѧܻȥˣ֪Ȼء
֮ǰʦ˵佾̤꣬ʵأһܳɹ
ˣ֪ĵѧҵĿ겻ǡڶ격ʿǡҪ̵ʱĹ
˵ʥ빤ûκβͬÿȻ飬ڰ칫ŷг緹ȥ׶عܾ꣬Ϊµо˼·ʵԼ⡣
꽫ȥ׶ء
20121231ϰ˵㣬׸֪ķ̻ʢŵƬ˵̻ͻȥµϡ
֪ļǵãϣˡ
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֪ҵĴϣ룬ǲڸף
̯һģԷ·ֳ롣
һ룺Ӽǽ⣬ͳҲ޷ͻļޡ
һȴ룺ѾкóʱûˣΪһͨͼޡ
ֻһϢҺ㡣
أ㿴¥¡
֪ľȵӿֻܵԱߣ棬ֻһõվһյ·Ƶ·Уվñֱƹõһɫеľһá
֪ĵֹ
ƿţ¥ݣҪ˽һȵץ֣ŷ΢΢ʣΪʲôҴ绰
оݣ˵æ
֪ĵæҲʱ㣡
𣿡Ƶطʡ
֪һȻӲţǵġ
֪İǣңһȲ衣ףһ£ڴߣƮõ廨㣬֪İߣʵ㲻ȥ׶𣿡
ջ״Ҹ
ָָ֪ƿһõ壿
׷еĲ豭ֹõ塣
ʲô֪ĺӡ
״׿ڴһɵľС򿪺ӣװһֻɫָ֪ľҪ𣿡
֪ĴһȹȹСţǳ塪ѽ״ʱѹûעԼװڣȻ̫ˣʱҪЩ⡣
ӵһǡ
Ĵ㡣ץ󣬰ѽָģǽ¡һСߡ
Сߣ֪ͷűӣ׵Ļ
Цһ£˵㿴
ָһأǶɫԲؽöָһÿһ϶Ӣĵʡ
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ϲ𣿡
ϲ˫ۺ
ٴΰأ˽ָģ˵ʮ͵¹Ƶָ׶صĹ˾ǰȥ׶أΪýָ
֪İ죬ָϵӢĵʣһһ䣺I love you more than all the stars in the skyҰʤǿգ
ٴηת棬Լ֡
ѽָպãʳָϡ
Ϊͨǲ̫ѡ׵Ļһ§סֵġ
֪ɿ·ڴϣС˵㱧ҡ
׹˵ƣߡڻ谵⣬ںڰ£ȻȻؽǣ֪ʲôʱ濪ʼһ꣬Ŷι죬Ĵ̨ϡ
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֪ţȶֱġعǵͣһж˵ʱˣȻؼˡ
𣿡֪˵滹ꡣ
֪Ĵڵĵơ
էȻ١
ץףϵ䣬Ȼڴϣ뿿ŴͷҵУ֪Ĳ̫ôˡʣ㲻𣿡
Ծִ٣ҷǳ
𣿡֪ʡ
ġ΢΢̧°͡
֪ĶͷӦò˰ɡ
ֺ˵һʲôʲôϷ˼άƮ˱ĵطֻ˵ɡ
֪İѹ̰˹սü֣ױ֪ɱɾƬײΪˮû뵽ӡܺãϲһ㡣
𽥻ָƽ
ҹʮ㣬Զ
Ȼû뿪֪ĵķ䡣ǳҲû֪ͣƽӣҪҪ˯һ
֪û˼
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һ˯ṳ́ܲʵ
ѧĵ˴̫խϰ˿Ĵ󴲡֪ı˯ˣ˿ġһֱ§ϧһ۵ĥ޵ůĴжڴ̼ĸйٺ񾭣ȿѣﻹһ˯⣿
һӶ2012һ졣
ڶ峿𴲺硣
֪Ȼã״̬δʵξ׾˵Ȼؼˣ¸Ҵ绰ȥҼҡ
֪ĵ˵ͷʣ˯ú𣿡
׻ҹ֪ĿĻСؿڡʵǺܲӦášȪˮƿһˮ˵˯ͦ
ںؼһ·ϴ裬
֪ĺкĿ뿪
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֪ĳղμ˼ѵγ̡ѵϣʶ಩ʿʿ󣬴ؿ˽档
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ϢǣķɹˡҲõѧ
Ϣǣӡѧı༭ܸˡܸԭҲܼ򵥣ѧƪĵĺĹ۵ѾһȷˡѧȦǺܳһ¡
죬ѧЩ䡣
⣬žǴ˵еġЧӦ
ѧûɾʵ鹤Ͳûʱһַύĵʱ䣬ͻһ顣
֪ķǳͬѧ㣬Ҳûа취ǹֻء
ͬʱ֪ʽϸڡǱѧڡӼ㡷ſε̡ͬ¡λҪͬʮѧÿΪǷϿΡ
Ƚεһǡ֪ĵͱѧСѧǶʮšʮˡ
лҪ˵ճţл



Σϣ

ѧԺ֪ķλ𸨵λѧĿγѧϰϿεĵһ, ΪԼ㹻أ֪Ĵ൱ʽ
λѧ׼ʱִһСҡ
ɺϵ, λѧй, λϺλŲ̊Ͱš˵ЦؽģΧһԲ¡
֪վһŰװǰһ֧˱ʣӢΪҽһ֪ʶܡѧǻڵСĽ֪ľʣϣҽӢǽģ
и˵ʦ, ˵, һӢʡ
û֪꣬ľͬõģǾͬѧһϿΣǷ
һλƷŮ֣ʵÿҪҵ𣿡
֪ĸÿ˷һݴӡõĵ
װȹ, ɫƽ, ˵ÿҪдһƪ̵ѧ£2000ңһǵ֡ǵһÿΣ˽ǵѧȤǵѡĿġֻõ߷ܼ֡򵥣ҿΪƻٸƼһЩĲϡǶĳһоرȤҲڿ϶һ¡Ȼˣص㻹Ҫڿγ̱ѧϰϡ
Ʒʵȥҵ, а꣬Ӽģ͵ĿҺױ̵ིܶһӼģ𣿡
Կԡ֪ˬشӦ
Ҽô˵һͬѧʵǲǸշһƪع㷨Natureģѧʵ֤㷨ԽԡŶԣ˵ʮꡣ
ᵽ֪ĵ䣬նʱЩΡ
ѹ˵ǵĵʦ
ͬѧ˴֣Ҳе㲻˼
ûϵģ֪ԲҪǶҵȤҿԳ鼸ӵʱ䣬򵥵ظҽһҵݡ
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֪ϸѯÿһλͬѧ
֪ĺѧĻͬҲᡣ
֪ĸߴңڿʣ飬ʵд÷桱ѧκβĵطʱĻҲԸʼѧѧרҵ⡣
ʲôרҵ𣿡
֪ЦŻش𣺡Ҫǲһѧϰ
ͷʡ
ڽǵһÿΣͬѧҲûʲôѧϰ񣬿ϵʱ÷ɿ졣󼸷ӣ֪ڰװϽ·һƪNatureģƵʽٶȾڳλѧҪκײϣݵ䣬ܿ㸴ӵʽ
ݣֳһ⡣
ƷӼģ͵Ŀ˼·𣿡
Ʒһ١
Ʒûз
̯ıʼǱٳд֪дںڰϵıʽ֪ķǳʹӢĳ⡪ΪĩԵĿȻӢĵġڳλѧϰӢĿԣĵרҵʶ̫С
Ʒһ߳⣬һ˵˼·ˡ
Ťͷ
Ʒֽϱɡ֪ߵߣһƢǳ磬Ʒһ泩˵аѷд
֪Ŀıʼֱ˵вͨ
ƷʣΪʲôأ
֪űʣֽϲʽƷȻ̧֪ͷһ۹ӣ˵ʱ䵽ˣټ
ѧǷ׷׺
һøΣԲؽˡ
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֪ĺͽԼһȥ档
ڸϣ֪侲ģڽ׵ǰ֪ĹЦ̫˼ˣûҸѧϿεӣú氡и˵ҸշNatureģʮ꣬ѧúǰ컹ڵǻСǵĵʦû뵽ҺܿͽʵˣҺܿġ
Ȼأ
˽ʵǻô죿ﰵ롣
ױȴ˵ȷʵʺʦ
Ҳã֪ԭһģҾǺʺʦ
ǣ֣̤ݵĴš
֪Ļ˵ʦ˷״̬С
ϲתſϵ龰˵ҪλѧŷḻʵѧϰȷͷоƽȽС˳
ĬĬصḻʵѧϰʲô˼
⣺㲻Ҫѹ
ûѹ֪סֱֻۣе㺦£һѹѧʵѧ㲻ǹġѧͦı༭ˣûκˣ˶̶һܣͶ빤ˣͦѧģӡѧԺĸ߲Ըüͣ
ô໰ֻǳֹۿɰĳһ˵Ƨͣ½ŲͷЩţ㲻˵ͬѧܻ𣿡
ǵġ׳ϵ
ͲҪң֪С˵Ҫñ˿ˡ
˿һԶˡ˫ִ·ڴûҪµĴ㣬ȴڵյûˡ
֪һ죺ûˣңǴĵط
죬֪֮ҪͽݣΪܾûжˡ
Դ˲ʿ񱾿ʱÿ˶ǰ죬绰ôûܲ軹˵ﾭѧڣﻹμˡ׶УѧȻڵĶһ־ͱ̭ˣǣֵù
֪ıܹ衣
չһܡ
һ񣬰ҡӾ򡭡ÿһľ߼ɣܺܺõض塣
⣬ÿһ˶ǽ׵ĳ
֪ίʦ˵ʹӦˡ
֪ķǳˣҽѧϰҶ
֪ĵǰ׸оԼԺУдѧ
Ԥһ򷿼䡣Ƿ涼ʵǽŵһǲ֮󣬽ףݸ֪һֻġ˵ȸʾٸѧ
õĺõģ֪ĻȸԾ
ֵϲĽɫݻڡ
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׼Ķһ١
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֪Ĵ˶װ˶ȹڱȽ϶̣ڲסϥǣʱԵøͣԼȫûע⵽һ㣬ȴ˵վֱ
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׵ָ⹴ˣȻû֡
֪ĺǰ΢΢ԲĻԽԡ
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֪Ҳǵһĵʦ֪Լ˽Ժͬѧʲôȥ, ̸ѧϰ, ѧĹ֮飬ܼʱѧĿκʣνһá
ǣ֪ʣĿƪ˵ϲоHHL㷨ôûоɹ
֪Ķһ㷨Ȥʱ䣬ܰ㷨͸ﻹһѵ롣
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ϵλѧ½߳ңкλں֪죺ѧڵͶˡPhysical review letters
˵Physical review letters֪ѧĶڿڿϷһƪľͺ˲
֪ĶʱڡPhysical review lettersƪ, ٴܵýĹ㷺עһ, лһвɷãԼ뱻ӵĴ
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֪ĵĵʦѧʢ, ˳ɾͺܸ, ѧҪҲߡĲʿAishwaryaһ̨ÿ궼ƪĳɹڹһѧڿϡ
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²οϣ[1]Holman, L., Stuart-Fox, D. and Hauser, C.E., 2018. The gender gap in sce: How long until women are equally represented?. PLoS biology, 16(4), p.e2004956.

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лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ذͣȺӢͣ״δŶЭĵʡʿ룡մֳ̼ĿѵŮѳ죡


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֪дã𾴵Sergei Alexandrovڸд֮ǰҲ룬Щӡ2007ѧʦĸ˽ƻߣеĵһĿǰһʿ꼶ѧΪһӱƽ̨ҺлɷӳģԼɴϣؿռͼۡڹѧҴϵʮӻ㱨ӡ̣Ҷչֵ̽ԼǵĽоɹ
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лҪ˵޳ˣһǵþ˾˾һҲҪQAQԼʿƪдˣʿҲ̣ܶڴܲĿˣ

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֪ľã׶ֲסˡŵرסֱֶۣԲ裬裬Һͽһ˳;ɻ춼еˣȻؼһ°ɣпһԶٷúһġ
ְֻӦ˵öԣѵûһˣСҲˡ
Ҳ˵ǰ˶࣬ȻؼҰɣڻкü죬ʱпգپһۡ
֪֪ĵĸĸģ֪ĵļҾһ޴ļܴİȫСѾõϿɡ͵̫࣬Ե컬࣬˳ת棬ͨµʵжĸĹǺͷգΪжԸҪ
׵̴졣׼֪ģ䲻ס
￪żɽʣ̸֪˶ã
׻ûش֪ľͷɿز廰ദһʱ䣬Ȼȷ˹ϵ
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ŸĸڸЦһؼ˵а㣬֪ģ뻤Сӡ
֪ĵ˿ǳˣԼѡȨְ趼ûңΪʲôң
㻹ˣʱðɣҾһ䣬㵽סĶ
װ֪ĵ
ͽ׵߶һװ˰ˡȫƽӶԷⲻˬ֪ϰԵض㵽ױĶͷѹһصľʯ
һΪ֪ĿǣɷĻˡ
ķŭˣĺסһ𡣡
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һӪҵĻ˾ʵϰżҲƼһЩڹ棬ԺֳŪŮ֮ƬΣȫѪҺȻϴԣ˽׵졣
ԾƶﲻǴܵĵط
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Դ˼ġǿһ֣㡭
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֪æȵ㲻ҪһᱣԼġҺͽʶʮˣ֪ʲôˡ
һֱҺܺãܹעҡҲ£һӰԼļͥθ̫ˣʱȰְ軹ࡣ
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лҪ˵Բңͷˣһд㣡
¼Ԥ棺СЯŰݷãǡż˾˾괮ţ
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֮ͣϣ

, Ƹ˲񷣬·׷ѩ
ѩƮֹǵ, ҵƻڻںҹɫ, ֪ĳŴľҺþûؼˡ
ڵķ˰˲֪ʢһпְְ߶һأԿۡ꣬ʲôʱؼң͸˵һ, ͻƱǮ
֪ס룺, ҿԼƱ
ĵСжǮˣְʵ
֪̹ȻҵĲʿнʮ𡣡
һƬž
ֹ˺üӣְֲʣʮһʮˣ
20141µһʣʮԼʮһԪҡ
֪ĸʮ꣬ʮԪнİְ͸綼𾪵޻˵Ĺ滮Ҳ°, Ҳʿҵ, ȥʡһĲʿʮ·ݻعԼǮһ·ӣסڴѧǸ
⼸귿۶ˣѧǿѧְֿһƿ׾ƣǮܹһƽ׵Ҫ顣
֪²˵ҿȽ׸ٴѽõְ, ѧУһʰҷѡһٶƽ׵Ĵӣȫ˶סȥ
һ״ӡҲķܶĿꡣ
Ĳɵذڷ
ְͷ˰뱭׾ƣ賶䣺ٺȵ㣬ͲСˣעˡ
˰ңͷ̫ˣְۿ죬ߣǼ̫гϢˡ
ƾӿְſӣ߶߶˵ְСʱڴֵأũ˲ܶ飬ۼûӣְſдҵʱְ־룬ⱲҪǰŮʲôţٶƽ׵Ĵӡ
֪ЩѰְ֣һûӣֻһƻ
ְγѣӣ㲹Ǯ
֪ļһֻȣ׷ӵ׸ҲòǮСװɣǱסţÿܻˣԸ˯Ҳչ㡣
֪ļᶨ˵Ҫף𡣡
һڳԲӣӵĻѹ󡣡
Хѩɳɳ죬֪ůļ鲻ɵ÷ࡣһ۵ţ⣬ϸպ֭ŷŽţ⡣
ϲཷţ⡣ˣٳԲᡣ
ҧһţ⣬֪ľ͸¶һѧ㣬ѡˡǧ˼ƻ
ǧ𣿡ӻ
֪Ŀʼ̸̸ǧĴǵģҶԡǧ˲һԷ50ԪҵĲĴѧṩ100ԪĶ⽱˰ġңǧһ㶼н30ԪۣоҲǼ𲽣ҲõĿоѵ⡣оǳΪһ˲šҺܿġ
֪ĵߡ̧֪ĵԴ֪ľ裬ڹ㡣
ش𣺡Ҳġ
ְȴ㶵ʣģ˵Щİ
֪ĵͷȻġ
ְֳһֽĨһ
ɫ⡣
һЩͷ˿ڵƹôۡ
Ŷͷƽ޽ǣﲻͣ߶̫ˣģְٺƣңְͷζ̫˳ˣ˲ţ˲ţְ趼ΪԺ
Ҳ˵ְЩһЩǮǰѴø㣬㿴ӵ׸
֪лĺ⡣
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ڻڴȻˣʮʮ񣬼Сʱȥˣƻʹһ뵽װ֪ƭȥͬˣ̻֪ѣһ
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ֵģǵķ첢ҡ
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ãҹУѩƮ䣬̨һ׵ѩ顣ְֿһ۴⣬һ˵ǣְ趼ʵңԼɣСЩ¾͸ְ˵һһ취
֪ڳϺˮȡĴùˣףʣСô費˽Ƣͦõġ
֪ץᣬΪ׿ˢӡ֣׵Ƣǳãǳᡣû³侲꣬ԸȶԽתÿ죬Ӧǿϲ졭ʮˣռǺͱʼǣıʺһ˼һһ⡭
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ȴ˵һǼҳԷ
²豭ǺðɣǼҶദһҲá
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֮ͣ£

֪ĵıп׳־
׳־֪Ĵһ, ʡĳصѧһװ˳ͷȳƣ, һС
Ȼ, ׳־֪ݣǣǺܶ궼ûˡ
ȥʮµĳһ죬׳־ˢȦĴѧͬѧһšŮʿʵ컨壬ʮƽ⡱
׳־ֵȥһƣͿ֪ĵĻԻ
׳־ϵͬѧ۵֪, ƯƯ, 
ϣ׳־Ͱ¸ĸĸ
һھһϼƣͳһҪ֪ġ޸ϵ
ٹһ꣬׳־ҪѧˡӢôļУЩѧУҪṩAcademic RefereterѧƼţPersonal Statementҳ
׳־ϣ֪ʶĽܰд⡰ѧƼš, ΪṩһЩҳزġ
׳־ıƳɼ, ʵϰоһ㡣Ҫ֪Ըǣߴţϵϱ廪šʡĽڣ˶ʿ϶Ϻܶࡣ
֪ѾڹѧȦո¶ͷǣδչձ鿴á˴ѧȻǸ𲽣ύֻкôûл
ǵһ㣬׳־֪һģ
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չ, ֪ĵĸĸ¶ʮ˺һ쿪ʼҵֱ¿ҵ
˾˾ڽã֪ĵĹ۸ʮ΢
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˾׿˹ĿⲻƳסڶְҵϰߣزĳɨּ׵ִһ۸ֱ߰
æʣģǸʲôˣ
Լ֣ã֪ĵѣʽҳӡ
׻û˵꣬˾˴ϵʦִҵʦҿͦİְǲǵĿͻܣ
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İ˳μ棬ȡԷϢֱһشʱ򣬾ͿԹļ裬ȴԷľ
״Ӧ𣺡£Ҳ̫һؼһʡ
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˾ʣϼʡ𣿻Ǳģ
Ͻһ̫ҿˣ
û˾ʵͨñ׼
߻谵¥ˮǽˢһᣬʽСţƤѢһ̾ǽϣšרҵͨܵרҵ֮Ŀۡ
˾ƺܺĵѵ⼸꣬ȫǣģǼҪ򷿣Ҫ򰡣ѡõضΣͶʻ㡣
˵꣬˾׳־ļ
׳־һ⡣ŤͷŽ Ķϴѧ
һأû֪ĵͬѧ
䣬֪ƿԼҵķţ׺;˾һڵλˡ
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̨ոµĵůŲɳߣһλһë̺֪Ϊ׼λá
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Ϊ׵Ĵ糿֪óԼϧëС̺ӣסɳϵѿڡ
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֪ĺϲС̺ӡҲ֪һ㡣
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ˣһಡƣ˾ûһǮƾһ㣬˾˲ԾΪġˡ
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ʸڷϣǴˣҲὲֻ
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׳־ȻƵúǣ֪ģţǼˣСʱûˣû໰ҵĻøֻ
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ôһѣ֪˵ǣǻǷҼǮʲôʱǮ
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˾˵ɤҺڹ˾ڹ궬죬ճҸձҵ⹫ŸѪѹҪҩͷʡǲʶˣ¸ҵǮʮ鼸ʮ飬Ҳ࣬Ӧ
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ӵ˴Ұ꣬ðְֵ֫嶯Ӳ˼ְ֡Ƴһ裬貢δֹͷˡ
ְ˵Բס˸磬Ҽҽ컹бĿˡ
׼ϵĺƺͲҶǾ˾һҴƷЩݸ׳־׳־һѳϴֶ˵֪ģΪ˳ѧ
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׳־һں̤֪ĵļš
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лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ʿƪһ£


׶εƪ

﷢΢źѵ롣
ӳɹԺ, ɳϣ΢΢ڵĻֵ̣ﱸעΪ˸硱
֪Ĵչ͵
׵Ŀⲻɱ֪ĵϡŨܵ۽ëգգ, ۵շһɫ, С˵Ҹ緢ˡʣҵıעʲô
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ȴ˵˼
׺֪˽ʱ, վһԹ۲Ƕˡ֪Ϊʲô, Ժֿ׳־ǰһ䡰̲衱
÷һһٵĿƶ, ʱԸ״ʮ֡ոռĳɼ, һֶС
, İְԽ׵ӡƺԽԽˡ
緹Ĳ, ְָ׼βˣ˽ײ⡣ʼձżõġº̸ͣ·Ȥ, 漰֪ĵľ˾˺;ôΣյĻ⣬Ҳػ, ȸ˾һӣֺ֪ġ
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磬ѩͣ, ɫ磬ҫۣ֪ĵĮְ̇Ϸɹܲ, ﶯذæΪ˱Լȥϴ롣
׼Сˤһֻ룬Ƭء
֪ĵһĶܹｭ, ֹʰ
׼Ƭɨء
֪һֱԳұֱŵģ
֪һſŲأرãִ
׸˫ֹסĲӣȡһĲ
׳ɾؼϴ롣վˮ֮ǰһϸϸˢһɨӳĻשϵѷ죬Žˮܣ̨ǽƤĴ򡭡֪ռдзʪԹؽףÿ÷꼾ڣǼҵĵذǽ涼ᷴͲ̫ˣ֪ĺﶼеҪҡ
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ʥڼ䣬֪ĺͽ׶סھƵꡣǳɢǻһЩֻ׵Ϸҹһ֪ͬıøʵҲûҪ׽⿪о
ʿٵĶ캮ֳʪȴůġʥڵһ죬׺֪ſڸ֪͸һ𻨲ӡ˵Ƚ׻صѽ𻨲ֽ裬죬𻨲迪ʱ֪ľͻعˡ
𻨲ԭй֪һֲѧѧõӣĻǡİ
һ𻨲裬ͳ˽׵һֲֲ
װѻڵİ칫Ҵ̨ϣÿϤϣտ԰ա飬רҵ辰ʦ
֪ĵճæάÿһεͨ¼֪**ĵٶȱȲʿͶڼˡԹĳɳڵȴһ𻨲š
Τѧְֵؽ̵֪롰ǧƾ֪Ϊֹѧܿͨ˴ѧļɸ飬2015·ύ˺ϡ
֪ĲġǧĿж༤ҡҲû˴ֻԵذԼĹ滮ѻڡ㹻ˣΪѻڵͬ¡
ѻںܿظĿ˳˳
֪ʵ˵һ꣬ÿ˯罻գרעУǳƽڱչһ֪ĻΪǵоṩ˲µĵӣϰƪģȫͬ¶ڷùѧ˲µĹ֪ʶڣȲҪعˡ
һ룬ʾһ
֪Ĵһ⽭׷ʼһʢڻĽ𻨲裬ɫۻƣ֦Ҷïʮ
дˣûؼˡ
֪Ļظĸ֣һ
лҪ˵Ļؼңϻؼң


﷫

201511Ѯ, ֪ĸ߸˵ػعˡ
ʿĹһ䣬֪ĸеǰδеķɡڼ˯һ죬˳Լӡ
, ְȥһ˲г, һ߲ˮͺʡ
ĳͣӪҵְֺڳæ˴죬һʮζġ硱зȱ㡢򡭡ϲཷţ⣬ֿ֪Ϻˮȡ
°ؼңһƿţ֪ľк, Է, رʢ
ĩĺϯУҹ¥ڡļȴһܰʵľ󣬳̻Ϣڵķƣһɨգڲߣָ֪һֻ۵зз
Ǻз, ְЦ, ϲԺʰɣƤԣ
֪˫룬̫̾óˡ
ʣĻûأ֪óˣ
֪ĳʵ˵ʱżεԼڼҳԷҳԵر𱥣糿ŷ֣ҵĶӶùУֻбţ̺
ƿзǣְĲһرζ, Լ淹ԷԲƵĸо
۾ָ˿۽ǣ˵ĻؼˣʲôͳʲôۼҵӺˡ
ޡ֪ĵݸһŲͽֽ
ְֽ͵̫ˣǶˣгϢˣְĸ˰˷ݺùҪѧʦ
ְֺֿһơļ򣺡ְ֪࡭Ϊңûڱ
ﲻ˵̫󣬻ںõڹͦãսҲкü򡣡
ְ־ǮȰְǿˡ
ûƳһ֪ġ
֪һСӣݺݵҿзǯӡֻзӨ͸зⱻ£һֻܵһСɽһߡ
Ϊʲôһڣͼһз⣬ڵ˰ְǰǼҵӺˣҺ͸綼ǮˣǲҪ᲻óԣҿһֱûӼз
ְֽӦ˵áȴûһĻҨһз⣬ϸƷĨһԷθظпĻˣҺ衢綼ˣһĿžˡ
֪˵Ƽ԰Ƽ԰ѧǺܽڴѧ򷿣ǾһĿڵ¼ҡ
︽͵ǰˡ
֪ЦⰻȻѽְݰɣҺ͸ǡ
ĶаְֺԥطҺ軹ᣬǮ
Ͱְͳһ軺˵սᣬҲȲ˼ҵİ裬ûûﲻͶܵǮ
ְӦ˵ԣҪǮ
ᵽǮְɫһ٣ƺʲô¾Ʊתͷ͸֪ģȥһÿشգ׶ŰݷǼңʽ磬ڣ׾±𻨸⡢բз͡
֪ĸĸǰ״ݳƷﶼʵΪ
׼֪ĵĸĸ̸֪֪ĵĹݡ֪ĵĸĸϢǶŮĹעȼߡ
׵Ŭһ꣬ɹش֪ĵİְ֡
ˣڽĲϣְΪ˵˼ûҲ΢佱һ½ףﻹһСûͨڡ̬ȡ
֪ͷԷĶ˼
֪ĸ׷΢ţε˵Һ㡣
ڵ㣬ص¼װ޺ˡ
ѧǸһߵסլÿƽ׵ķʮְ󣬽껹Ѹ͵ơ׻Ѿʣһװ˰ƽ׵Ķլ뵽ȫõʦŶӣܹװһ࣬ڽٿ
ǰãʽӡ֪ιۣ֪Ȼͬˡ
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糿ԿȥС˳ؽӵ֪ġʮһ£֪ûм档磽˼֮ķʽ֮һڰ칫޼𻨲֦Ҷ
׾μ֪ġ
ֻδᡣ
ֵ÷ǳƽ
֪Ĵ¼ҡ
ȣõ⴩͸õ촰Ӵֿʮȫ¶̨֪ĵעĵھĵ̺ϣС˵¼ңĺƯѽ
վ󣺡Ҳļҡ
֪ĽŲһ١
ֽġ
֪ת泯
Цһ֪ġ
֪ɤ᣺ס
ԭСʱİţ˵ȴ֮һ˵С
ӿл԰ĴƮɢƢ֪¶̨һϣָŽľϵһƿ˵ãȾưɡ
ľ𣿡
֪Ҫ˵ʵ͵աѵˮܾٶĳֿأ˽׵ļҷӦȦס֪ĵǣʮһȴ޷įһȫӿ鳱Ҫѽȫûǵļ϶֪Ļ˵㡭ú飬ϲ
ͣһжһܸ벻һԣ
֪Ц
˫ִסļ򣺡㾭𣿡
ÿ춼룬׿أ
֪˫ۣ۾ԼĵӰ⸱ģ޿ɱ⣬ֻ֪һˣͨעһµ硣ʮƽȣֳӯһƮƮ۸УǱ̵ˡ
ǣָָ֪ԼĿڣȻ㣬ҲԴ㣬õ
лҪ˵ʮŵ㣬¼ӸҪдQAQ


ʵ

ڵ˽ҹɫ, ڵĺڰޱ߼ʣ֪ȴû˿˯⡣
Ϊʲôأ
˼⡣
Ϊͽ̫ûˡ
Ƿֿһ, ֪ĵĵ, Խ׵ĵδֹͣлݴǰļ䣬ͽ׵
Լĸ˵
һ䣺
׷𣿡
Һѣ֪ʵش𣬡֪˯š
бһȲûп۽紵ɴһǣͶ΢Ĺ, ֪Լܿ彭׵Ĳ̲סֵĶ, ϸϸعߡ
Ĭֻǵ˯ˣ֪ĸÿһδ
֪عһ촽
סָ⡣
ָһǵУÿһƤ, ҪڻƹǡջԼ, ֻǳ˵Сǲ
һסˣ˯ɡ
֪治ɫػ뽭Ūָϸڡûзһֻ̼֪ͨĻŲ·ף֪ĺȻЩץס״֣Ͽ졣׾̽Ĳָս, ֵһգ֪ĶʱϢ㡭
˵뿴
״򿪴ͷƹ⡣
ۡ
֪Ȼû泯Ѷܵеĳ¶ȣ֣ġ
ʮֿơ
δĹĿ꣺ȥڷ˯ºҡ
Ҫ֪ĥͷߡ
޿κεظ׵ס֪ĵļѣʱ䶼һֹ̧֪̾һֻ֣أرյƹ⣬ҵĺڰž档ڽ׵ϣ¹ĹΣ˵ټˡ
Ȼһ˿ζ
ҿˡ
ĸͬҶħ֪ĵǡǳ֮Ľǲġ߽Գ֣һ䡱Ļû˵ô䵽ֵزأ
֪ľҪǷˣô
˫ƽ֪֫
֪Ķߣ֪˵ǵģҺ룬ұ롣
װסĺ󱳣һͽѹڴϣָסͷһƤָڣץΣȭۣǽ΢ףֱԴй
һƤﱻֳˡ
ȴᡣ
⿪֪ĵ˯ȹӣż³֪ĵĺԽܣԽ
˼̵棬ֱҲ˼ޡͷĳ룬ȡһոµİȫƷһʹֶɬһĽӴҲԽһ֪ĵĶ䣬һ׼𣿡
ɤشӦڵ㡣
ӿϮ˳ٶȴ˽׵ϡʮԼ侲ôԽ£ԣǰһĻǿҴ̼··һλͽ
ļǿġҪ֡Ŭѹĵĳ嶯عռ˵š̫ˡ
˫۲ĲϢĻ϶㡭һ㡭
׵Ķͷð亹غһΣһаţ׼Լ׼ܻĻ䡣
֪С
ǽ׵ĴǡʲôأǱʶﱬı֧ڻڵʱǶǵֳʪ鶯ԣ˶һϣ׵ʹĽ
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賿ĵ룬֪ľƣؿڽ׵Ļ˯ˡ
װ֪ıһĴϡ֪ĸǺñӣߣ¹ճ˯աʮ꿪ʼФ˶ʮһһ꣬˲ϸ˵ľµ飬һ**ǵĴΡ
׶Ϣʮֹɡ˯𣬼ٰҹˡḧ֪ĵͷ̲סĶͷѵʶ糿ߵӣɫɷһչŴȥ
˯֮ǰ֪ģ˯һþ
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ʱ֪תѡ
׸ϴ衣߳ԡңϵһɫԡɫ̷Ϲδɵˮ顣ˮϣ֪ĵӡؼҹϸڣ´Щᣬ޼ƿʩֻܺߵض׾ڴߺƭġ
֪㲻Ҫҡ
ӣҲ˽ȥ
֪ڱӡ
мδļۣ́ȥֵĻС˵ϲָо˵ϲ㡣
׵ĶҪ֪ĵĳ߽ӦҰ㡣
һ¶֡
֪ĸеۿе㺦ߡһֻͷٶɻشϣֻͻȻˡ
ͷֻû̽ΪĻʾǡ˸硱
ϣ֪ĺкֱ˵Լڽ׵ļͣΪɫ̫ˣȲؼˣڽ׼ҵĿͷ
׺֪ĶʽǶǿĳˡ׵ĸĸԼף֪ĵҲֻСЩûؼҡ
Ψһı
װ½ʵˣ֪𣿡
׳ϵҼңûȥ
֪Ĺűӣڴֱ
˵׼ȥ緹
ƽûвҹȣˡӪļɱΪֻڽ׵ļסһδκص飬ϾôӦ˾ˡ
ԸҵķٷҪвݮ̣˵ôɣҹȥˡ
񣬽Ѿܺƽ˵ģһչ˺ġ
˵Ǽ˽еС
׿ᣬ֪˵һ䣺׳ҵļˡѾҵˡ
ͷһ
Ҳûᴦ룬ֻô˵Ůֵ㡣ˣȥ緹ɣĥˡ
Ҷϵ绰֮ȥˡǹ˾ʩСԼӰƶȡտЧŽΪ˷սд뽭׵ĻԼҲû͡ףҴææȥһʳá
ǡʳײ˸ͬѧĸͬѧͬһҹ˾λͬѧڵһǣ磿磬þòôûдӹ
ʳôڴһţǷһزˡ̣ĵ׺ܲͷϻˣʡǴѧĽְ
ϣôͬѧ磬ǳԶٷɡ
лҪ˵ǰżСſģ̫ƣˣû취űһȻʵӦдʱֻǧ֡һսȭ





Ϊ˺ƽȡҵĻ, ڵĻ˾ҪÿһλԱԼһӢ֮ͬӢƣžXܡX֮ơ
ﱻͬѧ׷ź硱, ͬǵƵƵסЩ, ʣʲôꣿ
λͬѧæ˵ѧ˰ʡһеУѵ֡
Ѳ̷ŵϣֵĲ;߿ĳ顱һ졣ڷʣʶã
ͬѧŤŤسϵѡ
ȴ˵æû¾ͱˡ
̬ӲλͬѧҲûġһ, ͽԼﻰԭһ, ˼ʮְ꣬ʡõĴѧѧƵĽʦûϸڡ
ΪͬѧҪһְҵչ, λͬѧȻ˵, ʮ˻̸ļرżˣѱܸٰԼܸ֪ģ磬ܵܣϼףϲϼϲ, һ׮£
ĵ
һúдĴ룬Щеûġ
ͬѧԲģҽ㳤ò磬ѧְơ
ȻһЦˣ˺Լɡˣٸ£Һѧͬ࣬㲻ʲôˡҵڣ뵢˼Ů
һ仰е·ˡλͬѧڨڨ߿ˣﻹͷԷţǷζ۾ſ׷ŵ֭һ跹黹㲻ľعһ磬°ԺڸˮһвݮϹ˾İ೵ؼˡ
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û뵽ϣ֪Ҳûؼҡ
֪ĸһ绰оݵ˵һӿƼʵң׼ˡҵƻ顷Ҫͽһҵĺ裬Ҳؼˡ
迪ᡣ֪ĵֱز
糿֪˵һؼҡ
ûٽӻ
һ֪עⰲȫ֪һ֮⡣
֪һ׾ȥ֪ĵļ͡ӲţǴŸָ֪ľãȻ̫νס
Ҷϵ绰֪֮˼
׺֪һɫʯɵĲذΪһ塣ӵ˵Ҳλ𲽣֪ı棬ижᷢչô꣬Ϊʲôʹûҽ񣿡
Ϊһֻ޴ϺȻҸֵǮ
֪ĶƬ̣˵ָɾ֮͡Ķ𣿡
׳һʪֺ֣֪2008δΣ򡱣ӡгġ̸ֵܹ˾ˡһתֱ˵ĽǶȿǣǮ
֪Ĵ˳˽׵˼
ڻһȺûдʸ˳ɹش򷿡2008δΣ֮һгı˷زĭѣֵܹ˾ƲֵһͶʽڻ׵ҲͶʹ˾ֵΪǰ֮ȴ޷ܡгġµҵա֮£֪ĵȫԼԼģѧõ֤
֪ĳһϺ⣬˵ڹĨǵؿҡ
׸һСݮƣֻʵʵ˵
֪Ķӣһ㣬մ˾ɫԵúΡǳϲݮƵζģžͲݮ㣬ʵ̫úˡ̲סƿһһڣסôȣľС
У֪ȴ˵ҺʲôƶͷΡ
׷ɵ𣿡
֪ӿģҡ
˫⣬ڴ֮ɫ
Īеһڸ֪ĵľƱıӺһھƣͷ˵˼仰ӯŲݮζľӣԽɬ󣺡㡭
Ķô
֪ûлش
λվɿˡ
ܽ˽׵ң׸߽־šȻúô̼Ϊ׾ǧ˳ΪΪβƽϲ׷Ѱ顣ЦһߵЬڵذϣӰʧԡſڡ
׽Ųһ١
֪ķſֻ¶Сѽ
ģβйŴ˵ˮ˿ˮԴ
ȻֳܱġϾϰ͡صԼֻȷϷŽģʽֹҵĵơһƬڰ߽ԡңˮ˼Ĺ硣
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ҹ˾ʱװ֪ı˴ϡǾһڶµ»ޣ罺ѷᡣ֪ۣȴܿܣôҲ˯šлҹҹ̲ס͵͵һ¶ԱȣйټٶȸգڰһҰͷյ˶䡣
ȣæʣ岻
֪ʲô±˷һؽ͵Ҳûв 
׷ü䣬ҲʵĽڣɴˤˤʵʵ˵һ˵̲꣬ؽֱץ˳رգġ鵽ŨʱԼ˯
׵Ļޱȿɿ֪ĵ״̬ԽɡһǷҪ˯ˡ
˯ɣ˵˯
֪ĵʶЩ磺һ㽲¡
£ʲô£
֪ĵɤᣬ壺̽桷ĳ汾
˿ǳ֪ĺͽ׽İֻˡ
ΪķϢ֪İΰѵؽӻ֪ľҪͽס
Ҫͽʲô
׵֪ϸİϵ෱ʷ˺ܾã֪Ҳû˵һ֡׷ˡ̽桷ĳ¡§øһЩһգ𽥳硣
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ڶһ磬׿֪Ļؼҡ
֪ĺڰСſڷֱ·ȥ˾ϰࡣĹЧʱƽߣļٶȿ˲٣ĳһӹ˾ȫҵõһͿĵҲû˿ͼĳƵʱ˳Ǽҹ˾үү͸ȥ껮¹˾Žֹܣǳ£㰴ķ¡
óһļѻתˡӿƼʵҡϡŶѾһݺͬںͬǩԼ֣үүֶ²ҵͶʣŵ
Ըӯ
֪ĵ
֪ĻûõѧʽƸļԺѾ֪ȡϵϣΪѧԺĴ꼶ǿһΪλĿγ̡ѧӹѧԺѧҲѡſΡ
Ժ˵ѧѹڼϣʦѹȽϴ֪Ĳ뿪ν飬Ժ쵼Ҳʾ⡣
֪̱̬ûϵģҺϲ̿Σһ汸Σ׼ý̰ҵ⣬ڴ¿ѧ
Ժοѣðãʦѧǵ¿ѧ
лҪ˵ǸôҾõQAQճţлͷˣ


ְ

Ϊ׼λĽѧ, ֪ȫ򶥼ѧؿγ̡
˹̹ʡ˹١ݲȵڶһУѿñʼǡκҵϰ⹫ѧУĹϡЩѧУ˶ֶ롰Ӽ㡱صĿγ̣˸㷨ģ⡢ͨѶʵսݡ
֪һĿʮУٵɨ˸ѧĽѧ
ϸػ˴ǰ鼮, ֻһµʱ, ׫дλĽ̰ÿҵ˳˿PPTвοס
2016·ݣ֪ĵֱʾȫ˲ϣѧУҲˡ¼Աʽ֪ǩƸ֪ͬõˡ߼ְơ, ͬڸڡ, Ƹͬ޵ģ֮ڣ֪ĵѧֲѣѧУȨȡ
ͬЧĵһ죬֪ľƾ衰ʦ˺š¼ѧУ, ύһݡ¿γ롱, ϴλĵӰ̰PPTļȴ񲿵˽
ͬʱѧԺڻذﱸ顣
ѧԺһλ쵼֪Ĵӽ꿪ʼΪ֪ʮƪSCIһµĵһ߻ߣרĿл𣬻͹⼸ʵұϵоѧϰԴմһ⡣
֪ĺԸ˶ʿ
ڲʿ
֪ĵƸͬղʿʸ, ǣԼ鲻㣬ѧϰʱûжʿ
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2016Ѯ֪ڵĴѧˡ˶ʿоԡ
·ݣԳɼʱ򣬲ͬѧǰϵ˵ʦ
֪Ȼ⣬Ľʦҳڽ·ݲŸ£ѹûѧϵεƼһѧѧղ񣬶ʮ꣬ҵڱһ985ѧ
ղǸ߲һװˣ׾ԸȽ
Ʊҵղڱһְ꣬ؼҿУ˳ߣһֱûκһλʦ
Ϊʲôأ
ΪǸ͡
泯ϵε֧֧ԣϡʦá
ղ˰쾢㽲һ仰
ϣղʡǣݷһϵΣΪЩ׼ϵε绰ƺѧһȤ
ǣʱ˿̣λȴ˵ãղͬѧǰɣӡҿļѧϰɼãʵǵˣȥʦǱʰɡ֪ʦǽѧԺƸڣѧϰĶģ㱾ѧʦлġ
ղסˡ֪ġ֡
ܾúܶ졣
ղͳֻϲҡ֪ġһôʦгɹȻô
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ǡǸ졣
Ļӿбб˿ƮټУ԰ڣݻɫҶںƮһءղ˸磬һļĴѰ֪ĵİ칫ңڡǰؽѧԺİ칫¥ҵˡ
ղһͷɫ̷ˮʪһͷڶͷϡֽˮ飬Ҵҵǰ¥ͷӬһתһȦȻһ˵Цʦˡ̷ʦ
ղѭǰߣպú̷ǧ˸档
̷ǧմһװߴͦΣӢǷʲףע⡣վ֪ĵİ칫ſڣղʹ߹ֵַشкϡϡϡ
ʲô̷ǧЦˣǶúܡ
ղæ͵ҡҿڳԡ
̷ǧȫ£׾ٵؿݣӣǽ˶ʿɣʦ۹⣬ʦĿŵӡ

ˮ೤ԽܣƮڡ
֪Ĺصһˮº͵кɣǺ𣿡
̷ǧˡ
ȥ£̷ǧõѧԺĽְ£֪ĵͬʦ֣֪ĵͬУͬ¡˵֪ıƸΪѧԺĽڣ̷ǧ˸ӣ֪ĵİ칫ҵء
Ȼ֪ȴ̷ǧ˵ʲô´λȷʼԤԼɡƽʱҪмңҲһڰ칫ҡ
̷ǧ׼֪һƽ̨裬֪ƺ̫ӭûȤ˸ھҪˡ
ǰֻ켸绰һ䣺˵æɡ
֪ѧ㻹ǵһҽԺ˵Ļ𣿡
һֱıӰӦȥˡ
ղһ֪˵ͬѧãܲܿһļ
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ĸǰ׸עԼ
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֪Ľ͵ȥʮһ¿ʼAɵĹбǣԸ۹ɵ۳˰ٷ֮ʮѲ, ǮȥͶʹС˵, Ǽʡкü׷ӡ
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λѧܽ貨ңߴӵʦ˺ƬϳһʦжʦĿȱȱѧӻ
貨ΪһжѧȻȴ꼶ıҪءվڿ͹۽ǶȣϿҵطʵǲ֪̬ƵȾ̬ƬÿʦƬ϶һ˱ƬҪƯöࡣ
Ǿ仰һ˵꣬ѧһһżæŵͳֻѡˡλ
貨ſεѶϾǡλ֮һûסѧܣؿһﲻµĴ˻ӡ
Ҳܹ
ûѡ
ֻ˲ʵ
ѧͷΣ̹ϵظѧܣǿܰλҵѵҪõ𰸶ȫʦһһؽ⣡
ĸѧѡſأ
ûѧѡΣʦİɡ
貨Ժͷһ֪Ѿ߽ˡ¥һᡣ
һŴľӵࡣ֪˵㣬ϲʲô͵ʲô
֪ļǵãĳаΡƵʦʿʦѧǳԹҲѧǽ仰ȻλʦԸȫֲͬڲͬĵ򣬵ǣһϴһ¡֪ľ־
磬հ貨ȴƳĬԱСããһͰնͷһ׷׷Ҫ㣬лл
ղ˵ײˣǴźƬ
˵Ҫɡ
֪һ
ѧ
ô˼أ
ͻݽڼԷٶһƻţ⡱
֪İϣ˽׵ϡţһչֳԴĺŷ緶ϣ׾Ȼ˵һƹϣлл
ƹϣ
֪Ķʱס
ԱʵãŮʿʲôҪ𣿡
֪İѲ˵Աڱһ¯㣬Ϻʣ⴮ţңҶϾե֭Ҫݮ֭Ǻʲô
˷׷֪ĵһͷõģȵô࣬ҪǲԣټӼˡ
öǮʦ貨ʵ
֪İ˰֣ûϵǵĿճֵü
λѧڶ棬֪ĵλŽסԱ뿪ᣬ֪ľ͵͵سһ½׵䡣׵ͷôˣ
֪ջԼ֣ûû¡
üߣʦҲˣ
Ҳָ֣ղղɵñ˱ֱۡ
貨ֹʦ㣬ô˵ѽ
ûʲôģȵҪ˵۹⡣ʦһѧ˵飬Ҷû
貨ɫǺ죺ĸС˵У
ָָԼָָǣϣղС
лҪ˵

ʦ۲

貨֪, һѧ˵죬ȻáСֳı֪ĵĿ飿
貨һ꣬ѧϰ, ò׿˶ʿо, Ÿնһ꣬ʦ;̸ˡʱһ֪ĵڡ
̶̼ദ貨ͷ֣֪ĵǿ¡ɹ֪ĵ£мָжϲġ
֪ĵĹעȴڲͬʣУǡС, ǡ𣿡
¶һ¶ˡı飺ѧ˵, вŻ
귽һ֪ͣĻλѧ߼Ǣ˿ûѧϡʮˣһ죬ܳ
ղ貨뷽ʱûļ֪, ĹͬŬ, ѧҲǳ顣
֪ĸȤģǷ˼άʽ
֪ȷţ׶ŭҪ֣ƢãǸʶ㣬
׶ŭ貨ǹ̫ǿੲݵ׷ʣʦʦ㣬㽲ɣʦλѧһ飿
Ǳտڲ̸ˡ
һ, űƿλԱϲˡ
⴮Ʈܱյķ䣬֪ĸ˼һֻ⴮˵ǲʵġֻǿ㣬˽㣬۵Ҳ㡣
޳֪ĵʦ˵úð֪Դڸй١
֪ĵͷе֪Դڸй٣ͬ˾вͬ⣬ûжԴֻв졣
ײ廰һͨйѧϰ֪ʶԽûʲôԸߵˡ仰Ҷ꿵¡СΨһǵõľӡ
֪ĺͽ׳ɹת˻⡣
ϣҲûѧۡС˭ģŭ븴ĻͳͳϨˣΧšԡ֪ԡĻҵ̽
貨Էθｭףʦֲʦö鰡ʦһԡ
ײòϣϲַлͲ貨ٽһپ䡰ʦ̫ˡϻǫƴǵҶ걾ƣûѧ
ˣʦҲǳͽףѧλַӾҵµʦ
ղҲնӣŽ׾һơ
֪˼
ȻЩ桭
ڶ̶̵ʮ֮ڣ¶ۼѧ
֪ڴﵹطŽյĳһ˲䷢֣е㡰˵˻˵˼
׺ԺദʱʸʽţΪԺˡ貨ϻʱÿµߡԡΪ貨ͷƳԵˡ
׻Լֻǵÿµһ仰Եǫƽ͡ûйԡûй
עչղĸܡ
ܺղ졣
ղ񽲻ʱü򵥵ʾ䣬磺ǲо˹ܵһ֧ղͻش𣺡ǡ
ֱ磬׻ʣоûѧƽ棿
ղʮּԵشûûСҡۡ
ܺؿоʺڷܴ͵סįĺѧ
׶£Ƭ̵ĵĹ򣬾ͺλѧˡ
ѧһһʦȺ΢ţ貨ظ֤ʦģѧУʲô£ҵһʱ֪ͨ㡣
ղ񸽺͵ҡҲ֪ͨ
֪ӵؿס
ڴѧһʦ
֪дʮġ۲ռǡддȥ˼ˣǽסݸһЦɤʦǻؼġ
˽ףλѧû֪˵ʲô
ԱѾѷ˶ˡ
һ׷貨ǰֱʿˮ
վסױȸ֪ʢһ뷹ʾ𾴡ָʢ׷˫ַ´룬Ϳ˵ʦķá
ʵϣױСꡣ
׽ıֹϵȻһλƽ׽˵ĳллҲԵ㡣
ղһϺ˽ףʦʦúóԡ
֪ĻȻһͽʮϥ¶ŮȺĴһڲݮ֭˵֮ǵĵʦǺܸ˵ġ
Һֹ˰貨ҧ⴮˵Ҷллˡ
֪ľٸ߱ӣ֪ĻЩ⡣һݮ֭ĵ˵ллʦ
û˵ԼΪθлʦ
֪ЦⰻȻֻϣǶԼϲоԽԽԶ
*
ʮַʢ
Ϻˬۣţ󻬿ɿڣƳɣ֭¯ζѡ
ѧǶԵر𱥣ϻвʣˡ貨֪ĵ֮ͬ󣬺ԱЩʣʣˡ⴮øʦ㣬Ѱը͸ʦܣʣµĶǻһʣʣˡ
ˣͺУллʦʦ
֪Ǻ񶼺ϲ⴮÷Աһ˰һµİɡ
貨æܾǲðɣ̫ˡ
ȴͦõģ̩ϲ󣬶ܼ
ֱ֪˷Աû⴮Ա˵Уտһ¯µġ֪ľԱӵˢˣˬࡣ
ѧһװзеĴǰ棬֪ĺͽ׸ǵı
ʱѷ磬еߵҶˮʪˣƮһݰζ貨ʦľ۲ͿɻУ
貨ٵصҵʦʦ̫ˣûţ㲻֪
貨ʱѧ㷽··Ҫֻ
ǼԶĵط֪Ĺס׵ָڽ׵Ȧֳȭٽʦ켸°ࣿ
ûΣû֪ʵش𣬡ʵһûʵԺֱӻؼҡ
лҪ˵ҵģСʲôҪΪǲ֪Ƕ


ӿƼʵ

εס֪ĵ, ޵ʵؼ𣿡
֪ĺȻͽ׵һν֮ǰҲʱ, ɬ֣ص, ҿûлشͿʼùġ
һ꣬ʮꡣ
֪ݵĻ䣬ļƬμøС̽ףҸȥ˾ӿƼʵ׼ô
̧ͷ
Ȼֱ˵߰ɡ
е߳Զе֮£մʪװ, ֪ʣӦˣ
Цˣʲôʱܾ㣿
ܾü, ֪ķʣǰǺֱصһˣ㶫Եغһ¡
绮ïʢ֦Ҷ֪ĵɤȷ᣺, һν⿪, ҿ㡭ֻҿʮӡ
Լǵһ龰̧֣һ죬ֽøȻ˵ϣ뿴öС
Ϊ仰֪ĸ档̲סȥǣ֣ʮָۣ΢ĦƬ̣·̶̼ͨӵ̽ơ
׺֪ļĬعͬŲ, ѧǵѧǻеӰ֯У貨ȻӦʦأ
Ƴһۣʦʦˡ
ҪȥĶ
Ҳ֪΢ʦɡ
貨ֻ¶ϴִѿڴָֻϿǡʣ￪ᣬʦʦܣ׼û
ʦ㣬˵϶ڣ̸ֵ֪ܺ
貨⣬Ҫղ
貨ûϵ䣬ղͽͰ͵ؽԼоȡԭ֪͸ղ׼ݼʾ룬ղڽ֮һʵ鹤£ھľʵʣ֮ʵݡ
貨ͷ⡱һ졣
ѧء
ز֪ĶѧҪ󼫸ߡ
֪ĲΪ˳ѵĿκҵҲмӾ˿ڲо
*
磬貨صԺ󣬾Ͱ⴮ʣʣ˰ڵϣһƷλҲǸУŸжͱһȺͬѧǿ硱
貨ϣ˫ִŴȣǿ磿
ǿڴϷŶ泯һ̨ʼǱԣ˺ܾòŻظܣ°
貨ͷҲ£ҵʦǳԷҳԵÿɸˣ·ϣʦʦܵĿȣʲ֪һһ
ǿϱʼǱԣժ¶ת壬貨˾䣺ɶˣ
貨ʵʵ˵ʦٽ׾**ģ𣿡
ǿ糭һֻ⴮ڣָ㰡Īţҵģ㵼ʦİ칫ˢҪĿҪ⣬㲻ͦ¶𣿡
ҹ貨ȴ˵һġ
ǿ̧֣˳ӣܣ㶼ҹʦˣʲôɻŵģ
貨пűǿ磬Ҫᣬʦʦܵĳ£͸ɵһ˵ǰǵʦɣѧҲٿᣬﻹѧҵģڿɺãҳĵһ
ǿüͷһ壬Ƭ̺󣬾ͰԼܽһסо**ڸ貨
ǿ绹˵ֻҪһסо**Ӧȫ°ٷ֮ʮĸУʦõʦ²һܸʲôΪ˺ܶģܶɹķ˴ѵʱ;
貨æл
һŸжģǫѧϰˡо**ľϾŬһЩʦĶժȡ·ĸˮƽڿϵĸʣٰѻ׸ʦʦܣغϣĥʱ䣬ʦͻѧıܾ幤
֣ʵǸ֣貨жѣǿ磬˶ˮȵо÷Ҳõϵķˣ
ǿعЦЦҪ죬㿴ңѧڷģʦҸɻˣѧ㣬ʦֵ㵼ʦʦǺˣӱҸù
貨Ϊһҹơ
*
ͬʱ֪ĺͽ׳ר˻˾¥ſڣ˴һƬ˾԰ǵġӿƼʵҡİ칫¥¥Ĳߣ֪ĸŽƹǰһ̿ˡPTSICĿӢĸ
PTSICǵӱƽ̨ţŶгԱıĸУѧӢĸ
֪ͷšPTSICƣпСʱ򣬴ûһĻ
˳˼ʣ˾Ļ
֪ҡͷ˵ûһҶȹеÿҪ׶Ρ
лҪ˵⼸ҰѴһ飬ָϸ٣о·д˽֣ƻãҰģģл




׶֪Ŀ˼, ԾһƵһû䣺ѵ˵ò𣿡
롶̽桷Ľɫ˵úܶԣ֪Ĵ
Сʱ, װݡ족ɫʱ, ǹװһȵĴɣ֪ľһɵģǳ档
ˣԸб仯֪Ĵ֣͸֪Ĵȫµᡣ
֪ĵ˫Խп𣿡
иƵ飬˵, 졭
׻û, ֪Ĳµ˼̾˿磬ҪϿΣ磬ʵҪ豸, ұԱ߿, ҪӣԵ⡣
̨ Ĳճ֪ĵĵӰ˽ߵӰӣҽ°࣬ؼңܸʮӡ
Ⲣʲô˲õ黰
¶ʵУȴ֪ĵֱסֱۣĳغˣȥס졣˸꺮, һµļڣǿȥȫΡ
֪ѧӾȼ١ͽһ£˾꺮һܡһ죬һ߲ι۰칫¥֪͹Сʱõ⽥֪һ۴⣬˵ؼˡ
׻ҪμһҵǢ̸ᡣ
֪֪æҸ°࣬Һһؼңȥɡ
һ˾ϰࡣ빫˾ϵ֪ˣ˵ͻְһݳԱĹ
*
룬ﱳ˫뿪Ĺλ·ڴֻ𶯡ֻóƼ֪ģԥذ½
ڵ绰֪ĺ˵磬°ҽιӿƼʵңھǹ˾ĽӴ˳·һؼҡҪһ̡
ǸӿƼʵңҲжš֪ŶеһԱͨʼ΢Ⱥ֪˲ڲϢΪӿƼʵҵĳڽ׵ǣߣٳ˶෽ױһһ˾Ĺϵ󣬽ֻһĸϵȽӴ󡭡˶ѡ
Ҫ֪ĺؼңȻץ˱ֵĻᡣΪ֪ĵĸ磬Ҳö˵ʲôڽӴҵáʱһ裬ͷԵģس޵ݮС⣬úóѽ
ûע⵽ָ̧֣⿫ȥ֪Ĵߵĵ
üͷ΢塣û׵ĥ׵оֹͨˣ׾ͨʾȡ֪ĵĻģӶɹﵽһЩɸ˵ĿġСӼֱɲ⣬롣
һкͣ·ϣֺ˾ڲĿʲôԽ֣ô֪ǹ̲ŵļЧģʽ
̲סʣĶôϢ
״ͬ¸ҵġ
ͬ£
ﻹûϸ룬ͣĶһˣ˴һɵTţп㣬͹һ׳ߴġĳҲԽͦΣü䣬ѧʱ˵ľ߳ʡ
ͣڿտȣ߻谵
Ǹֹǰ֪һˡƺлҪ˵ƺʲô˵
δӦ֪ľͳ˴кѧ
ŹİųԿסƬ̣֪ģ㻹ǵң
Ȼ
֪ļǵÿһˡ
ʮǰ֪ĵһȥ׼ͣһȺСˡսʱҲڳСѶ˵ʡһеĸ߲ѧϰɼܺã
֪ĿʡһУͳѧ彲ĻһҲʮ䡣
׶ԡ塱ԼЩӡ峯һֻ֣ʶ֡һĻյѧѧط꣬ҵ̸еļ׷ҷᡣ
ڵǲμԵģأ
׼ԵظǺʹѧһ˿Ƽʵңҵ𲽽׶Ρ
͸¶ЩϢ϶ܲ鵽ְ֪ĴѧҲǵһҵĹ̶Ƚϳ죬صĵһŶѧԺڲԱױ׫д
ʲκмֵϢͽ׺䣬ʹһǰĿת֪ģһͷ
֪ĳ˻֡
üȻЦˡ
ıӰнԶ
վԭأƬ̡
׿м£иλڶʮѮ»ǾѮ仰˵ҹ˾ΪԣҪʲôαؿѣ
֪ʡһеѧһݵ˼ҲûĽʮǰһսڽ׵ļеֻǵ֪ĻȫˬӢˣ嵱ԸΪϰߡңԶ޷֤ˡ
֪ĵ˽׵˼·ʲô𣿡
ûʲô
֪ĵͷһЦ㲻ңҲܲ³
δ䣬պô֪ǰ߹ȻҲ֪ĵ仰
˫ֽ¿ڴʱһ仰֪СʱͺܴЩӵõ˶ֻԽԽ£ˣҲ
вף׷ǵûЩЦһϣҺÿ궼ύռǣ֪ҵܡ
⵹ġ
֪ĸ͵ԵģҺͽ׽ʮռǡƬнռǱֻһ˿
ˡ
޻˵
бŹİ׵һ
׾˾һĳţȻȻصϳ΢еá
ȻŸȣ׾͡žһؽšǣס֪ĵ֪˸ʻλá
֪Ťͷһۺŵ磿
һ
ֺ֪磿
š
Сʱ֪ģ˳ɾͻᱬһġ硱֪ĳˣ˶ֶսƽ˵֪ͨһ£ڻ˾϶ҸСʵҵȲꡣҺˣѰСϷˣʣµǮңҰͶ
Ӧðϣ
ǵģ֪Ļش𣬡̫ˡ
￿α쳤˫ȣ̾һ֪֪꣬ĻûʱͼĴжࡣ
˫޳ɰݣһˣ᲻óԣ᲻ãȲĳˡ
˻һֺ֪׻ڳ
ʱ׳䵱˾Ľɫշ̣ڹ·ϱۣûд֪ĺ̸һҵҵͨ˾
˫ֱۣɨ׵ĲӰ
֪Ĳδ΢Ȼϲְѧ̫Ҹһ̫࣬СĽϿΣÿһġ
ȻӦͰ轲ôЩ£ôûң
֪Ľ͵ǰ칤æ糿磬ڼͰְ죬ʱû˯ѡĲҲô
鸴ӡļӦֳеΣȫһ˿ˡ
*
еĵǣڶһ磬֪ʰ䣬ͰְкͰȥ׼סˡ
֪ĳʱ֪Ļ֤ģһչ˺Լġ
һµ糿ɫĳŷĳУĴƮ޵Ĺ˫ִվСԪ¥¥¡̧ͷգͬһҲʮעĿĶͷ촽°͹һߣҲȱġ
֪еز׵̬ƽﲻͬȻɫޱ仯
ŵŵ
ں溰ι㼱ʲô
ʮͷŮӡ
ѻôʵǲأ롣
֪ĲŲô׵ǰ˶̶̼룬ʣôˣ
죬˾ܶ࣬Ľ͵ҿûʱ䡭
һ١
ʡ
֪Ĳ³˼ûʱദ
̷ϣǡ
֪ȴҲ˼ǶˣҪҪΡɳúܺã̺ܸߣرóͱ˴򽻵㲻öҵ˼ǣԺлֱ˵ֱֱҶһ۷ʲôԶվһߡ
˵֪꣬ľͰص
ﻹһڲԶ֪ĲܶԽκܾٶֱվã򵥵ر̬æɣҲȥסˡ
ûϵῼǵ
Ȼһ룬һ֪ĵǲ֡˫һգգͼͨ۲ıƲľЦһ£һЦ֮䣬ĺҪȻʧɫ
Цˣ֪ʮѣԹ緹ȥҼҳԵ緹ɡ
׳ʵ˵ֿԺʲôҲûԡ
û𣿡
ǵġ
֪ЩࣺæҲҪԷʣʲô緹
Ĳɣѿڶιң
лҪ˵һ£




֪û˿ԥ, ˬӦû⡣
ѽ˼ҡ
ְ趼ˣҲҪϰࡣ
ﱳ˫, Ƴһ۽ס˵׹æ, ٷĶŶӾãȻСҲǡɺ֮˱п֮ǿ˵ûȰӣܲɺᶹǣӰɡ
վı󣬺Ӧ˵лл˸硣
֪ĹЦ
һ
ûʽϿɽ׵ġ÷, СӾȻͰѡ˸硱г, ֱ֪ܣƿصţͷҲص뿪ˡ
Ҹں񲻻㳳ˡ֪ܽ
׸͵ܽ⡣
֪һηпĺȶܳ죬Сʱ΢һ, Ķͺˡ
һ˵, һǰߣ·һʱִ̧ӣҲȥ·űȻͷ˳һƣͣĲ, ֵġ
ÿġǱ̨ʾǣ㣬׽㡣
Ǽ֪ڳ˵ļˮƽÿһȵǰ඼ֵĻΪһչֳɵı磬¶ǰ󷴲֪Ѫڡ
ɴƮݣټĿԿտһƬž֪ĴսĶߣ괥Ķ÷ظTu peux membrasser maiңǿ tout momentκʱ򣩡
峿нǡǧﶼһڻشĳиմӳѣ¶̨ϵĴʯשӳųϼӰ
*
ŵ㣬֪ҪϿΡ
ڰ˵֮ǰš
ϰ˵ң֪Ļߣιһϡױֵúܲ˼ŸճһڣԳɣȻ֪ĵĹػǣӡû鷳ˡ
֪ȴ´½һ¸ǣٳһ
˵꣬ݳӣ͵Ĵߡ
׾Ȼһ࣬Ⱦһͷ˰롣ִſӣﲦ˼顰㳴ܲɡһʳļ·һܺˡ
֪ļиİӣȫȥˣȫûһ˿֪ĺԹܶηֻԹˮͶ̺˼Ȥ
һֳר־ؿ
¿ӣӡ
֪ĵ˫ۻһ͸ǳ·ҫ۾ײԾԣڽ顭ָѾˣ޵ĺӱҴͷ
֪Ĳ²׵˼롣ֻ˵쵽ˣҪϰˡ
׿ֱװףȥѧУ
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׺֪ĴӼҳ·С
֪ľסСѧǼ·ϣż˼λѧѧԺĿѧϼЩЩҲֹһεؿ֪ĵƬУ͵ĶżͷƳһ֪ģٵۼ仰Խġλγ̳ڴ
ÿλѧ϶Цݡ
֪Ϊ׽ܵǶҵѧ
ʡ
ǵġ֪ĻӦ
Ϊʦ˵һ׻ǿͦ
Ҳôģ֪ͷͷǵҾĩͿγ̴ҵ
׼ǵã֪һϰʼȫ֪ġơľ⣬ǱΪѡĿһһĿֲڷĴ֮ǰԴҲ㲻ô
ԭЩЩƮ֪ĵĿ⡣ǣȺкһ˿޵ͬ顣
״ƲѵѧУĿγִ̾и䡣
֪᣺ǵģұƽ֡һѧľֺƽʱ֣ټȨƽ˵ĳɼֲ̬
δ䣬֪ߵ˴ѧУŵſڡ
ͽ֣ȥæɣпټ档
߬סָ⣬ߴѧľʦ貨ɿ֣֪ĸ𣺡

֮ĳְ
֪Ц˵
׵˾ͰѳͣУ֮⡣֪Ŀͽϳѧ貨Ҳǡ˹ʦʦˣ
֪潭׽ͣ칤رæ
貨һ̯ʦ⣬͵æѧУҲæ
貨˵ڣʶ˺ε
벹Ѿ
ֱ֪ѧУʲô
лҪ˵һ糿ߵ㣡ʵѾдǧ֣Ҫޣ˯һиˣ˵ҪģԪˣҺʹһ͡


˿η粨

貨С, ںߺߣɽ
³տѧʱ貨Ϊ֪ıһɽ, ֪ľܾѧ, 貨ֻܰɽңֹͨϵѶ꼶Уǡ
ľۺɽ죬ͱУˣ貨¹ﻹʣһɹɵĢʽ򡣲貨Ѿ㡣׬˽һǧԪҡ
貨Ϊ֪Ļû˼ѧϰϡ
, ֪ѹûУ, ֻʣҸģ㿴𣿡
貨ԼѴڵġо**ͷǣ˰ˡ
֪ζػӦõġ
貨һЦʦȥʵ, Ҹʦ˷緹ˡ
貨˵ġʦ㡱, ֪ΨһĲʿ
֪ѧУƸĽڣܼߵĴͷڶ࣬ѳ㣬ʵﻹһ豸滮ķʮԭȰоôõô֧ĵʦʳʵ顣
貨ĺڱϡ
ʦͷ
貨, ѧΪȴЦǡ顱ЦǵıĸУʮջͨʦͷķʽΪʦѧףӿʦĲٶȡֻҪʦ㷢һƪһSCIһģ鶼ü
貨һߺ˼룬һ߱һͣѧԺʵ¥
ײѧʦ
˭һЦ⣬˭кѧԺ˸졣ƼȴЦݣһͣʦ㣬Է
һѹѧϡņֱ̃ϥŸλıصشԡɢһ
ʣͶǮ֧ת㡣
貨˵Ŀţʦ㡣
ɨһۣˣңҶԡҪſİɣתſġ
貨ͷɽ˵Ǯ
һǮˣûϵǷ٣͸û٣㲻壿
貨˫ѹõõãʦ㣬ʵ飬һҲȥˣʦڣҷţ͹
Ӧˡ
貨Ŷػһյ뿪ʵңճżǡֺղײ˸š
ղһ䡰Ǹ֧˰죬貨̲ס٩˹оģʵҸɶ̧ͷϿǰʵҡ
ղ͵ҡҡҪüȺ
貨ļ򣺡ȥɣʦͷ
ղͷѾˡֻ֣ҪѸȫֿܺͷദǢߵλԱߣƲϳԷ𣿡
ʳʳʳ̫Ҵˡͳһвݮɡ
ղһڹ۲ܽˡע⵽֪ĳڲݮͲ룬ݮ͸֮ĳϵԣʳϣһ㶼ѡݮζ
ȴ˵ϳԱɣ첻ɣҵİɣһûԡ
һʡһϱһ붹Եʣµһ붹ԣƵղǰ˹ղæ˵лл
һֵֻǰ˵֨ðɣ빫ʽء
ղͷ絷⡣
ͬʦʦܾʹһƷһٷʢ͡
貨㶵վſڡңʦɶ㷢Ҳ֪Ϊʲôͷ֮ȥζ
*
壬΢ͳ糿ŵϿ׼ʱ졣
֪İͦأ߽һݽҡ
ңϯȫͷ¡صʢع֪ġ
Ͻ̨泯ѧһ˽
һ꼶ĳһҵ֪ĵſΡ糿͹ռˡڵһ룬֪Ҳһλʮֱ˵Ưϲ͡
һС˱ƬƯ
ϡ
֪Ĵ򿪽ϵĵԣĿγ̻õƬſڵ밲Ͽˡ
ڵƽϢ
ڶѧˢˢͶߡЦЦǰǸһ꼶ʹֻֻڱʴм䣬ͷ׼֪ģ͵͵Ƶ
ֹˡ
ȴʮֳϿҵ˵ʲôҾѧѧſΡ
һ룬֪ĳλͬѧǺã֪ģѧһŴһѧϰλǵĿγ̰ŰÿܵδΣһҵΣһʵΣƽʱɼռܳɼİٷ֮ʮԳɼռٷ֮ʮѾͨѧУ̳飬ڿκ⣬̳Ϲʣһش𡣡
վ˱ֱϣκʣʱִҡÿ㵽㣬ҵİ칫ҿʱ䣬Ҫ潻ӭѧԺİ칫¥ҡ
̨£ѧٵдʼǡ
֪΢һ£û֪ʶ㣬ΪʲôǰŵͿʼǱʼˣǺѧĻ״̬ɣ뵱꣬ٻҲһʼǲֵġ
֪ĵ˵ͷ
̵ؽγ̴٣һӶû飬ֱӿʼڵһεݡһ쵽ѧƵںڰֳʾѧ
ĳλ꼶Ȼ֣׼ʡ
ò㣬ΪѧԺ֮񡱣ΪֹĴѧƽɼߴ98֣һͨѧJoseph Polskiд۽̲ġ߸ߵؾ֣ܿͱ֪ķˡ
֪ס۱ʣ𣿡
վ֮䣬֪ĵѧƵʽ޶
֪Ķʱˡ
һºڰ壬ɣ֤ʽٽ죬չĶԽԽܻ࣬ظߴңЩ֪ʶĩԵص㿼ݣҲѧδµҵ
̨µһȺ¶𾪵ı顣
λſʽ֮ǰѧԺ֯һοˣԺϵΡмλڡѧԺѻڶ⵽ˡǹͬƷ֪ĵĽѧ
ʵѧУвٽڶΪ֪ѻڵŮ
֪ĵĵһƪľ͹ҿѻĺʵҡ֪Сʱ򣬾ѻоѻĵλ濵ŮʿǶ֪ʮֺͰЦճڡ
Щѻشоɹҵڹϵ缶ĶѧңæòӰ֪λʦ¿οˣ㹻˵һЩ⡣
֪ĵĿ˳ͨˡ
*
֪ĵĵһÿνԺ󣬽ֵĽ̸
֪߳ңȥȣͨһλʵ豸̵ĵ绰ȻҪһЩƵģֻҵҵͨ
ûڵۡ
λšѧԺ֮񡱵վڽ룬ߴңʦĿֵǲҵҵ߰
ϣ仰á˿Ρĺӡ
лҪ˵ºճţ1900Ӹһ£лͷˣ


˿η粨

ѧԺһλһ̸ۣ֪걾, 격ʿҲ̫ˡԼôݣѧ˵ҿ, ѡĿ, 군ѧڻҪæʵϰиGREʱôã
Ȼԥʦ
֪Ľ촩һɫװȹ߽ȹڹϥ, 񻶯ˡŽѧ, վϣ硰ͤͤò֮ĳԾļλѧ̲סͷ
˵֪ĵſΡ
ʵһܼѵľ
ݽһЩѧΧһƬ̡
Ȼ֪һλʵѧʦ, ҵͿԵѶȴѧ˲ѧԺλȰң뿴ʦ, ȥİ칫̸Ҳùſġ
䣬˻֣ȥͼϰˣ˳˵λ
һ׷ߡ
ݽҵĺżһˡ
ѧԺǲ඼߹ˣѧԺڶͬѧڿ֧š
ңſθȤѧʮȤŨľѧԺ֮񡱡ĴǴһ, ͬѧΪ񡱡
һƱϵ۾ң֪İ飬¶˵΢Цˢһ´λվʰϣҴææ˼·
Ѿ㤵Ҫ˿Σ
˸ëߣһ͵һпλȥһš
*
Ͽ֪֮ٴ߽ݽҡ
˼ӡ
ѧȻһ롣
Ϊʲôأ
֪Ľ̹ѧ޲ڡ
ֱ죬յƷʼƷڽŴı£һʡһڽŶ˫˫־ҪͶн硣
֪ĵıѵɯɯÿĽʦڶһţСʦտϣɯɯͬѧԶ㡣
֪Ĵûλ˿ʻᳬٷ֮ʮ
λÿһʵΣ֪Ѿд˷鰲źʱͻȻʧȥһѧƽһڽѧܴ졣˿εѧ̫࣬ſξͻᱻ񴦽ͣ
׼˺ܾãྫ
ַ֪Ž˼ÿεı֣ûκѧʧ󡪡ˡӼ㡱Ȥļ㷨δչ򣬸ѧԺѶȳߵġۡ͡ģ⡷вѧֵΣ֪ΪʲôڡӼ㡱սꪳɳ
ͷԺһ
òϣЩɥʧ䡣
úܶĲҲ޷ڶ̶̼֮ѸŽ⡣һƽõģǽΡÿᵽ˾̬ܶȾ̬ܲɷ֣ͬʱҲҪǵɭȷԭλúͶͬʱȷ[1]
ſλѧȻŵ뿪˽ҡ֮еһλе㲻ᣬʱʱػͷ֪ġ
֪Ķһ١
λͨѧԺѡͨڽѧԺѧԺѧԺ̡ѧǴźٽӴѧظԣֻ֪ڽܼ򵥵ʶ壬Ҳһֺ¹ҿƵˡ
֪ס񣬼ϿΡ
࣬Цڿա
ɵЦ
һ꼶һλ˫Ŀת֪ģ֪ͫľ;ԼĽηʽӦҲмֿȡ֮
*
¿κ֪ͳֻ״绰ּ⼸æûպ졣ͰֻŻ˱
ѧԺ֮ȥ·
عͷʣǲǽдһá
һ˫ü΢̧ʦʶң
֪ʶѧԺѧѧǵļգƬıӦÿһ˵ַ֣ͨʽͼסǵĳ
ûлشһ⣬ֻе뷨𣿡
һЦЦ˵꣬ʦָһƪSCIڿģȥٻڵ¹С֪óо
֪ĺ̸߱
ĽŲһͬȥʵҡ
Ƕפ㡣
֪ĺʹһıӰ鶼΢
*
ǰʵֻзղˡ
Ĳɹ㣬һ·ͷܱʼ顣ƹʽٺܿ죬鼫Ϊרע
ղվһװ֮ǰһ֧˱ʣDistributional reinfort learningֲǿѧϰ˼·
ղõƪģէһۿĿΪ͡Distributed reinfort learningֲʽǿѧϰйϵԭˣ㷨ʵྶͥǰߵʵ̸ֹӱ
ȤǣDistributional reinfort learning㷨гϣǲΪʲô·ϷӦõıֻڴͳ
ղ˼
ʱ˽Ų
ŤͷƼ֪ĺʹһ
֪İѴһܸʣ貨أûʵ𣿡
ǵġ
貨û
ʱ貨ҵĵ˴ϡһֻһʦ㣬˳ֶ˸壬ǰȥʳ򷹣ȥʵҸʦ㵱͡
ʱʦ㾹Ȼһ绰
貨½ʦ˵ʦʵ¥˸Ҫ֪⣬Ҫһʱᡣɡ
ʱ᣿
ʲô
貨Ų·´ӻûã㿪ʼѰԮǿ磬ιǿ磬ҵʦҪʱᣬѧܽˣզ찡˵
貨кλǿ硱貨˶ʿѡ
ǿʺǿ
ڶһ顣ֽҳ治ɫզ죿ҽо**
ûɣ貨ûס
ǿתָָĿӣʾȰ·á
ȴǿ˼Ȼǿ磬ǲ˵Ӧ÷ɣ¡ڵ£
ǿһϹܣ㵼ʦһáλǸ˿϶Ǳһ˶ʿϴ͵ˣ֡
ǿķ貨ͦšӹҳѧıʼǣȴӡõļġĵÿһҳвɫӫʻ»ߣǶ貨ļ
Щٳ֪ĵʵҡ
*
֪ĵʵҺȻ
˸սĴһ֮⣬̷ǧǡҲ˽ѧԺʵ¥¡
̷ǧԤʵͽ˽ѧԺҪûԼĶȸѧԺ쵼к
ò쵼£̷ǧŸó緹ˣ˳ȥ˿֪ġ֪ͬʦãĲʿʦǰʱ仹˵绰ѧУҪúУѧĻٹһʦá
̷ǧ˹֮⡣
Ϊ֪ԴƣûᣬʼѧУ﹤ѧϰֳպͻ˾˸ӿƼƽ̨⵱ȻǺ¡ǣ֪ҲҪСģǧܲȿˣմҵףѧ
̷ǧĵʦ֪ĵǸ˾Ͷġ
̷ǧ֪Ժ󣬾Ͱѹʦίش֪ġһȺһ˼䣬貨١
һģƿҵĴţغʦ
֪Ļû̷ǧЦѧ˼ͿӫʣӺܰѧϰʲôģ
֪ĽؽܵĲʿн档
ô̷ǧЦŨ˶ʿҲʿĶ
лҪ˵¼Ԥ棺ʷֲĲ˵ᣡߵ£ߵټ

²οݣ
[1]ժݴѧУġQubits, Quantum Meics, and putersñʼ




̷֪ǧķ֮⡣
Ϊ貨ĵʦ, ֪ĵȻҪάѧ˵貨ڶ˶ʿ̷ʦѾʿҵˡ
, ֪¡ص̷ǧԼĵ÷һԣ̸һ̸ڵо
һ֧ɫ˱ʣվһ޴İװ֮ǰ, һ߻ͼһһĶϵĸϣؿռǶӵĲռ䡭ҵĿⲻ, Ƕӣɣҽ˻ѧϰӻѧѧϰ˸Ԥѧ, NatureƪԭӹֲĲƵ̬[1]
ͷͷǵ
貨
̷ǧ˷Ļ, , Ӧԣֱ֪ӡ֪ġ̷ǧ˶ʮ, װ弸дˣղ¶һãȻı顣
λдһı, Ȼ̷ǧۡ
һļ⣬̷ǧĹĿ࿴
̷ǧ˵ʦѧˮƽܸ߰
֪һССĿġ
Ȼ, ڡλſϰܵúܲңѧܵһ, , оɸǧ, ѧϰǿǰǡ
֪ʮ⡣
, ղ㱨
֪Ļλվ߽һװ壬԰ѰװøɸɾͰ󷽣ȫûʦļӣ貨ȴ޹ġողע⵽ÿѧҪڰд㶫ǣдʲôأ
ԴһŰֽ
ŵһĭ
ղѾ̨ˡ
ʦáղ泯ʦǴ˸к
ղʶѧԺ̷ǧ̷ʦʵ̫ˣΪѧɾͣΪʡ
̷ǧǰղЩн
ղһһٵؽԼ˼·̷ܺǧԷһȻԤϣ̷ǧԴ̬൱º͡
ղıһƬ͵ķΧнˡ
֪ıĽȣί˸Ľ
ղȴ˵ʦҡ˵⡣
չԼ˼ֱ̣Ĩȥ˰װϵĺڱӡֱðǣ˼άǸɾġ
ղдһεѧ֤ǲһһϦɵĹʵϣ˼һ٣ĳһط
ȫڽѧ.ʽڵľӱøDistributional reinforcement leanring ֲǿѧϰңҸд˴ͳǿѧϰ²ԣʦҡ
˴عȻһ޷ԿصٶȽͣҡ
֪ĺĵص㲦ʱУʦҪһֽֽд±ʼǡ
̷ǧпʦеĽˣһѧɣ
ղ֪ĺ̷ǧĿ϶λڵϿɣ˾޴ĳɾ͸Сһɲȫɣ޷ֱܹĿ֡
΢ЦԼλ
ʱֵ貨ϳˡ
֪Ĳͷؿ貨
貨Ĵɫ΢΢ס
֪ĺܹ岻𣿡
ҿش֮⣬һƬУ԰ɫ貨ԶһᣬһվʦҵоǡӻѧķӦָо
֪ĵͷõģ㿪ʼɡ
ʲô
貨סҿ˹ܵġ
֪ĵ˼ӣ貨Ȼûġ
㿴ôʲô𣿡
貨æáо**춼һЩµģͼְ취ɻءԼһʣϸµһƪģ˸㷨HahitõҵͨҪ÷ֲʽѧϰĿȥѵ
Hahitʲô̡֪
ƴǵңѧʽ
̷ǧһĨЦ㲻Ǵһġ
貨ͷġ
ץһƪ£ڽ8·ݣ룬֪ĺ̷ǧһûͰϵĹʽװϣһһٵطϵӢӣѳǴ˵еġHahit㷨
ķӣ͵֪һۡ
֪̾˿
̷ǧζص٩ʦѧ
֪ѵ貨ķһҳ˭
貨
֪˵һߵ֡
貨֧֧˵ӢƴQi Wen
̷ǧΪص˽죬ʦĲʿͬѧģ˵ʦҶῴ
ʦܣмطòԡʱһ䡣
貨ҪŲȥˡ
֪Ŀαֱѧƪģ
˫֣ɫƽ
貨֪ĵСڵ֪ıʮԺҪ¡
һԲ֪ľ˵㽲ʵ
˿η粨֪ĵĽѧԡԼоͦĵġҲ貨һɼͱ棬ͷռͦûϵ貨ϵѡ
ڵڡ
ʱһһţ֪ĬͬѧʦҲû죬ŵĻѹȸͬŨһ貨ͷ
貨󱳷ë
ҿ֪ġƫպö̷ǧĿ⡣
̷ǧ̬ɢɢʦҪ˰ɣʮˣǳ緹ȥ
֪ĵܸӡ緹Ե٣һĿΣĶӺöȽ貨⡣
ǣ֪˵оͱƲһоҪþ巽һ⣬ҲӲѧϰǹ̫࣬ҪÿܵĹȣΪ֪ѧϰ״̬ҪǾˣɣΣԸ١һʲôûϺҽʵΨһҪǣҪѣҪ졣
̷ǧЦȴûЦ
֪Ĳͬǣ̷ǧֵµѧرϸ
̷ǧҪѧÿ׼ʱ򿨣١¾̷ܷǧʵҡ
涨ԼĲʿÿ칤ʮСʱÿֻϢ졪ʱûô࣬ǣѧ뵱꣬࿲ûôйȥְֵˣֻʹǰϡ
ԭΪ֪ĺͬһˡ
ĸζؿ֪ģǵǸռʱǸʮС
֪ĵʽһΣңѧƪģ
貨Űװ壬ûûûû
һѪָʦҲˡ
֪ûм貨Ķ̫ˣҪˡ̵عһ貨תͷ˴һôһоȤ
һվ
ֱ˫ۣ˸˶ԭػ˽ǡٳ嵽װ֮ǰ·һλѩضϷ˵ϴĻĻᡣϸµؽԼо򡢷ģȫĹâҫһ˵ͷϡ
ʦĩλ̭ƣϺͨѧĲʿѧλ롭õĩλ̭ƣЧ
˵꣬Ƴһ貨
貨Ρ֮貨˫ֲڿ㶵ָѴˡܡſȴֲ֪࣬Ķʧˡ
*
Ժ̷ǧһһһȥ˽ʦԷʦĲƷҲϸܱһλѧԺʦȥʦԷһּĹٺ档
֪ľؼҳԷסѧУܽﻹϰúϺˮȣһвݮ̡˼·̷ǧһŴˡ
̷ǧҺʹһĵͦãҪ顣ԲסʦһѧԼѡ񡣡
һѧ
֪ĽŲһ١
ֵϳˮ
ֻĻϣ֪˼Ƭ̣һһʼǲҪߵĿͷһнĿʺ
ת룬ڸʲôأ
Ҫ̷ǧѧ
ֲûѧ
̷ǧʲôҫģ
֪ͷ죬ջϴտɫ
˴Լӣظ̷ǧϢõģ֪ˣףȡýչҲף㹤˳
лҪ˵лQAQ

ã
[1]Schtt, K.T., Gastegger, M., Tkatko, A., Mller, K.R. and Maurer, R.J., 2019. Unifying mae learning and quantum chemistry with a deep neural work for molecur wavefuns. Nature unications, 10(1), pp.1-10.


ɷݼƶ

̷ǧ˳, Ҫץʱѧ
֪ĥĴʣƷ⡣
̷ǧ˼ǣ֪ĶѧûԼ, ѧѱָЧʵĳɹ̷֪ǧҲѧ, òؽ̵γΪһϸʦ
֪ķ޷޲ƽ
ԼĽѧʽ
֪ĵоǳˡǿԺԼճ̡
οоҵԺ󣬴µĹǵѧרҵ޹ء֪ĺѧеȤǿȫݡԼ״̬ԵʱôҪѧʱ̽
̤ŵһ˲䣬֪Ļ˼Ľѧ⡣
Ļôû˵һؼҳԷ
ڼң
֪еһɨ⡣
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֪װ·ڴֻٶ𶯡Ļ׷΢ϢϿ˳𣿡
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ٷɿûẒ́ʵͦϣѧԺͬѧΣΪһֱڳԴӼ˿ʳٷ֮ʮſξͻᱻȡˡ
˿ʳٷ֮ʮҲûпܡ롣
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ϴΣ̵ʱڴϢ
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ָһ٣Ŵһ仰רҵḻʵֵ֧ıγPPT
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ǰ˾˵һƷһ׿ƽƽͼʶϵͳΪȱתʽ𣬹˾һ
ʼ˲ĴɰǧͶˣգײʶ˽סϿҵģʽʹͶˡ
׻˼Ĺϵǹ˾ҵƹ㵽̩ӡȡ¼¡ټϽ׸ԭͿعһƻҵͳǼһҵӹ˾
Ŀͷչĵز
׵¹Ͷʹ˾ڸиҵͶʷϵһ̱Ȼ죬̱Ѻۡ
׽ӵϢƣĳŶӴְߡǻҪⷢһݹ
ݣʱδ֪
׸еЩ֡
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ϣ֪ķڤ롣
ȥ˽׵ļҡ
ѵý׽пգ֪죬̸һ̸˵˴֧֣⡣
2016923ţҲ֪Ķʮյǰһ졣룬׿ܸ׼
֪ĵָѾ¼˰ȫϵͳʳָűߵһĻȴžʹˡż߳أһף
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лҪ˵Сܣγڵ87£ʹͶһ£


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֪ķΪʲôᴩУ
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ڣ̶̼֪֮һٶѡ
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һŽһ仰ʲô̫մ𣿡
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ţӦ
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廹û, ĻúԼŰ, Ƕǳˡ
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ղļƻҪһԼı콲Ļ׻ǷԭĴ㡣
ҲŶʮꡣ
ᡣ
һȰ棬˵˲ĿϡڵĵӣܷɵøԶ
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ձļ߻ɷ˲ϸؼ¼˲·̡
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ǰ̨СһϲðԵȣҪҰߵ绰𣿡
лҪ˵ллңллллһж

һЩϻȽϳҵĵǸͽͣҲͷˣ

ʱÿ¸̫٣ҪƳٶʮӲܷķǳǳǸ֪ôܱǸ⡭Ҿ½͸£һҳֺ鷳Ҳûа취ˡ٣14µˮҪ8졣֪õĽʽǶд֡ǣģҵıְ˹ĳҵĳԱ⣬ǶڼҰ칫ʱһOncallϻҪӰ࣬ǰҰҹָ֣ͦҲȱ˯ߵʱ̫״ÿ£е㿸סˡ
ĺǰһһ6000֣ұκ˶ϣԹҹ˯һֱȿȣҶŵԼСʱ򲻳һָ֣оݣҿ뿼߷֣ȴһܵõ߷֡
ԭְдᣬǽȽ⣬ƸгήˣҲְ̫òʱ䣬סĹԢֶϵˣΪ̫æˣûע⵽ʼѣһ˲Һܱ˵ʵҴСһֱָоԼŬ˵ʵϽһˣҲܱǸﴫ˸ģһһΣԺȫĴ塣
ⱾĿǰҪһ֣аŶΪ·ʹҴҿԱ֤ոÿʱ䲻ȷҲİдʱˣҿԼпյʱлÿһ˵飬ǺĶҽľ֧꼴ԵҺܸмҲܸл

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֪Ľ͵, ҽģǰ绰
ǰ̨С˸롱ƣ֪͵˵ſڡ
֪ĺ̸, Ʋ˾Ӫ״, ÿķÿ޼״û֪Щ¡
֪ܲµ׵ֻ̬Ϊıߣռʱ䡣ڶ̶һ֮ڣɹ齨һְƵĴҵ˾Ѿ˰ӪͷгƷڵĶţһƷڽʮ·
ڹ, ͻк, ֪⧲
֪֪ΪPTSICʵҡͶ˺ܶǮķ˺ܶѪ
⣬ҵŶĳԱ֪ĵѡ
͡Ӽ㡱ҵô, ˾ͻܵӰ, ֪ĵѶűɵķա
֪ľ鷢
ҪͲӲա
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ᣬңΪ90ҵ񻰡ǶĹעȼߡ΢˿һ򣬻һ൱Ծ΢Źںš
ձĲɷŸճã΢ź΢ϷһѰζĻΪȷ£Ҫۡ
΢£ŵһǣ磬ˮ̫, öֱ̫ҵһһ긡꣬ûԸڽϵˣٹʮ꣬ͷʤ㡣
һλ˵ ҵʿӼ㲻ǿѧǳͷֻвҽͦ磡ҵޣ
ظλһꡱı顣
һٶ֪ĵĲ
ʲô꣡
֪ûв
ԡPTSICʵҡ
PTSICʵҡĹزŷӦѸ٣ʱЧԡڽ糿ٿһ飬֪ҲϯˡⳡϿ´ʣóӦԷ
˾һۣսͶƱ֪ĵķӱҪΪ˾׫дһƪ¡
زĲžһλʮ㣬ǳλ֪˵ֽڣд壬ǾͰɫ
֪ıʼǱԣõģҺܿдꡣ
˵ȥֱˣֱҵһӵڶ
ǵģ֪һụ̈һߺ;죬ֱվŸ𲽣ûûںҪ
ͳֻҼӹ˽΢š
֪ĽӹֻȦ
Ÿշһ̬һŶӾۻĺգվмλãֱߣȻվ
֫嶯һǽΪܵѹϵ
ô£
Ϊʲôʶ
֪ĵðʣĴٶȷԽԽ졣һƪ̵Ĺظ壬˾ְܺĿͣųһκ׳PTSICĵһƷӭѹעΪƷ١飬ʤһԡ
زͬǷ֪ĵ£׷׿˼·ıʼࡣ
Ҳ˱ʾǣֽڣȷǹ˾ĲƷڵĿ飿
ȷ֪Ļش𣬡Ƿġ
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֪ĸزһŶ衣
ؾƪȻ΢תԭġɳӰʱ֤һС
֪΢΢ü
ȷĿǰķӦΪƣΪ
֪ĵЩӡĲ΢ۣȻһλСְнѵȡС󡣡
֪Ĵһֻɣ㿪λѵͷȫ΢ٷְٿ϶ݣ˽һ䣺
صң
֪һ룬̷ң硣
һʡԺš
Ƭ̺˵㲻ҪúĹ
֪˵õģҲǣһ͡
ǡְн֪ľͰԼ΢ָĳˡն˲䷢һʵʵҲͦϲԼСɣ
·ƾʧҲûظһ֡
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ͬʱ֪齨ġӱ̡΢Ⱥ󲿷ȺԱǿǰǡѲһһطһ飬յóһۣǸӡ
֪û̸۲ʶԣĹ𣿡
ԱƱҵְ֮һҽڻӦҵĻټϱѹȽϴɴʹְˡ
ԿصʡǣǡʡһƸʦţܽס⡣
û˿ԥֱӲμʡһеƸᡣԭΪΪĸ߲Ѵ֮ӱʡһеλʦǿҲ顪Ȼû뵽ǳƸᣬƲԻԵľ־Ȼ廪ҵѧϵ˶ʿ
ְгľԽԽҡ
ԽԡһϣԼĸаΡ
Խ󣬰죬ͬѧǵ״ص֪ģƵƵͷȴ˵֪ǺѧҲǺѧи·£ǳɹʿ
ʡһеƸδּ˰εĻðһ˿пϵ˽ףĩпǾ۾ۣ
׾ܾĩкҪ¡
ʣʲô£
׼Ե¡
ԻͦȻ˳֪Ŀˣ
ȻϣѾˡ
̣ôģֱ˵ˣ
׻ϵľȷʵûйĨǣֱ֪˽ǣҽﻰ
ֻ˼صʡǳܣȻڱÿ춼Ҷ죬ҪôҪôЦԼҲӦöһЩﻰ
ҹϡϮˣ¥һƿͷ̳ߵĴשϣͷһڰ׾ƣžƺ⣬һ΢ţһڴ촩߷ֿ㡣
ȴ˵ΪãҲСĴȣ܆°졣
նյĹԣ˳ɻظ㲻ңûô¡ǣ죬Ȼʣ㻹벻Ҵȣ
öûӦ
׼Ƹһƿ׾ƣ÷һγҸպ֪Ĵк¸£ҾҪȥPTSICʵҡĹҴˡ
ι𣿡
ҹȾˮ·ƵĹӰһ㱣Դ裬ǰҹ賿ĵ㻹û˯⻹ʲô׵ġ
ûһЦ
ĵԳˣǸӣڱ
һ̬ضչһ棺ӻܿϱЦҲǸӦʡǵĻʡһеʦðнʮ򣬻ַܷӣó£ʦСһս˵ˣȥPTSIC֪ϰ壬ҸĸԸûòá
û֪ĵ¼˶ԡ
һ¼֪ĻȸԾ˵Ҫǹ˾ѧӲģй飬ǹ˾ȱ˲š̫ʲôʱȥ㡣
Ըճ֪ĵ⣺̫ʲôʱȥ㡣
ȴ˵ҿˣѧ֪Ľ
Ī֪ĺң˭ϲ
ûпɱԡ
Ца㣬ŪˣͲϧǰɣ
սҪô룬Ҳû취ҽӹҪӰ࣬Ȳ㳶ˡ
Գ鳡ҲҰܡȻЩĽס˼ҽף͸֪Ķ˹ϵڶˣ̸֪ûκ谭
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ʱ˿̣֪Ĵһ硣
ϴ裬Ŵԡҳ
ƿһǣˡ
֪һͳ˽Ļ˫סļ򣺡ղ鷿칫ҷһš
ĩ׺֪˫ĸĸҪʽˡ֪͸¶ңӦø㸸ĸʲôһμ棬Ͱְֲ˼ֹȥ
лҪ˵ллңлллл


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׻ûش, ֪һ⣺ܲܰԼֹƷ͸İְ裿
Ȼ׽͵͵, 󡣡
֪§סĲӣҺ˵, е鷳ǣͥҲ̫˽ˡ
װһĺ󱳣ģûʲôҪġҰ蹤æÿʡǴ˼£ҺǼĻҲࡣ
֪ĵ°͵ļͷָϲ, ѧ, Ͱʱ仨ѧУ齻ҡ
ͣʲôʲôΪȥ˭򽻵
֪״Σ
ôʡ
֪ĸпҾ̫ˡ
С˵Ҽİְ裬ͦϲǵģǡһ־, ⲻǮ, ʵ̫ںǮ
׳Ĭ룬Żش𣺡ס
֪ľôң
ƽҴСռǳ󡣡
ֹ֪صͷƣ˯°ڣָڻ谵ĺҹ̽·ʱʱֱִĿڡĶߴԭ
΢΢ͷΪΪ
֪øԽֱʵףĺϲ㡣
˳ҪҪһס
֪濼һСᡣһеİ취ɣÿҼס, ס죬ô
׺ּۻۣ׷ҲļңѧУһסҽ°࡭
ָ֪һʵҴҳеѧУʮӣô̵·̣Ͳý˰ɡ
ûӦ
ɵڴϣӸǵʵʵļסˡ
֪ĿҪЦˡſ࣬Ϸʵףôô˼Ƿˣÿһ죬˱ŤͻԼС
˵ڸСʱԶˡ
ﲻһ֪ƫҪ˵Ҹоࡣ
׺Ȼӣֱס֪ġ̶֪㵽ԱߣЦ죬ڿĴֵ֣ⲻһأŨ⡣
ҹʱ֪۵˯ˡ
һֽԺ߬סָʱ룬֪˵ûͥ£ʮ⡣Ըϰ߶֪ܵĵӰ죬ɳҪһ֡áȱ֪ġģ޷ȱ
ڹʱ֪˵һ仰ýӡ̡
֪˵׺֣رѹǣֻҪһʱ䣬߳ӰרעĹ
λ˼ȴ
żҲΣС
ںڰл£ֱۣ֪ĵĺšʵõһΣ˯ǰ˯
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ڶգ֪˸硣һ·ǰױƤܺãѩˮ󣬼йУҪ۵Һͼ򵥵һ½ë߱ʣýװѡ˿ںɫ
ױ֪֮²ôۡ
վǰ°ͣ˫ۡ˵ȱ
֪ȴ˵ʩ
ָĦ˭֪жƯ
֪кЦ˽°͵ʳָλվ·ߣһƢ硣
һ
ֻ·ڴ𶯡Ļ巢ϢүүҲˡ
׵үүԭȼ١үүǰ˼ڣصʡǣҪμӽ׼Ҽᡣ
Һã׵䵱ͨ籨ŵĽɫ
巢һγҵϰʹɩû뵽ֱӶ顣ûӴСֵļˣйǣվǵĽǶȿǣСֶ飬ȷʵ̫ͻȻˡ
ڼ۹£
ʣϣҺƣѻֵˣͺϲС֣С׼˼
׺ܿرл⣬Ѿ񵥱
忪ʼ̵㣺һʯһһѹ鿨һŽɳƵĹݷ񿨣
ɳƵ¼µĺƵ꣬ʡҲһҷֵ꣬ˮƽߡ֪ǳһƬģϾ¼¶ţ°ȥȼٶйиġ׼ˡѹ鿨֪Ŀܶա
׾ͺ˵֪ĵƤһô
֮⡣æ˵ͺģٴ
˵㣬塣
أлңճɾ
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ܺãտƣյůġ
֪վԼСĵԪ¥ſڣİְ֡衢ϡ
ְ¶ԥ֮ɫģҪְָ˳·ȥһҵ֣򼸸ӵƤƤУ͸˼Сİ衭
ˣȴ˵ǼûݳƷòŴӡ
ĿƫƣӰӶǱֱġԼΨһһװɫƤЬ͹ҼԱļֵİԪİİִڹ˾нõһ鿨ŷӱİְ趼õ·һ˹궼ûô¡ء
֪Ĳͬһա
̰ǿһֽǿԼӼģͣƴģܹͣԭ̾ߵģʱòϡҺһ£ͰЩģ͵͸׵İְ衣
ƳһۣðһԤС
֪ǰߣ˽׵Ľγ
һְ˾ȣ̬ɣ֪һ˵ĽŸС
ǰʮӵִ˷꣬³ʱһ˵Цġ佭Ѿѡĸ˸硱֮ĳƺߣ֪ĵļͥȻ˸ȻԽײ䲻ȣǣĸ˽סǸ̤ʵɿˡ
״ĸ߽ꡣ
ҷĵκܸߣ¥ش泯һƬĽˮµĲ;͸񣬽׵İְ衢үү̡ΧԲһࡪվӭ֪һ˽ţıΪ飺׼ˣǽС塣
֪ĵİְ̻ӦǺðãǡ֪ĵİְ֣ҽָ ӣ죬ҶҵŮġ֪ġ
ʱ·ϣָʹ˸塣
Ȼ׵ļˣǵšΡ̸¡ʣԾؽİֲ͡˭ǽ׵衪ڳλŮʿüãż۸񲻷ƵĶ
ľȣ̿ĸĸ
׵ĸĸȺ߹Ҳһҽܣ˫ľ룬֪ĺǴк尢̺á
׵Ц˵Ǻð
֪ûһ˿һľִٸУֻǾڵЩŹ֡Ϊ˴ƽ֣֪׼ļԼӼģ͡
лҪ˵ģͣǣңӵУ


Ӽ㾺

һװģ, Ӽַչ̬
֪İЩģȫóչʾ˼侫ɵڲ졣
׵İְֶԸ߿ƼҵܸȤȫķʱг׷˿ƼԡӼ㡱ĸš
Ŀǰ, ҶһȫΧڵġӼ㾺
2015, йڷǻܵӼĿͶʮԪң2016꣬ȿֺؼӴͶʵĽȣŷ˵ġ콢ƻʮԪңġӼƻзѸߴʮԪң˹ӡȡ¹ձȹӼͶ붼ʮԪ
Ӽһʵֽ֣׶ͨõĳܻܿᱻ̭, , Ӽ㡱ҵĹֵԶķѵİͶʽ
׵İְһֻģͣ׾˵ģͣ˾Ÿ£ʼ, ǰøɡ
ôһ˵, ְ־ͺؽӹӵĻ⡪ȸл֪ķ׼ֿ佱Ϊţ֪ĵĸָ˻
һ½
ָ֪ԼӦγƺ׼ҹũϼң׼ҹǿֱӽеģŮŸպͽ׶飬ò׼׼ߵ˼ڵ
׵ĸЦ˵ܷ㡣
ܷǽ׸׵Ĵ
ǰܷѾһҽܣָȻǵָ֡Ҳǵý׵й, нڣӢǽ˼ҸԼȻò֡
ָ£
ӽŵڣһԲ
֪Զȸÿʵöࡣڽ׵ߣԳʱشز׵ƣ֪ĵһ֪࣬Լпһȥ档
ˣϵ̸Ƕ϶ġ
׵λ˶ܻὲܻԲȻһ֪ĵĸĸ͸һߣȫҪӣÿʱ׾ͻ𵽹áǣķ򣬳֪ĵĸĸɣ׵үү٩һ䣺С׻Ǻ
ڽ׵ӡУ֮󣬼ûٽСסˡ
ָȴΪСסǽ׵Сæ˵С⺢ʲôãʲôá
ӻ׼ңɱǫ飬ĲʮĸڣҼĿĸˡʶѲ٣û˵ļҵĺôͣҡ
˵һ䡰ֶӵδϱ
Һãʱɲסˡ
Ŀ˵ȫʡôѧƸʦ
ָ¶Цݣ־˽һơ
겻ڵͻȻðһ䣺Ǽ̸֪ߣҲǶദ죬֪жá
һ仰Ƴ֪ĵᡣ
֪ĳʮ꣬δôǫ͵̸
ǵãʮǰСѧͬѧһҧгݵӡ˵֪跳ˣҿ췳ˣ
ڣ˵棬ﾹȻܽôһλ
֪ʮָж
Ҳֻ֣Ҫ̸֪ĵĳĸĸ͸ͻɣٽ
ǣΪ˸֪ȡıֻᣬҲΪļһڣ˳˵ǵģŵൽ塣
׵һζԼ˳飬ʮҺÿ꽻ռǣҵ˽⣬ܱҶԼࡱñȽͣүүȴͻȻʵһͬӪǸ˾״ΣǰЩ죬ţͷͷ
̸һ䣺ֵͦ󡣡
үүǰһֻӼģ͡ģͣȥشʣֽڣô
֪̹ȻʵҲ㻵¡ôһ֣ǹ˾ĹעˡӼ㣬ȫͶҵӼӰܴ漰иҵķչҾٸӣҽҩĺǻѧӦֻѧӦǽӲģȫӼ㼼ǾһϵеĻѧӦȫǿЧҩУرңӦö˵رҡرҵĵײ㼼Ļ㷨ϣ㷨ԳƺͷǶԳƼܡӼƻּܻƣӸԴ϶ҡرҵİȫԡ֮ӼƶѧҽҩڡȶҵķչҾãӰӦòڵһκ͵ڶιҵҲƼչʷϱһؿ
˵һλ֪Ļͽ׶ӡ
Сʣҽô
˵ǳá
֪ĵɤ᲻ţǲǺǳ׶
׸һݮ֭ǵģԼ֡
֪ĺһڲݮ֭̾𡣡
үүɫʮֺͰӼǺܲǰؿƼҵСͲôģرߵһͶʡǰ¶ȥæˣû֣Ҳû㣬ȫһԷûˣǶü⣬лֱ˵ɡ
ܣǰûˡ
үүƳһۡ
ִӣͷԷ
ЦЦ˵һĸ˾ӹ˾ýֲСûͬ⡣ƵĿֽ㣬ɷݼƶȸոУʱʺС
үү΢΢ס
˵ϵӢĻҵŶӣչŶ˲š
Ҳͬ𣿡֪Ĳ廰
׻ûش֪ľ˵ӹڻŶӲһܴﵽҪЧɣϾǻҪͱŶĥϣϰߺͷ񶼲̫һ
׺
һһˡҵķչԼŶ򡱣żҲһ仰ټ֪ĵİְһ¶ǣڴ˻ϻӣķΧҲûκ䳡Ƭˡ
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ٷ֮󣬽׺֪ľڷſڸ
ǰΪ˫ҳ׼ЩһģһװĶȴвͬ
׵𿪰װֽһƯСӵ֪ģ˵ллģƷˡ
֪Щͷԡ֪װʲôҪڽ׾סָ⻮ָϵĽָ֪ĵһθпá
ԥƬ̣˵ҪѧУȥʵҡҵĲʿһ鷳
иҪ˵
֪ĵͷ
ô˵
׻ǿ֪ͻѧУ˳·ĸСſڡЩ£룬ϻ˽ׯ԰İְ衢үү̶
൱ټ
ƿšڵ̺ϣûһ˿үү˵㶩ˣҺҹܻ̲ŵһμϱ
үү֮
׼Ҽϣ׵ļ˶ܸӣǣⲢǶԽ׵е⡣ΨһҪǣʲôЭֱӸ֪ġ
лҪ˵л2020-09-13 22:07:51~2020-09-15 00:09:33ڼΪͶƱӪҺСʹŶ~



үүɳ, Ƶ˵ССֶһδˣһ˻ʲôܽ
һɳϡʣϸ, ֪ĲμӼľۻᡭ
׻û˵, ĻʱҲ֪ͬĴΪҺְֻûӴ˽ⲻȫ档
ȴʣҪǲ飬Ը˽𣿡
뽭һһͣǰСûĻϰŻȼ١
үүƫͷ, ӡ
һ, ˿ûˣЦһ£֣˵ʵͿˣСںС̸, ܾĹϵԶ, ֣ͬǾûҪôС֡ɩһŮܸСǶĻᡭҲ˵˼ҵŮãΪܲʣҲ֧֡
˵꣬Ŀ
˵ö𣿡
ϸţöԵġ
ЦŶҾ͹ˡ
ס֡
ְֵûһ˿ı䡪ϲŭɫı, ׻ûѧ͸С󣬸׾ǽ׵İҲ
Ȼ죬ȴ˵£ŶʮͷľߣЩʡ
ƽؽӻҺ֪ʶʮ̸̸꣬꣬ôʱ䣬㹻
һƬž
뽭ͳһսߣ磬ܶǰʹɩʶĸ¡
ְֶһˮպһڣĻͣˡ
Ƭ֮Ȼӣʹɩʶĸ¡ͳɼˣǲЩʣ
ְֽеĲŵϣó顱һ졣ڵʱ䣬Ĺؼǰͬ˵һˣº
סҲ˵ֻͨš
δ䣬建סֱۡ
΢Ц˵Һǰϣң̫һشûðϲʮ꣬˻飬˳ˮۡ
ͣ˵öԣڰﶼˣССҲʮĸ
ҲǷǣȻô飬ײˣĺ𣿡
ƿԡ
˵ǰ죬һ֪ļı顣óһļ˵ǰ鱨棬ҷŵĸĸ磬һң˾һҡ
΢΢һüͷĸĸ͸ĳͦá
Ҳգ趣ӶһȺԱҪǵţǰĹôܲأ
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֮Ļû˵
㵽ֹ
״λվӰĵ̺ϡߵ룬λڳ˵ǰȻ̹ϵǶҵļˣ˵Ҫ֪Ҳһǲ֪ĵı֪ڻ
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֪İһļڵϣӵһҳһҳ, ǡôǰ·, סס
ͣԭأôˣ
֪һӣʾ⽭ߡײŸ߽һ֪ק䣬ַ̧ס˳Ƶϡ
һ˵ȥ
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˸׶, ˹ء
֪˼ʲôʱ
ʵش𣺡¸³
ôһ, ֪ĺͽгһܵʱ䲻ܼ档ʼϧǹʱ⡣ϣҲӦˡסһһʵ鱨档
֪̹Ȼܵҵѧǰоݡ
׷һҳڵô
ڣģ֪˵, һС鷳, 㡣
֪Ļδ䣬Ķ䣬Ķ࣬Ūʶ̧ͷ˵ǰĵʦǮǮʦһصʵҡ٣ǮʦˣʵұѧԺָʦ
֪Ļû˵꣬ײµǰʦͬǽʵң
ǵġ֪ĳϵ
Щţҿʵ, ǷʦʵңҪһַͷʼռݣǻᵢܶʱ䡣ʱӦûڸмֵϡ
׿˶̶̼ӣʣλʦѧԺѧƴͷˣ
֪Ťͷˣ
׽֪ҵϼţʵҵľ尲šȻ󣬰ʵҵŰø壬ٺϷõˡ
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֪ܾ̾ʵҺܹ󡣡
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֪ĺȻЩ棬ͬ˽öһǮǾ޿
ֱ֪׵ʣֻ֪𰸣ûб˼ǵãСʱʹףʱ׻شһԪǮһʾ޿ΪǾĻڣ׺ʦ
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֪֣ǵӿƼ˾ûŤΪӯ֮ǰ㲻ҪٸѴѵǮرʲߣͿˡ
һ߽һָ
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µѧ֪ʹ
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γ̸ĸ

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ͷֽ׼õһļݸڷɻϰ칫ڱγԱڶ࣬ǳ˽˷ɻ״, ׻һƵ顪PTSICӿƼʵҡĵһƷ, ˾ŵܶʮֵľ
糿ŵ㣬ҿʱһȵӡ
PTSICĵһƷһӰȫܿ⣬ԼһƼƽ̨
ǰ֪ºݻ, УǵĲƷô˵, Ը顰Ӽ㡱˾ѣרҵĴѧҵҵʿݹͳݣμӡPTSICƷѹǧˣһЩʹĵû
ΪһεġPTSICƷ֪ҹ׫дһӪ
֪ƱҪͲһϸ£ȡ90ҵĸ߹ͷΡ
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ġλϣ֪Ľӱ̵ѧ, λдһѧȻʣʦǹ˾Ӽƽ̨ĵײЭõЩѧۣĩԻῼ𣿡
˻һͬѧ¶΢ı顣
֪ķ·۱ʣĵؽһѧۣȫ󲿷ͬѧԽǣ֪ȴ˵ǷģЩȽϸӣǵкĩԶῼ
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貨տʼûףֻǾôһΪһѧܣ˶ʿѧ̫𾴣ȫûһ˿һǫС
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һ츳ڷܿ̿࣬еš
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貨ϸϸƷζĴʡ
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貨ע⵽СЦǺǣʮ˰ɣʦôʱ򣬲ʿҵˣʡʿĹˣأǸһʦΣƾʲôͬѧ
һһԲ
貨Ϊѧڻˡ
ٽҵģҪӱˣ̷ǧ飬ǵĿ顭
һĿתضǰ貨˳ȥƼ֪ĵһPPTϺȻдţλСĩĿѭ߿ĴҪ󣬰ٷ֮ʮĻ⣬ٷ֮ʮе⣬ٷ֮ʮ⡣ܶɡÿҵͬѧĩԳɼ70֣Դﵽ80֣Ҳܳ90֡
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ӣľֹʮ, ÿ棺ѧáһ٣ָпʡһе˧Ůġ
˧硱֣е
˳ߵ˼뾳, Ϊһӹ׵Ļӡʱ˿, ֻ˵һЩڡʵʵ˧硱İˡ֮Ļ
ǣʣãѧϣЩ˧Ů
һ̵֣֪, , ѡʵҲǼǵò۰ίԱоһ⡣ȥͬѧˡ˵ҵԺֻڹϰש
֪ġЦһǫ顣
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˵ѽҶò, ѧߵĻ㡣
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קסƤӣɤղô˵ң
ףԵ˼ǣղ̵˧磬ûнԵ֡һЦͷƫߣĻ㳤ͦҼҲ˼ԿҲû˵ԼŮƷƷ
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أӣ廰
֪ĲĿ
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ӣͷеˡ˵Ұ費ڼңǳȥϺ¡
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ѧã֪ĻӦǵСҵһΪӼƽ̨˺ܶŬԸ빫˾ȫְԱرˡ
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ӣʳָָ߽űıǡ
˻ξƱָ׵ס˱ڡ
ָ޼Բ룬ӨȻǳۣӳŲľɫ鱴һ΢΢⡣
ʱ֪Ŀ˾ƿϵķġԭһƿݮġʱˣ˭ֿܵݮջأϸԼ˰뱭ڣ̾ڵĲݮơ
ӣԥܺȾ𣿡
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ӣӣָ⻺ܣ֪ĵֻͺȻˡĻʾСס
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ԼҸϷɻ
ţ֪Ĵ졭ʮȥ㡣
׷Ӧ񣺡Ⱦˣ
֪ʵһ㣬ںѧѧΪ˾ҵûعûݼ٣ְǵӿƼ˾ȰӼҵղţѧ㻹˵رϲӰ࣬ÿһӰ࣬996ν007ҲܽܣҪѧľҵޡ
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֪ӣĸĸʡҵң˾Ӫ״á־򲢷Ǿ̣ҵǣӰҪ󣬾Ϊʲô
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֪İ˳ɾͻˡ
ǣڣ֪ĵĵ쳣شӵؽ͵ָоӿ죬ԷǳѣⶼûˡտʼҲӦһ뵽ףҾ˯žʼڶ档Һദʱ״ֽ̬ţ鼤ֿ֡ңһҲҵо𣿡
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֪ûٱ粵
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һš
֪ĳܹˣ죬ǲǺۣ
ȴ˵ۣÿ칤ʮĸСʱϢʮСʱҳԵ
֪ıסֱۣۣȥҷ˯һɡ
ױ֪Ĵң˷ţﵱȻҲ˵ʲô
صԼķ䣬Ĳɵع͵ӽĿǡԼȥһ·ͳˡ
ȷʵеƣ롪׸մŷ޻عûʱ
ɵ֪ĵĴϣ֪ͷ˵ҵıƺͲʿʦΤѧ㡢ж˹λѧѣĸ˶ͬǹ˾ĸ߼ʡڣǹ˾ײܼúӣѾ˾ˣԵְǶҵΡ
Ӧõģͣ¸ҵǰߡ
֪Ϊ˯ˡĵߣȴһ§ס˵˯һ
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ѧн

׵Ŀ϶͹, ܸο֪ĵ
һ糿֪ĳɾȥϰˡڰ칫æһ磬ȻһӦ
貨Ȼ֪ĵİ칫ʦ, ʦʵҺʦˡ
貨˵ġʦ, λĽڡ
ǰ֪ĵѧʵңٰƴǡ֪һΣԭΪѾˣû뵽ֺ֦ڣǣһ׮鷳
֪Ļٸϵʵҡ
һ
һ顰ѧƴͷˡ, ѧԺչ͵ķɡ, վʵſڣŭⷽˣ˵ˡ
ޱʼ硣
۽Ƴ֪ģ΢θ˽㵼ʦΪ㣬ǰк, ˵ʵ, űѧ
Ļûиѧѧʵٶָ̫ȷʹ÷һŮ໵ؿˣứġ棬ʦһ˶ʿͲʿʶС
ɫѿ
貨һ䣺ʦ㣬ôָ˵ģ
Ťͷͦ, ʵת˵Ⱥ˰ʵ֮ǰûпʹ˵飿Щ豸ãӰɡŪдɶ²ﰡ
磬貨緹ʱʵϡķᱻʹϽȥ֪ľȳϣһûһ
貨קקӣЩȵʦ㣬ǰ첻Ǹ˵ˣ˼ʵңҪЦӭིЦ𣿡
̹ȻЦҲˡ
貨ϴ
Լһ飬̲סЦЦŽص˵ʵңQQ΢ŵֻĲɣѧ˵ʾĿطʵϴ桭
֪һԻΪʲô岻ԸʵҽǲԸʵңǲԼ뷽κǣ
ԭˣ
֪ĬĬ̾Ϣ
֪ĵǰûκιԡ֪Ľ֪ԽԽıԽԽԣղˡ
޿̡
Լѧ˻֣תͷ֪ģҲ˽ˣʦҳ˵ұȽæҪĻ飬֯ᣬҪʿʵûȥѧĸڡܹҪʵңãֻҪʵˣһȣʦ
֪Ļûʣ緿ﱾûˣҽȥʵ飬һ룬ѧˣô죿
̧ժ۾ֱ˰üë˵ҵѧû㡣
ˣȥء
Ƹ˱ϵ۾
ھĴʣƵĽڰ㿴ʵۣ۲áûҪáܡ㲻ǰٷ֮ٵĿ϶ͱþԵ
ǰ׶رѧһѹȽϴŮΪʦֱšɣǰεʦΪܲȥ˱Ĵѧ
Ҳ֪֪á
ԲˣҲ˵ˣʦ˵ɡָָǽϵĹӣٹʮӣҪȥһ¥͸Уᡣ
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֪ĿǣʵԹ緹ȥʦʳóԷɡ
貨ܱ΢˵˲ˣллʦ
Ҳ˵һɣһŲҶš
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貨һ䣺ʲôʦٶۡ
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Ĩһ죬Ȼһʼûվұģ顯ǸЦǶɡ
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Ʒеǰ죬У֪ĵİ칫ңһ¡ѧнϡսԷ롣
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֪һŮʿһ֧Ͳվں̨վĲڻްв֪͵һۣУʣ׼𣿡
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лҪ˵ĳѽ


һֳ

õĵƹԽ谵, ֪ջͲվ̨롣ĴĻʾŵʱµһСֹڳʮšˡߡ
㡱, 컨ľ۹Ͷ¼, ֪ĵϡ
֪Ĵһɫװͺױݶʮ־Ư͵ס˵ķûһ֣Ҳǵ֮ȫ㡣
ȸлֳ󣬾һµĿ˵ǰ, ǵŶӸոճ, ʱҶû뵽ǽһϵ²Ʒ¶塮Ӽ㡯ĸ
ļǷ׷׽ͷ׼֪ģڵһ˲ࡣ
ϯϵıͿʼ, װڵһм, ߡλ꣬ԼĪʮҡ¹ڳ̬һ˲š
ԭܲð칫ҵԱڽ׸׹ܹ˾鱻׵ĸ׿Уͻ˽׵¹
ڹص㣬ǲٰⳡ²Ʒᡣ
һϸĵˡ˷, ֯ĲţӰӵƽŵĺĿճеķչԼΪŵһ顱Ǳʺɫ
Ŀǰһ˳
ԣ̾ѡ
Σ˫ִסװ㣬ͷ·ˡŵһ顱Ĺڡ
ڴʱ׾Ȼ˵Сʱǰһ΢˾ļǩԼ׼֪ĵĲƷֱ
ޱ顣
ʵе𾪡
ֱAPPŸ߲áǹ˾ǩ˲óֵָˡЩڸԵֱЦŭżҲɫϣùϸ֮¶һЦ͵ֱ񣬶֪ĵķᡭֱ룡
ŵһ顱Ĺ⻷һء
Ťͷ侲˵ܣҺ˶Ա׼㰲ǲܴԱӵطǲܳǷֳ볡Աṩһ뺯
Ŀǰûһ˿һƫ롣ż֪߽㣬ἫЦһ£·ȫע֪ϡͬʱҲں齲㷢˶뺯
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״סӵķ֡飬Ϊȷ֪ĵݽ˳ǰ׼ֻźŸѲõΧ
ֻһԼܲعƵ
ֻźŸӰ£ƶ豸ҲշQQ΢ϢȻ״ѣ޷¼Ƶֱͻ϶ֱAPPͻȻһ
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Ϊ֪վ̨ϡ
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ǰ죬У˵ܹ黹һС
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΢΢̧ͷ
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θ˵һصһƼƽ̨һʱĸ¡ΪһĿƼ˾ԼʹкθС
Ρֵ֣ģиԺһ
ʮһ꣬ںѧʵѻһŵԼһ᲻׷롣
ϰá롱桰Ϊֽ׶ʶġһʵԵģֻ޶ĳֻµ⹤ߣѭȺѭȺŷʽռŷռ䡪ѭ໥ìܵĹɣǸӵжص塣
֪ĵĴԸת´ȻࣺΪӿƼƷȫµ塣
Աӣϰ̨˾ĵԣʾĻ汻ͶڿĴĻϡ̨ԣ֪ĵʾƼ봫ͳƼƽ̨ƼԽ԰Чʼߵļ١ԼӰȫӦûơ
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׽֪ģĺֹͣˡ
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лҪ˵[1]ʵеĹӹ˾ǵļͨš

924ĵգøжģտ֣ҶˣĺÿɰQAQһҪң


Ħ˹֮

ͶȫǡͶʡ, ҵͶʡҪͶһЩҵ
֪̲ס۵Ͷ˾Ըֲ֧һδҵֱһ򣬾ܼ, ̡ƵϷƽֱ̨, Ѿ˹̶ûȺ塣һСŶɱֱг, ķʽǺҳ, ˾, Ҳ̫
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Ȼ, ǡ˾ŶӴʼˣǣúͬϵ򣬳ɹذѲӡ˾׵ذ˳ȥ
òеҵ, ·, պͽ׾ʱر֣Ӵסӽ׵ĵ绰, ʼ, νִȴϵŶӣʹѹ뽭湵ͨ
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ԴУΪǿ
20161231գһйǣϷһ˵Ƶϸҵ·̣ԼͶ˵ľʼĩ
ǸƵֱ׵֣áͶAָסԷΪȫITҵĴҵߡѡͶAһʤʵǮƵλߡ
һֹƵĸߵ鲢ïߵλѣҽ껹ʮ꣬ҽԼǰͶAϤҵѶ֪Ǵһ985 ѧУдѧСͽҪøжûͶAûнҡͬûңûнҴѧձҵҵûͱ˯ذ壬Թ棬ȹ⡭ǣ߹·ҲһŴҵˣƵͼסҪһǸϻˡͶǩͬһһҪһһؼͬ
ſ˫ۣϤҵѶ֪ģǰҺͶAǩͬûʦðٶ˺ͬϼʣٶѳĽû⡭Ͷ˵ʦһֱڴңҴԿհװʾǩˡȥˣĹģԽԽ󣬶ңͶ˸ϳ˹˾
ͦص˵ҽĳŶӣͶAϴҵߵȨ
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뵱֪꣬ġ׵һڿʱԸΪ֪С֤֤λС䡱Сҵˮ㡣
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2017Ԫ죬׵Űݷĸһɳ죬ԵĹ˳ᵽ˲
֪Ľӹ⣬ϸʵģ״ûбȲ뿪˾ǹ˾İ취һʹŶ뿪ˡ
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֪ĵİְֲɵüͷʶǼ𣬾˵ƭӣ
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֪Ĳɳһ֪࣬Ľп׵ֱۣ˵ǵŶкܶرˣҵͬѧ졢ԵͶ˲ʿоɹϹš
֪ĲʿͬѧȦ
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֪ĵİְ趼û˵ˣװԼڿӣ׵ͷĬĬذӣ֪ĻûԼ䳡ˡܿĵ˵ǾʡˣҪȥӻ
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֪ķ·˺ܶ׼ʮּ򵥣ֻҪǸ⳥һԪҡ
֪ĲŸ˵꣬˾˱Ͻڣҷֱ֧ߣطߣ
ʼǣԺȨĽ𡷵涨
˾˻ڷҳ֪ĴΪش涨Ƿ񹹳ֺȨΣӦܺȷ𺦵ʵΪΪΥΥΪ𺦺֮ϵΪй϶
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߽Ժ֮ǰ, ߷˺
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ƽʱڹ˾һ䡢ࡢ׽ӽӡײ㼼ƽ̨ܹʦӢΪInfrastructure Engineerλдļ鳣Infra顱˭֪Infra顱ĳԱʵˡ
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ôһ룬Ծͷˡ
߽һС͹ݣһ嵰һࡣʱֵò͸߷ڣɽ˺͹λˡǣϷУͷһѳϣ·µ⣬ͷÿӰʳ
λ½οʹǰǰһλ͵ӣӶ׵Ķ˵ۺò棿
ӻش𣺡氡
ְ˵Զӣѧڣ꼶ٿһ˫٣ְ־ʹ棡
ְ֣Ҵѧ廪ȥ棿
ְЦŹ㿼ϱ廪Ǯˣȥȥðְִ㡭
ȡΪѧҵĵһ˿˵ĽĴѧͬѧ㷺طֲءġҵġģԱȻͬδϱ廪Ǯ
̸Ծֵҹ˼
ʮʱǻ׳־
ڣʲôûʵ֡
ƬСһڽͷһ˫һԿӣϴͶԡҹԽԽ˿ͷϣжȻһɡ׳־δꡱ
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ˡ֪˵
ɢס¹⣬ò갡Ԥ˵ʰٷ֮ʮ
֪ͳֻҸǷһš
Ժһɡò²
֪ͬǵġ
ǴһεӣѡһԾɵĺɫݮݵ֪ĵǰÿҰϣ
ѵѧ㣬ûж
֪ӣֱ˶ĽɫĲݮָ⣬һԶУûжҲܴ
֪վһ澵ǰӣŲظ˹ȥ֪ĵĳķ˿ڶǷ˿˳ںڷʵĺɫС
ͷúܺáӣ۵
Ϊÿͷ˯߳㡣֪˽طĻĵážӣعάѧ㣬Ư
ӣЦһЦ֮䣬ٻҪȻʧɫ
û֪ĵƤֻǴ˶Уᴥ֪ĵĶ
ӣָϸ޳ѩף֪ĵķɫƣǻһ˲ԽעԼĶ
ŵ㣬ӣ֪ĺܽζҵ񾭡Խ죬ԽΣɴסֱڿ۽˶С
֪ĲŪһµϵĲݮΡ
ͦɰġ˵
ӣǡվ֪ĵı֪ĵһƷ˿ָ䣬ֻɿָҪ֪ĵ壬ܵ͸ȹ֪ĵ¶ȣ̷нӴ
һסԼա
ѧ㣿֪Ļͷ
ǻؾƵɡ
֪Ķ˫ۣɫеף㲻𣿡
ﲻ͸ӣ˸ڡ
ش֮ҹµøˮ͸ĲϣʱɢǧϪ·ϵǽŲҴң׾һѺɡһȴŵӣ֪ġ
ûڵ״ֻʽףе㲻Ծ
ȴ˵ûʲô
ʣҲɣ
ڴпܡ
аСӣ˵ôõΡ
˫ִ󲽿ڡƬ̣ȻֶԲˡûֱƤӣ첲ýģ֪ľͰοԴǮˡ⳵ҲܻؾƵꡣ
Ҳ˵ôһˣ߰Ск
ôӰóһɡһھΡǸоʦûк٣ÿֻһܵĹݼ١ۣ˶û񣬰˦ûӰֻãֻֽңܴҲô򡭡
һƻǵеһؽѰҶԣȻؾƵ꣬Ҫ϶ˣ͸绰
ûû˵꣬׵ֻȻˡ׽΢ŵ绰һͷ֪ͨһؾƵˣأ
׿ᡣһγ֪ľӦ˵Ҳȥˣʲô˳
ҳ嵰 ϸػشھƵĴϣ컨塣ֺļ䣬͹Ҷͨ
лҪ˵ʮᣬллңͷˣʮ°ɣǰڴ



ֲŽ

׿Ṧܡ
֪Ե, ˵Ҳȥˡʲô˳
ҳԹ嵰 ϸػش
ھƵĴϣԴͽļ, ͹Ҷ˵绰
˫ں, ۾, ˸, ĶξС
Ĺ߱ģģ⿴ȥ, ˱У԰ĺ¥ɡӰٺһ㶬ѩǰİȴ˪¥̻Ĵӭչͨŵ·ʢĵŨһʱֲ崺ﶬϦҹҲ֪Լںδ ȥη
˺ϳԱ𣿡
Դ˯оѡ
һֻ֡̽̽Ķͷ, Լûɡ꣬òᷢ˰ɣ
Էջ
ùסļ򣺡Һ֪һġھƵ궩һͣ߰͡, ȥԵ㶫
, óš
һ·Ĭ˭Ҳûпڽ
Ƶһɫ̺ôŸ߸Ь, Ųƫͷ˶һ, פ㣬ֳסǽڣ˳ư˽
Ծȣ湻Եİѧˡ
ҹ, ˮڷֵôŴ飬ԺܺһԹԵ˵Ҹջʡһ ҵõĹǸʦʦͦæϿΣϸҵμѧǽ⡣ѧڣѧУΡ
û֯ԣҵ͸¶һЩϢ
ð죺˵ǷͷжΪһһҹ·̯Ҫ
ӣ㹤õģҲõġ
ԻֱŤ˰ɣֳ滰ҡ
һЦסԵĸ첲ڿ죬ǿܳ˯
һֱԵĵס˫ĨĨӿڴ֪ʱ֪ǲҲܳ˯
ûаɣʵС
úͶԱ߱ģ˫˫ͣڲ֮ǰ߬Ե䣬Ȼ˵ҪŰСΣҿһֱ㵱ɡһս񡯵ġ
Թǫ飺һսǶǰˣúᵱ¡
֪ĵСʱʦСĵһս񣬳ʡһеʦʦ
֪ǡվһյƵ·ԴϣյһǽϹ˷羰ɽˮɫӰΪġ
һ֮ĵط׺ӣվı󡪡ӣʢװϯһɫȹױݼ侫£һ״ķֳףһͬһС
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׺ӣֱ֪ĵߣλȻס˼䣬˲ԣҲǢ
֪ķǳο
ϰɫζȫζȣ֪ӣؼһŻ۵裬ߣ̣һ˿ˮ
ӣӣҨֻ裬֪ĵ
֪ĺòлл
ҿˣӣԱߣ֮͡
֪ϲ𣿡
ӣƱһںƣҸءѹͱأ֪
֪תͷʷԱãԸһݮζ𣿡
׽ӻҵեݮ֭û
ӣȴ˵ݮƵĶߣõҲƼ㳢
лȾƣӴ١
ӣеĿӡ
׼һֻϺȣ͵֪ĵպøϡ״ϺȺϲζ
֪ҧһСڣϸϸƷζ˵óԡ
ʵ֪Ѿҹһϳ۵·̯ʳڲδеֱԵúӣķһ麣ΣȵؼϺ֮ϡ
׽ӹԱһ֭ݵ֪ĵǰեݮ֭
ҿܺȲˣ֪ĳʵ˵е㱥
ӣȻǷһɣȲĵҡ
ָһ׸߽űеĺƣָ֪˵ݮ֭αָӨĹ󣬷·մȾõƵɫ
ĬƷƣûٶӡ
˶ͷԷʳ󿪡Ҩһưţܲ׷ϣŰڷ۽Ƴ˹ŵĽͷʽԾֱ壬Ҳʼϸʡ
ճ氲˸⣺ʦղ
ǵġ֪ĸ͵
ʱӣƹһŲݮ֭ĺƣ֪һѾƸɡľˮĲݮںһζ̲ס°뱭ֱ˵ٺȵ㣬ôǳ
ûϵ֪Ŀڳԣû
ô
̧֪֣Ľ׵ļĹ˾ϻˡλվ˷׷̧ͷȴ˵ҳԺúȺã߳ԱҽܽһǵĹɹ
ܵײøᡣ
֪ĺ˫ֱ˵ǳĵһ죬Ǻ۱صһѧ˺֮ǰûԤϵģĽչи˳׼۳һҷֹ˾2019мƻ2021֮ǰоƬ⡣
ʵϣ֪òᡣ
һɵݣᶨׯϣڳ˶Ϊ֪ڿ´ʣһθ֮ԡ
ԾʣǵŶӳû꣬Ҫ¹˾ҪУæù
֪ĵ˵ͷʾ⣬ʵúܺá
ٱ
֪ԲתһȦܲõķ緶˵ӼԽԽȣҲԽԽңϣȫҵȣȫһIBMҪڵ¹Ӽȸ׼2023֮ǰзȫӵӴһʮ˹оŷִ콢ǹ˾ѾγƷЧӦԭʼۣĿǰ׶Ρ
ڵڶٽʳǵ߻㼯֪ĵϣ֪İѾƵľۻ˹˾ᡣ΢ֳסأ٩٩̸λǶŶĺĳԱ
ƫ𴦣֪ĲԼĳԱļ
ԾͰת˻
֪ĳɾ˵ͻӣҪȫӰռгʵּæۣҲᵢ鹫˾ķչȡ
СʱڵϿֲƷĿģ˵ ζƷǿʿϸˮһ˵ĳɹǵǹƥһŶӵĳɹǧӹ˾ĺ۽ǶȳÿһҪȴ򡪡ⲢǱб塣չƸ˲ţⶼǽĹġ
ãõһƣ˵úã˫˫֧֣
Ƴһ۶ԡ
Ĭ޼漦޹湷ҲŹĿЩӣӣĴ߹ŵЦ⣬ֻн֪֪ͷˡ
׾Ͱ֪Բ˸
Եط˹˾ơ֪ĿӱϵƼƽ̨˵ǰƼȽˮƽȻ֪ļŶӳԱκβϣпֵܴͨζ֪ڲõĽٲпҵҵ
𣿡֪İŰɡ
һ¹̬ȣҿᣬ̸⣬Կ¼
ڸط䡣֪ߵ˽׵ı
ǽҪĽ˲ٿ̬֮չǣ֪ĵǴкͲɫذ֪Ĵˡ
ӣüԴɨ֪ĵķ룬ֻʣ˰裬ԼһСںΡ
ΧĿŵĲݮ㡣ֻʴǣѰӣδйƵĸоǸοҲĥ˷·룬һҵһ뱥ǵĻǸӣӦ˫ģ֪ĵĸ鲢ֻϲƯɰֹۻĽ͵ҵ۷塣
ӣ۵˵ԼһҧͷѪѪζǻɬгź
֪ġ
СûԹһأʲôʲôʸȥ
ֻ౻װһવ߶¼ߵҹҹתгһԲεĿƼǰġ
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׶һ裬վߡıȲ裬ܡ
֪Ĳ㱻ˮǺһվֱ죬˵ܲĽɫϷܲã顣
ԡˬشӦ
飬֪Ϸ
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ɴ£ڴԣ֪ķ´ֻĻպյӣ΢Ϣ
֪ڽֱߵƷһԲݮ׹ӣһ˵ģҲӣƤӣ΢ţһԶ֪ľ˵ȥɣ˳Ǯ㡣
ӣأҵ㡣
֪˳ַһŰġ
֪ĺŮԺʱõıǰġϰڴѧɵġʱѵɯɯɼƣ踨֪Ը£ΪɯɯĲϰʦ
ɯɯ֪ĸס΢ϣұţƻ𣺡СʦҺð㣡û㣬ҵ.֮⣬ǰһҪҽӣķҳаˣ仰ĩβһʺġİġ
Ȼһ׽ѷӣѧвͨ
ѧƼģͲٽ
״̬Ծ֪˼ȥ
ڵƹ谵Ӱ֯վĽ紦ס֪ĵȥ·Ͼŵ룬˯ˣȥ
֪Ľ͵ûϵҿȥأѧ˵ڵҡ
׳һСᣬȴ˵㣿
ôˣ֪ķƽҲ̫һʲô𣿡
׽⿪ժֱڹϡһŰ칫֮ǰ򿪱ʼǱԡһ֧ӱҪĵǩͬʱֶ֪˵ûʲôȥɡ˯
ֹ̽ξӪͥ⡣ָ֮ҪΣɵĿռ䣬еάϵ仰ȷʵмֵ
жϵľˡ᳹ʵˡξӪͥ룬ҲζԷɣάϵС
֪ȴץסֱۣٸ׵һﻰĶϸȥϽ
ױʼһ١
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֮ͣˣɢ谵ҹйżŹǡ
֪ߵӣķš
ӣһŮʽװûл˯£Ҳûжױ¹룬ɫƽʵʲô𣿡
ˣлл֪ĳʵ˵ҽԶˡ
ӣ΢΢ס
شһ죬ڣһõϢǳ㡪ԭΪһյ޹
һ㲣˿ǣڷлζҡҷݡ
֪ıһעӣѾҵһԶѶݸ֪ģ˵󣬲ûǮ͵ˡ
֪ȴ˸ֱ΢תˣңҲҪüٿ顣
ӣЦʣ㶼𣿡
֪Ϊʲô֪İֻ󣬡ҡ
ӣִһоճݣӳڱ鲼۵Ĳϡѹû֪һۣ֪ȴ̹ϵҲ̫˼ΪһһǮҪʱܾǷһ顣
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֪ߵһ£˵㲩ʿҵԺõõĹȴѡҵ˾ÿ˵ϰ࣬ߵ٣ЧĳɹãȵġԱصȽһ㣬ѧ㡣
ӣҵһڣͽ׺ϻﴴҵĹ˾еĸǰٷ֮١ҼӰӵعõƱΪǮġûô
֪Щȡͷӣ
ѧ㣬֪һֱá
ӣӣ۵Ըڸաľѱ˶ҡһ٣˵걾ơƵһ꣬ǾһϿΡӡҵǶξ˵
ӣ룬˫ܾۡң沿ıֺ΢֪ǽѧ㡢ѧ㡱ʱ޿̲ھ֪ĽĽɫҪϰˣԼԴ˺޲
֪Ĺ۲ɫЩȡز׽ӣһ˿˵ı仯ڵնȻ֪ļӿ٣˵ֵصĻ䡣
׶𣿡ӣ⣬ܾ˲ɿ
ȡ°ϵƤһͷ¶ѩ
֪ҲԼķ˿˶󣬺ش𸴵׶ҺܺáһȤˡûԶɿģĳֽǶ˵Ҳɿ
ƺڴίİʾ
ӣϱĴ̨һԲҲԣ֪ıѩ̼ߣеţ֮֮ӣԼ˼ʲô¡
ӣ˫޴ţ˼άһ顣֪ĺشֻܷĴǡ֪Գơɿеⲻܸˡ֪ĴҪӣ̶֮ǰһѣڳ֣ʱãΪӣĵ׸ոðͷһڳŶĹžͻȻעһˮ׻һС㣬ˮ壬粻β췭ظ
ǰӣܾĳһλֱ˵ͬ𣿡
ѿڶҲͬ
Ȼ֪һϵлѧӦ֤ʵλжϡӣķң޼ƿʩѴĳвϣѹߵղŵĻأ˵ûûʮȫʮˣҲûʮȫʮ˿õĶⱲҲš
֪һϵĵӰصһ
ӣ״Σǣʵҡ
֪İΪü׶Σÿ׶ҪĶһֲŲȫšòһǻ¡
ӣ̾һ
֪ľ˸ӣСʱҪһĲݮǡһʵ֣ڿ϶һ
ӣЦӦʮˣطɣ绹Ҫᡣ
õģˣ֪ĺ𣬡Ϣ
ӣͣԭز
΢Ĺ֪ĵĽŲнԶ
ӣط´ǰâϸƣɻ
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о

֪ķؾƵ귿ʱ, ϴ衣δؽԡҵţˮŷ֪ˮûذҲŵԡҺζ
վԡҵſ, ؿԡ
һĥɰ, ׵ӰӰ´, ص, ˮֹ, Ĵ, СģɤԴɳƣƻġ
֪Ϣ߽, ͱס, ˮԲԡס·ɢڵ, ˼άˮ˳ˢ, ͷŶˡ״ļ࣬дļӨ󣬻֡סֵͷĶ䡣
֪ڽ, ץ֣ᰴĹǽڣġָףģĶֱһǣͰԼֳˡ
̧ͷ
˳ƺǣһͷ, ڻˮ
Χˮڣ̲翣ƹʣǷ·һƬСеĺĶߣźر̬ʮˣе
һԡ£ֳһԡ֪ĵͷϡ֪ĹסĲӣ漴ͱᱧҡ
ͷɢİĹ֪§ͷڴϹȥקͷɵߣûɵ˵һ䣺㻹ûѾƣ˯ɡ
֪ķҺѡ˵ƾûһӰ졣
׹صͷƣԡ£־һ׽סϸѿڶղҺѧĹͨǳ˳
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֪ĳȵػش𣺡⡣
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ڰ䣬ȴһ⡪ͻǿϯ˳Уľ֪һ˽׵ĻҸѧĵнʴ⡣
һ٣˵֪ģǰѧûһǮǹ˾ÿ춼ڼӰӵعʵ̫ˡ˼ӰѺ͹ȨֵøĽ
ײ̫ӣ֪˰Сʱġнʴ⡱֪ϵؽһļЧù˾̲ļ飬ٰѽڹףȵطԱ괺кнԺ󣬹˾һˡ
һǷҸѧ㣬Ҳǿɿˡѧһҵ˼
ȴĪһ
֪ԹԵزһ˵ľޣó;ӪҵŵȺҵרѧҲ˵ûʮȫʮ˿õĶⱲҲš
׹Ĩǵ̽ѧԸô
Ҹе񣬶渺ˡ֪ܽʶ壬ԽԽ᣺΢ǡְн
أ
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֪Ѿ˯ˡٻظ׳硣
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֪ĺͬٶȴӾƵǰ۱صһ֪ѧ˫Ǣ̸糿ŵ㿪ʼĵ룬ڼĽչ˳λڸϣ֪ܺġ̷ǧ߹ͬоǳνġУо顱
о鲢ܴ򵥵ġǿǿϲڷֹϢ͸ȡʽԴ䶼ؽַ֢֪ĺҲ̫⡣
֪ıʾ⡣
ͬһͬ뿪У԰
λŮһʵ¥׷˳֪ķɱܱߺֽڣֽڣ
ֱﾯɵûܣǡƳλŮƫԲ˫ȾɫʱĲĽýĿȷ֪ĵǰɲסһصļ
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ǳʫ𣿡֪ľȻϳǰҷʼһƪģҿˣдò׼ظ㡣
ʫ˫ֱŷ⣬֪ĵߡŸʮһ֪꣬ĵСһ㣬Ͷ֮ѧ΢Щн˴кֳǾϹЦʣѧѧ
ʫʵƿҵˡȻǻĲ֪⣬˶û̫˼
֪ľ죬˴ʮӣõҪը֪ĵ֪ĵоݼȤʼղϵ֪ġ
ǰã˵֪һҪǵĴѧŹһʼ컹ֱ֪ıˡʦȻһƯᣬأ֪ʶӵ֪ʡ
ҲΣ̹رֽڣѧ
ְ֪ĴѧҲ۵ѧУȡԡƶȣѧҪύһϣͨԿˡݴѧİţʱѮ
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ƸۣĪڴˡ
֪Щȡ
ʫ˵ڡʦ֪ĵ֣ѧǶ֪Ŀ컨׹֪ĵĲʿ귢ƪģÿһƪܸߣ˴ѣۣ˵֪Ĳһλprincipal investigator鳤һλְĵʦ
֪ǫػӦûôãҪǿѧԼŬʦҪҪѧջ񡣡
ô˵ͳʫֱ֮ͳֻ򿪡ʦԼ֪֡ġֻҳʾʮۡ
һۻߡѧ˵ʦֻжʮ֪꣬ʶʮ꣬ҲҪΪͲұĳǿĺʦ
һλѧ˵иѧѧҪ飬ʮа˾Żӱϣӱѧǿǲǿ
֪ע⵽λӱϡѧǡССͷ̷ּǧ˺üθ߷̷ֱ֣ǧʦʵӵߡ
֪İֻŻı
ճʫ𣿡Ǻ츳ûۣͦõġ
֪ظۣ츳ûۣ
̲裬һڣ˵һûˣҾϲ͡
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ļ죬֪һ˱۵ĳ֮䡣֪ԭϣ۴ѧȻֻ㶨һ뿪۵ǰһ죬ѧǩˡо顱Э顣ıƵʦǡо顱ܸˣҪԺʿˡʮͷ֪ģ䡢˷ġ
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ԶѻŮҲѵĸסĴ̬ȱĶҪ׾һЩ
ǰã֪ĸոԶ幵ʵһ꣬Զ幼֪ģԵúͰסֱ֪ʦ𣿡
ðԶ幼Եش
ǺԶ幵İ칫ҿգѧǸո뿪輸ʣֻһԵֽװŴˮ
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֪׷ʵأ
Զ平Ĭԡ
֪᣺ȥʦ𣿡
Զ幵̾ȥʦӸš
лҪ˵л2020-10-07 12:31:21~2020-10-09 10:55:10ڼΪͶƱӪҺСʹŶ~

շз

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֣ϣ

֪ĴҽԺʱ, Ȼáɿ˽׵֣һϡԶĶ䣬ֵĳ·˴ҴҵĽŲ, ȻһƬžǸո¹һѩ, صѩѷĴݡ
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